Background
Methods
Study population and enrollment
Description of the variables
Variables | N (%) | HSV-2-positive (%) | Crude OR (95 % CI)* |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
18-24 years | 204 (37.6 %) | 7 (3.4 %) | referent |
25-29 years | 128 (23.6 %) | 17 (13.3 %) |
4.31 (1.73-10.71)
|
30-34 years | 131 (24.1 %) | 26 (19.8 %) |
6.97 (2.93-16.59)
|
35-39 years | 80 (14.7 %) | 16 (20.0 %) |
7.04 (2.77-17.87)
|
Marrital status | |||
Single | 266 (49.0 %) | 16 (6.0 %) | referent |
Divorced/widowed | 35 (6.4 %) | 10 (28.6 %) |
6.25 (2.56-15.23)
|
Cohabiting | 74 (13.6 %) | 15 (20.3 %) |
3.97 (1.86-8.49)
|
Married | 168 (30.9 %) | 25 (14.9 %) |
2.73 (1.41-5.29)
|
Education | |||
Low (secondary school or less) | 124 (22.8 %) | 23 (18.5 %) | referent |
Average (secondary/vocational) | 147 (27.1 %) | 17 (11.6 %) | 0.57 (0.29-1.13) |
High (incomplete higher/higher) | 272 (40.1 %) | 26 (9.6 %) |
0.46 (0.25-0.85)
|
Income | |||
Low | 92 (16.9 %) | 10 (10.9 %) | referent |
Medium | 380 (70.0 %) | 46 (12.1 %) | 1.13 (0.55-2.33) |
High | 71 (13.1 %) | 10 (14.1 %) | 1.34 (0.53-3.43) |
Smoking status | |||
Never | 151 (27.8 %) | 8 (5.3 %) | referent |
Ever | 392 (72.2 %) | 56 (14.3 %) |
3.10 (1.45-6.67)
|
Age at sexual debut | |||
<18 years | 370 (68.1 %) | 53 (14.3 %) | referent |
≥18 years | 173 (31.9 %) | 13 (7.5 %) |
0.55 (0.39-0.79)
|
Ever-use of condoms | |||
Yes† | 530 (97.6 %) | 65 (12.3 %) | referent |
No | 13 (2.4 %) | 1 (7.7 %) | 0.60 (0.08-4.66) |
Condom use at sexual debut | |||
Yes† | 262 (48.3 %) | 24 (9.2 %) | referent |
No/don’t remember‡ | 281 (51.7 %) | 42 (14.9 %) |
1.74 (1.02-2.97)
|
Condom use in a steady relationship | |||
Always/almost always | 108 (19.9 %) | 8 (7.4 %) | referent |
Sometimes or rarely | 245 (45.1 %) | 31 (14.5 %) | 1.81 (0.80-4.08) |
Never | 190 (35.0 %) | 24 (16.6 %) | 2.07 (0.91-4.74) |
Lifetime number of sexual partners | |||
0-1 | 37 (6.8 %) | 3 (8.1 %) | Referent |
2-5 | 94 (17.3 %) | 5 (5.3 %) | 0.64 (0.14-2.81) |
≥6 | 412 (75.9 %) | 58 (14.1 %) | 1.86 (0.55-6.24) |
History of STI | |||
No/don’t know | 453 (83.4 %) | 44 (9.7 %) | Referent |
Yes | 90 (16.6 %) | 22 (24.4 %) |
3.01 (1.70 -5.33)
|
Sex with a commercial sex worker | |||
No | 283 (52.1 %) | 22 (7.8 %) | Referent |
Yes/don’t want to answer§ | 260 (47.9 %) | 44 (16.9 %) |
2.41 (1.41-4.16)
|
Frequency of drinking alcohol | |||
Never, monthly or less | 170 (31.3 %) | 18 (10.6 %) | referent |
2-4 times a month | 252 (46.4 %) | 30 (11.9 %) | 1.14 (0.61-2.12) |
≥2 times a week | 121 (22.3 %) | 18 (14.9 %) | 1.48 (0.73-2.97) |
Binge drinking** | |||
Never | 69 (12.7 %) | 6 (8.7 %) | referent |
Ever | 474 (87.3) | 60 (12.7 %) | 1.52 (0.63-3.67) |
Serological testing
Statistical analyses
Ethical approval and confidentiality
Results
Variables | N (%) | HSV-2-positive (%) | Crude OR (95 % CI)* |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
18-24 years | 293 (41.9 %) | 33 (11.3 %) | referent |
25-29 years | 168 (24.0 %) | 46 (27.4 %) |
2.97 (1.81-4.88)
|
30-34 years | 147 (21.0 %) | 51 (34.7 %) |
4.19 (2.55-6.88)
|
35-39 years | 92 (13.1 %) | 38 (41.3 %) |
5.54 (3.20-9.62)
|
Marrital status | |||
Single | 305 (43.6 %) | 48 (15.7 %) | referent |
Divorced/widowed | 51 (7.3 %) | 18 (35.3 %) |
2.92 (1.52-5.60)
|
Cohabiting | 139 (19.9 %) | 44 (31.7 %) |
2.48 (1.55-3.98)
|
Married | 205 (29.3 %) | 58 (28.3 %) |
2.11 (1.37-3.26)
|
Education | |||
Low (secondary school or less) | 85 (12.1 %) | 30 (35.3 %) | referent |
Average (secondary/vocational) | 155 (22.1 %) | 46 (29.7 %) | 0.77 (0.44-1.36) |
High (incomplete higher/higher) | 460 (65.8 %) | 92 (20.0 %) |
0.46 (0.28-0.76)
|
Income | |||
