Background
Methods
Search strategy
Inclusion criteria and study selection
Data extraction and assessment of study quality
Data synthesis and statistical analysis
Results
Study characteristics
Author, Publication year& country | Study Type | Sex | Age (Mean) | No.Patients (totle) | Follow-up duration (year) | 25(OH)D (ng/ml) | OR | 95% CI | Quality score | Vitamin D assessment method | Adjustment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karakis, 2016, US | Prospective cohort | W/M | 72.4 | 1663 | 9 | < 10 | 0.97 | 0.47–2.00 | 8 | Competitive protein-binding assay and radioimmunoassay | Age, gender, smoking, HTN, DM, prevalent CVD, homocysteine, BMI, and vitamin D supplement use. |
Afzal, 2014, Denmark | Prospective cohort | W/M | 58.0 | 4087 | 21 | < 10 10–20 | 1.25 1.12 | 0.95–1.64 0.90–1.40 | 9 | Not report | Age, sex, month of blood sample, smoking status, body mass index, leisure time and work-related physical activity, alcohol consumption, income level, education, baseline diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and creatinine |
Littlejohns 2014, US | Prospective Cohort | W/M | 73.6 | 1547 | 5.6 | < 10 10–20 | 2.22 1.69 | 1.02–4.83 1.06–2.69 | 8 | Liquid chromatography tandemmass spectrometry (LC-MS) | Age, season of vitamin D collection, education, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depressive symptoms |
Feart, 2017, France | Prospective cohort | W/M | 73.3 | 916 | 11.4 | < 10 10–20 | 2.21 1.65 | 1.28–3.80 0.98–2.77 | 8 | One-step immunoassay | Gender, education, income, depressive symptomatology, number of drugs per day, apolipoprotein E e4 allele, BMI, practice of physical exercise, DM, history of CVD and stroke, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, smoking status, and Mediterranean diet score |
Buell, 2010, US | Cross-sectional | W/M | 73.5 | 318 | < 20 | 2.65 | 0.99–7.16 | 7 | Radioimmunoassay (DiaSorin, Inc.,Stillwater, MN, USA) on fasting blood sample | Age, race, sex, body mass index, and education, kidney function, multivitamin use, season, diabetes, hypertension, plasma homocysteine, and ApoE allele status | |
Licher, 2017, Netherlands | Prospective cohort | W/M | 69.2 | 6087 | 13.3 | < 20 | 1.10 | 1.00–1.19 | 9 | Electrochemilumin-escence binding assay | Age, sex, season of blood collection, BMI, SBP, DBP, educational level, smoking, alcohol use, calcium serum levels, ethnicity, eGFR, TC, HDL, history of DM, HF, stroke, MI, depressive symptoms, outdoor activity, and APOE −4 carrier status. |
Author& Publication year | Study Type | Sex | Age (Mean) | No.Patients (totle) | Follow-up duration (year) | 25(OH)D (ng/m) | OR | 95% CI | Quality score | Vitamin D assessment method | Adjustment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karakis, 2016, US | Prospective cohort | W/M | 72.4 | 1663 | 9 | < 10 | 1.06 | 0.57–1.98 | 8 | Competitive protein-binding assay and radioimmunoassay | Age, gender, smoking, HTN, DM, prevalent CVD, homocysteine, BMI, and vitamin D supplement use. |
Knekt, 2014, Finland | Prospective cohort | W/M | 56.4 | 5010 | 17 | < 10 | 1.74 | 0.64–3.01 | 8 | Radioimmunoassay | Age, month of blood drawn, education, marital status, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, BP, FPG, serum TG, and serum TC. |
Licher, 2017, Netherlands | Prospective cohort | W/M | 69.2 | 6087 | 13.3 | < 10 10–20 | 1.22 1.06 | 0.97–1.52 0.90–1.26 | 9 | Electrochemiluminescence binding assay | Age, sex, season of blood collection, BMI, SBP, DBP, educational level, smoking, alcohol use, calcium serum levels, ethnicity, eGFR, TC, HDL, history of DM, HF, stroke, MI, depressive symptoms, outdoor activity, and APOE-4 carrier status. |
Schneider, 2014, US | Prospective cohort | W/M | 62.0 | 1652 | 16.6 | < 10 10–20 | 1.53 1.22 | 0.84–2.79 0.68–2.19 | 8 | Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry | Age, sex, education, income, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, BMI, WC, and vitamin D supplementation. |
Feart,2017, France | Prospective cohort | W/M | 73.3 | 916 | 11.4 | < 10 ng/ml 10–20 | 2.96 | 1.43–6.11 | 8 | One-step immunoassay | Gender, education, income, |
ng/ml | 2.29 | 1.14–4.58 | depressive symptomatology, number of drugs per day, apolipoprotein E e4 allele, BMI, practice of physical exercise, DM, history of CVD and stroke, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, smoking status, and Mediterranean diet score | ||||||||
Olsson, 2017, Sweden | Prospective Cohort | M | 71.0 | 1182 | 12 | < 10 10–20 | 1.22 1.06 | 0.97–1.52 0.90–1.26 | 8 | HPLC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry | Age, season of blood collection, BMI, education, physical activity, smoking, DM, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, use of vitamin D supplements, and alcohol intake. |
Littlejohns, 2014,US | Prospective Cohort | W/M | 73.6 | 1615 | 5.6 | < 10 10–20 | 2.25 1.53 | 1.23–4.13 1.06–2.21 | 9 | Liquid chromatography tandemmass spectrometry (LC-MS) | Age, season of vitamin D collection, education, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depressive symptoms |
Annweiler, 2011, France | Cross-sectional | W/M | 86.0 | 288 | Not report | < 10 | 2.57 | 1.05–6.27 | 7 | Radioimmunoassay (DiaSorin, Inc.,Stillwat er, MN,USA) on fastingblood sample | Fully adjusted but without detailed information |
Nagel, 2015, Germany | Cross-sectional | M/W | 75.6 | 1373 | Not report | < 20 | 1.08 | 1.06–2.21 | 8 | ELISA(ImmunodiagnosticSystems Inc., Fountain Hills, AZ,USA) | Adjusted for age, sex, school education, smoking status, season, alcohol consumption, BMI, and history of depression |
Buell, 2010, USA | Cross-sectional | M/W | 73.5 | 318 | Not report | < 20 | 2.21 | 1.13–4.32 | 7 | Radioimmunoassay (DiaSorin, Inc., Stillwater, MN,USA) on fasting blood sample | Age, race, sex, body mass index, and education, kidney function, multivitamin use, season, diabetes, hypertension, plasma homocysteine, and ApoE allele status |
Nourhashemi,2018,French | Cross –sectional | M/W | 76.2 | 1680 | Not report | < 20 | 1.038 | 0.421–2.557 | 9 | a commercially available electro-chemiluminescencecompetitive binding assay | gender, BMI, season of blood collection, educational level, and ApoE ε4 genotype |