Background
Methods
Participants
Instruments and experimental design
Postural task
Cognitive task
Procedure
Statistical analysis
Characteristic | LBP (n = 20) | control group (n = 20) | t | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 64.90 (3.33) | 63.20 (2.33) | 0.87 | 0.38 |
Height (m) | 1.57 (0.04) | 1.58 (0.03) | −0.28 | 0.77 |
Weight (kg) | 58.25 (5.18) | 55.80 (3.54) | 1.74 | 0.89 |
MMSE | 29.05 (0.94) | 29.00 (0.97) | 0.16 | 0.87 |
MoCA | 26.65 (0.87) | 27.20 (1.19) | −1.65 | 0.10 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.43 (1.97) | 22.34 (1.17) | 2.15 | 0.03 |
Abdominal circumference (cm) | 87.40 (8.78) | 81.20 (3.17) | 2.96 | 0.05 |
Pain duration (years) | 13.40 (9.90) | Not applicable | ||
VAS rating | 8.00 (2) | Not applicable | ||
ODI(%) | 30.00 (17.5) | Not applicable | ||
Falls in the past 12 months | 0(8) | 0(14) | – | 0.04 |
1(8) | 1(5) | – | ||
2(4) | 2(1) | – |
Results
Participants
Postural performance in the single or dual tasks
Conditions | AP velocity Mean (SD) | ML velocity Mean (SD) | Sway area Mean (SD) | Sway length Mean (SD) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LBP | Control | LBP | Control | LBP | Control | LBP | Control | ||
Single task | Eyes-open | 10.80 (2.48) | 9.85 (2.81) | 7.67 (2.10) | 6.55 (2.37) | 228.07 (60.157) | 204.85 (65.07) | 309.20 (78.18) | 302.55 (65.73) |
Eyes-closed | 15.13 (3.29) | 14.50 (3.67) | 10.53 (2.23) | 10.65 (4.06) | 403.73 (85.68) | 382.50 (123.51) | 498.73 (74.48) | 527.85 (157.63) | |
One-leg stance | 29.80 (8.81) | 23.50 (5.54) | 27.53 (6.44) | 17.95 (4.39) | 973.33 (231.23) | 720.75 (261.76) | 1216.00 (203.46) | 881..35 (223.15) | |
Dual task | Eyes-open + task 1 | 12.67 (2.09) | 8.25 (1.37) | 8.73 (1.90) | 5.75 (1.02) | 388.27 (75.48) | 150.80 (44.30) | 427.00 (86.19) | 253.85 (52.77) |
Eyes-closed + task 1 | 16.67 (1.67) | 11.60 (1.63) | 13.07 (2.05) | 9.05 (1.63) | 527.80 (96.17) | 316.55 (68.39) | 558.73 (51.347) | 412.65 (94.09) | |
One-leg stance + task 1 | 34.40 (4.98) | 27.10 (3.72) | 32.80 (5.03) | 24.35 (3.99) | 1353.80 (330.22) | 892.80 (196.00) | 1190.33 (298.58) | 969.75 (152.37) | |
Eyes-open + task 2 | 19.53 (3.24) | 16.05 (3.15) | 14.20 (2.24) | 12.30 (2.71) | 563.93 (113.92) | 291.95 (79.60) | 600.87 (127.38) | 413.55 (123.30) | |
Eyes-closed + task 2 | 21.20 (3.38) | 18.10 (1.83) | 15.87 (1.72) | 13.85 (1.78) | 698.27 (73.87) | 383.05 (72.04) | 703.93 68.56) | 501.20 (55.02) | |
One-leg stance + task 2 | 38.27 (6.71) | 31.90 (3.82) | 35.20 (4.66) | 28.00 (2.73) | 1647.47 (299.05) | 1227.65 (243.06) | 1506.00 (240.32) | 1213.30 (198.42) |
Independent variable | AP velocity | ML velocity | Sway area | Sway length | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | P | F | P | F | P | F | P | |
Main effect | ||||||||
Group | 49.260 | < 0.001 | 115.997 | < 0.001 | 82.414 | < 0.001 | 48.600 | < 0.001 |
Postural difficulty | 8.254 | 0.004 | 3.920 | < 0.001 | 1.662 | 0.207 | 3.128 | 0.069 |
Cognitive difficulty | 0.192 | 0.778 | 2.554 | 0.085 | 0.518 | 0.582 | 0.415 | 0.653 |
Interaction effect | ||||||||
Group × postural difficulty | 6.862 | 0.008 | 17.359 | < 0.001 | 9.142 | 0.003 | 7.198 | 0.005 |
Group × cognitive difficulty | 2.994 | 0.070 | 3.448 | 0.038 | 15.065 | < 0.001 | 5.346 | 0.007 |
Postural × cognitive difficulty | 0.527 | 0.654 | 1.001 | 0.387 | 0.536 | 0.610 | 1.682 | 0.183 |
Group × postural × cognitive difficulty | 0.794 | 0.494 | 0.566 | 0.609 | 0.596 | 0.575 | 3.044 | 0.040 |
Cognitive performance in the postural tasks
Independent variable | F | P | ƞ2p |
---|---|---|---|
Main effect | |||
Group | 6.011 | 0.019 | 0.143 |
postural difficulty | 0.889 | 0.415 | 0.024 |
cognitive difficulty | 3.704 | 0.062 | 0.093 |
Interaction effect | |||
group × postural difficulty | 6.859 | 0.003 | 0.160 |
group × cognitive difficulty | 0.373 | 0.545 | 0.010 |
postural × cognitive difficulty | 2.067 | 0.141 | 0.054 |
group × postural × cognitive difficulty | 1.231 | 0.295 | 0.033 |
Cognitive performance(%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
LBP (n = 20) Mean (SD) | control group (n = 20) Mean (SD) | t | P | |
Eyes-open + task 1 | 94 (9) | 96 (6) | 0.011 | 0.916 |
Eyes-closed + task 1 | 98 (4) | 98 (3) | 0.810 | 0.374 |
One-leg stance + task 1 | 83 (7) | 93 (7) | 10.978 | 0.002 |
Eyes-open + task 2 | 91 (14) | 91 (12) | 0.383 | 0.540 |
Eyes-closed + task 2 | 98 (5) | 96 (9) | 0.941 | 0.339 |
One-leg stance + task 2 | 76 (18) | 88 (15) | 6.316 | 0.017 |
Associations between COP parameters and the number of falls
SO_sway area | SO_sway length | SC_sway area | SC_sway length | Sleg_sway area | Sleg_sway length | DO1_sway area | DO1_sway length | DC1_sway area | DC1_sway length | Dleg1_sway area | Dleg1_sway length | DO2_sway area | DO2_sway length | DC2_sway area | DC2_sway length | Dleg2_sway area | Dleg2_sway length | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
the number of falls | rho | 0.281 | 0.217 | 0.386* | 0.482** | 0.089 | 0.277 | 0.314* | 0.267 | 0.323* | 0.212 | 0.031 | 0.048 | 0.269 | 0.445** | 0.221 | 0.331* | 0.288 | 0.347* |
P | 0.079 | 0.179 | 0.014 | 0.002 | 0.605 | 0.102 | 0.048 | 0.096 | 0.042 | 0.189 | 0.858 | 0.782 | 0.093 | 0.004 | 0.171 | 0.037 | 0.088 | 0.038 |