Low | 115 (16.4 %) | 25 (21.7 %) | referent |
Medium | 515 (73.6 %) | 119 (23.1 %) | 1.08 (0.66-1.76) |
High | 70 (10 %) | 24 (34.3 %) | 1.88 (0.97-3.65) |
Smoking status | |||
Never | 340 (48.6 %) | 60 (17.6 %) | referent |
Ever | 360 (51.4 %) | 108 (30.0 %) |
2.0 (1.40-2.86)
|
Age at sexual debut | |||
<18 years | 356 (50.9 %) | 104 (29.2 %) | referent |
≥18 years | 344 (49.1 %) | 64 (18.6 %) |
0.49 (0.26-0.92)
|
Ever-use of condoms | |||
Yes† | 679 (97.0 %) | 159 (23.9 %) | referent |
No | 21 (3.0 %) | 9 (42.9 %) |
2.45 (1.02-5.93)
|
Condom use at sexual debut | |||
Yes† | 314 (44.9 %) | 60 (19.1 %) | referent |
No/don’t remember‡ | 386 (55.1 %) | 108 (38.8 %) |
1.65 (1.15-2.35)
|
Condom use in a steady relationship | |||
Always or almost always | 162 (23.1 %) | 21 (13.0 %) | referent |
Sometimes or rarely | 318 (45.4 %) | 78 (24.5 %) |
2.18 (1.29-3.69)
|
Never | 220 (31.4 %) | 69 (31.4 %) |
3.07 (1.79-5.26)
|
Lifetime number of sexual partners | |||
0-1 | 97 (13.9 %) | 7 (7.2 %) | referent |
2-5 | 330 (47.1 %) | 74 (22.4 %) |
3.72 (1.65-8.37)
|
≥6 | 273 (39.0 %) | 87 (31.9 %) |
6.01 (2.68-13.52)
|
History of STI | |||
Never/don’t know | 543 (77.6 %) | 112 (20.6 %) | referent |
Yes | 157 (22.4 %) | 56 (35.7 %) |
2.13 (1.45-3.14)
|
Frequency of drinking alcohol | |||
Never, monthly or less | 317 (45.3 %) | 67 (21.1 %) | referent |
2-4 times a month | 290 (41.4 %) | 76 (26.2 %) | 1.33 (0.91-1.93) |
≥2 times a week | 93 (13.3 %) | 25 (26.9 %) | 1.37 (0.81-2.33) |
Binge drinking§ | |||
Never | 173 (24.7 %) | 31 (17.9 %) | referent |
Ever | 527 (75.3 %) | 137 (26.0 %) |
1.61 (1.04-2.49)
|
Variables | Adjusted OR (95 % CI)* |
---|---|
Age | |
18-24 | referent |
25-29 | 2.70 (0.98-7.23) |
30-34 |
3.95 (1.46-10.72)
|
35-39 |
4.05 (1.38-11.86)
|
Marital status | |
Single | referent |
Divorced/widowed |
2.85 (1.06-7.70)
|
Cohabiting |
2.45 (1.07-5.62)
|
Married | 1.52 (0.73-3.19) |
Education | |
Low (secondary school or less) | referent |
Average (secondary/vocational) | 0.57 (0.28-1.19) |
High (Incomplete higher/higher) | 0.71 (0.36-1.39) |
Smoking status | |
Never | referent |
Ever | 2.05 (0.89-4.72) |
Age at sexual debut | |
<18 years | referent |
≥18 years | 0.53 (0.26-1.07) |
Condom use at sexual debut | |
Yes† | referent |
No/don’t remember‡ | 1.07 (0.59-1.96) |
History of STI | |
No/don’t know | referent |
Yes |
2.11 (1.14-3.91)
|
Sex with a commercial sex worker | |
No | referent |
Yes/don’t want to answer§ | 1.35 (0.73-2.48) |
Variables | Adjusted OR for women (95 % CI)* |
---|---|
Age | |
18-24 | referent |
25-29 |
2.84 (1.61-5.03)
|
30-34 |
4.36 (2.44-7.79)
|
35-39 |
6.47 (3.23-12.97)
|
Marital status | |
Single | referent |
Divorced/widowed | 1.11 (0.52-2.38) |
Cohabiting | 1.40 (0.82-2.39) |
Married | 1.07 (0.64-1.77) |
Education | |
Low (secondary school or less) | referent |
Average (secondary/vocational) | 0.71 (0.37-1.34) |
High (Incomplete higher/higher) | 0.62 (0.35-1.10) |
Income | |
Low | referent |
Medium | 1.48 (0.85-2.57) |
High |
3.11 (1.45-6.71)
|
Smoking status | |
Never | referent |
Ever | 1.53 (0.98-2.37) |
Age at sexual debut | |
<18 years | referent |
≥18 years |
0.47 (0.31-0.72)
|
Ever-use of condoms | |
Yes† | referent |
No | 2.92 (0.99-8.62) |
Condom use at sexual debut | |
Yes† | referent |
No/don’t remember‡ | 0.94 (0.62-1.43) |
Condom use in a steady relationship | |
Always or almost always | referent |
Sometimes or rarely | 1.30 (0.72-2.33) |
Never | 1.38 (0.75-2.56) |
Lifetime number of sexual partners | |
0-1 | referent |
2-5 |
2.72 (1.14-6.51)
|
≥6 |
2.54 (1.03-6.30)
|
History of STI | |
No/don’t know | referent |
Yes | 1.45 (0.94-2.24) |
Binge drinking§ | |
Never | referent |
Ever | 1.33 (0.80-2.23) |