Background
Methods
Participants and data collection
Exclusion criteria
Measuring QOL
Statistical analysis
Main analysis
Sensitivity analyses
Multiple imputation
Variables | Value (n = 2312) | |
---|---|---|
Outcome variables | ||
MSQOL
| Physical health compositea | 59.0 (21.5) |
Mental health compositea | 66.6 (21.4) | |
Modifiable variables | ||
Latitude (degrees)
a
| 41.0 (8.7) | |
Diet (DHQ total)
a
| 78.9 (12.1) | |
Current smoker
b
| 268/2289 (11.7) | |
Alcohol consumption
b
| Low | 1398/2275 (61.5) |
Moderate | 858/2275 (37.7) | |
High | 19/2275 (0.8) | |
Vitamin D supplementation
b
| Low | 1747/2194 (79.6) |
High | 447/2194 (20.4) | |
Exercise (IPAQ)
b
| Low | 922/2232 (41.3) |
Moderate | 707/2232 (31.7) | |
High | 603/2232 (27.0) | |
Omega 3 supplementation
b
| None | 806/2198 (36.7) |
Flaxseed only | 204/2198 (9.3) | |
Fish oil only | 793/2198 (36.0) | |
Both | 395/2198 (18.0) | |
Meditation
b
| Never or less than once a week | 1568/2243 (69.9) |
Once a week or more | 675/2243 (30.1) | |
BMI
b
| Obese | 439/2284 (19.2) |
Overweight | 521/2284 (22.8) | |
Normal | 1230/2284 (53.9) | |
Underweight | 94/2284 (4.1) | |
Number of support people
b
| One or none | 596/2224 (26.8) |
Two or more | 1628/2224 (73.2) | |
Socio-demographics | ||
Age
a
| 45.6 (10.6) | |
Gender
b
| Male | 403/2288 (17.6) |
Employment
b
| Employed full or part time | 1323/2256 (55.3) |
Student or stay at home carer | 244/2256 (10.2) | |
Unemployed | 175/2256 (7.8) | |
Retired due to age or disability | 602/2256 (26.7) | |
Marital status
b
| Partnered | 1691/2281 (74.1) |
Single | 327/2281 (14.4) | |
Separated | 263/2281 (11.5) | |
Education level
b
| Didn’t complete high school | 46/2303 (2.0) |
Completed high school/trade | 886/2303 (38.5) | |
Completed bachelor/higher degree | 1371/2303 (59.5) | |
Number of comorbidities
c
| 1 (0,2) | |
Disability scale
b
| Normal to some | 1267/2299 (55.1) |
Gait/cane | 792/2299 (34.5) | |
Major mobility | 240/2299 (10.4) | |
Years since diagnosis
c
| 6 (3,12) | |
Country of origin
| Australasia | 808/2312 (34.9) |
Europe | 606/2312 (26.2) | |
North America | 841/2312 (36.4) | |
Other | 57/2312 (2.5) | |
DMD use
| Yes | 1096/2312 (51.4) |
Re-weighted PHC
Results
Sample characteristics
Determinants of QOL
Variables | Physical Health CompositeaCoefficient (95% CI) | p-value | Mental Health CompositebCoefficient (95% CI) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latitude (per 10 degrees)
|
-1.3 (-2.0, -0.5)
|
0.001
| -0.8 (-1.9, 0.1) | 0.1 | |
BMI
| Normal | reference | |||
Underweight | 0.2 (-3.2, 3.7) | 0.9 | 1.5 (-2.8, 5.9) | 0.5 | |
Overweight |
-2.1 (-3.7, -0.4)
|
0.02
|
-3.1 (-5.1, -1.1)
|
0.002
| |
Obese |
-2.4 (-4.3, -0.5)
|
0.005
|
-3.5 (-5.7, -1.3)
|
0.002
| |
Alcohol consumption
| Low | reference | |||
Moderate | 0.3 (-7.8, 8.3) | 0.9 | 0.9 (-7.8, 9.6) | 0.8 | |
High | -2.1- (-10.1, 5.9) | 0.6 | -1.8 (-10.6, 6.8) | 0.7 | |
Number of comorbidities
|
-4.4 (-4.9, -3.9)
|
<0.001
| |||
Diet: DHQ total (per 10 points)
|
1.6 (1.0, 2.2)
|
<0.001
|
2.8 (1.9, 3.5)
|
<0.001
| |
Current smoker
|
-4.6 (-6.7, -2.4)
|
<0.001
|
-6.7 (-9.3, -4.1)
|
<0.001
| |
Vitamin D supplementation
| Low | reference | |||
High | 1.4 (-0.2, 3.1) | 0.1 | -0.04 (-2.1, 2.0) | 0.9 | |
Omega 3 supplementation
| None | reference | |||
Flaxseed only |
2.5 (0.0, 5.1)
|
0.05
| 2.1 (-1.0, 5.2) | 0.2 | |
Fish oil only | 1.0 (-0.6, 2.6) | 0.2 | 1.0 (-0.9, 3.0) | 0.3 | |
Both flaxseed and fish oil | 2.0 (-0.1, 4.1) | 0.06 | 0.4 (-2.2, 3.0) | 0.8 | |
Exercise (IPAQ)
| Low | reference | |||
Moderate |
5.9 (4.2, 7.6)
|
<0.001
|
4.0 (2.0, 6.0)
|
0.001
| |
High |
9.9 (8.1, 11.6)
|
<0.001
|
5.7 (3.5, 8.0)
|
<0.001
| |
Meditation frequency
| Never or < once a week | reference | |||
Once a week or more | -.5 (-2.0, 1.0) | 0.7 |
2.2 (0.2, 4.2)
|
0.03
| |
Number of support people
| None or one | reference | |||
Two or more |
3.1 (1.6, 4.6)
|
<0.001
|
6.7 (4.9, 8.5)
|
<0.001
| |
Marital status
| Single | reference | |||
Partnered |
4.7 (2.4, 7.0)
|
<0.001
| |||
Separated | 1.8 (-1.4, 5.0) | 0.3 | |||
Employment status
| Unemployed | reference | |||
Student or stay at home carer |
7.0 (3.2, 10.9)
|
<0.001
| |||
Employed full or part time |
9.4 (6.3, 12.5)
|
<0.001
| |||
Retired due to age or disability |
4.8 (1.5, 8.1)
|
0.005
| |||
Education level
| Didn’t complete high school | reference | |||
High school and/or trade | 3.6 (-1.1, 8.3) | 0.14 | |||
Bachelor or higher degree |
4.9 (0.2, 9.6)
|
0.04
| |||
DMD use
| Yes |
-2.1 (-3.4, -0.7)
|
0.003
|
-2.9 (-4.6, -1.3)
| 0.002 |