Background
Type I | Partial or total removal of clitoris and/or prepuce |
Type II | Partial of total removal of clitoris and labia minora, with or without excision of labia majora |
Type III | Infibulation. Excision of part or all of external genitalia and stitching of the two cut sides together to varying degrees |
Type IV | All other harmful procedures to female genitalia for non-medical purposes, for example pricking, piercing, incision, stretching, scraping and cauterisation |
Methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Comparison of FGM recording in ObstetriX and Midwives Databases
ObstetriX Database | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gradea I-II | Grade III-IV | Not known | Not recorded | Total | ||
Midwives Database | Type I-II | 43 | 2 | 35 | 30 | 110 |
Type III-IV | 10 | 20 | 15 | 19 | 64 | |
In Midwives Database but FGM type not recorded | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 | |
Does not appear in Midwives Database | 5 | 1 | 5 | 8857 | 8868 | |
Total | 58 | 23 | 58 | 8909 | 9048 |
Prevalence and type of FGM, and demographics of women with FGM
Number of women | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FGM recorded | FGM typea
| 2006b
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
Yes | All types | 15 | 25 | 33 | 37 | 29 | 35 | 22 |
Type III | 6 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 5 | 13 | 7 | |
Type II-III | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Type II | 2 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 7 | |
Type I-II | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
Type I | 4 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 6 | |
Unknown | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Percent of women with FGM recorded | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 1.5 | |
No | 631 | 1390 | 1344 | 1307 | 1306 | 1447 | 1427 |
FGM statusa
| FGM statusa
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type III | Type I/II | No | Type III | Type I/II | No | |
n | n | n | % | % | % | |
Age group | ||||||
15–19 | 0 | 1 | 326 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 3.7 |
20–24 | 8 | 33 | 2243 | 12.3 | 25.2 | 25.3 |
25–29 | 21 | 29 | 2862 | 32.3 | 22.1 | 32.3 |
30–34 | 21 | 43 | 2216 | 32.3 | 32.8 | 25.0 |
35–39 | 11 | 22 | 972 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 11.0 |
40+ | 4 | 3 | 233 | |||
Region of birth | ||||||
East Africab
| 58 | 73 | 157 | 89.2 | 55.7 | 1.8 |
Western/Southern Africa | 6 | 39 | 56 | 9.2 | 29.8 | 0.6 |
North Africa and Middle East | 0 | 7 | 2057 | 0.0 | 5.3 | 23.2 |
Asia | 1 | 12 | 2267 | 1.5 | 9.2 | 25.6 |
Others | 0 | 0 | 4315 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 48.7 |
Parity | ||||||
0 | 13 | 39 | 3444 | 0.0 | 29.8 | 38.9 |
1 | 9 | 35 | 2472 | 20.0 | 26.7 | 27.9 |
2 | 15 | 20 | 1408 | 13.8 | 15.3 | 15.9 |
3 | 14 | 18 | 808 | 23.1 | 13.7 | 9.1 |
4 or more | 14 | 19 | 720 | 21.5 | 14.5 | 8.1 |
Number of previous preterm or nonviable pregnancies | ||||||
0 | 44 | 61 | 5749 | 67.7 | 46.6 | 64.9 |
1 | 8 | 40 | 2051 | 12.3 | 30.5 | 23.2 |
2 | 9 | 10 | 710 | 13.8 | 7.6 | 8.0 |
3 | 3 | 14 | 206 | 4.6 | 10.7 | 2.3 |
4 or more | 1 | 6 | 136 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 1.5 |
BMI | ||||||
< 18.5 | 2 | 3 | 370 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 4.8 |
18.5–24.9 | 19 | 44 | 3982 | 35.2 | 40.0 | 51.2 |
25.0–29.9 | 21 | 43 | 2037 | 38.9 | 39.1 | 26.2 |
30+ | 12 | 20 | 1387 | 22.2 | 18.2 | 17.8 |
Missing data | 11 | 21 | 1076 | |||
Hypertension | ||||||
Essential/Renal | 0 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
Gestational/Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia | 3 | 5 | 318 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 3.6 |
No | 61 | 125 | 8437 | 95.3 | 96.2 | 96.0 |
Missing data | 1 | 1 | 67 | |||
Diabetes | ||||||
Pre-existing | 0 | 1 | 46 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Gestational | 11 | 10 | 655 | 17.2 | 7.7 | 7.5 |
No | 53 | 119 | 8078 | 82.8 | 91.5 | 92.0 |
Missing data | 1 | 1 | 73 | |||
Smoking status in pregnancy | ||||||
No | 64 | 128 | 8321 | 100.0 | 98.5 | 94.4 |
Yes | 0 | 2 | 495 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 5.6 |
Missing data | 1 | 1 | 36 | 100.0 | 98.5 | 94.4 |
Maternal and neonatal outcomes for women with and without FGM
FGM status | FGM status | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type III | Type I/II | No | Type III | Type I/II | No | ||
n | n | n | Rate per 100 births (95 % CI) | Rate per 100 births (95 % CI) | Rate per 100 births (95 % CI) |
P-value | |
Outcome | |||||||
Caesarean sectiona
| |||||||
Yes | 16 | 36 | 1706 | 26.5 (16.6, 42.4) | 32.9 (24.5, 44.0) | 20.4 (19.5, 21.4) | 0.0041 |
No | 49 | 95 | 7145 | ||||
Instrumental birthsa
| |||||||
Yes | 1 | 8 | 574 | 1.6 (0.2, 11.2) | 6.2 (2.9, 13.1) | 6.5 (6.0, 7.1) | 0.36 |
No | 64 | 123 | 8277 | ||||
Episiotomy (excluding anterior episiotomy) | |||||||
Yes | 7 | 17 | 946 | 10.5 (5.0, 21.8) | 12.7 (7.5, 21.5) | 10.9 (10.2, 11.5) | 0.84 |
No | 58 | 114 | 7906 | ||||
3rd and 4th degree perineal tearb
| |||||||
Yes | 0 | 0 | 85 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
b
|
No | 65 | 131 | 8767 | ||||
Genital tract trauma | |||||||
Yes | 4 | 2 | 99 | 6.0 (2.4, 14.8) | 1.4 (0.4, 5.6) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.0015 |
No | 61 | 129 | 8753 | ||||
Postpartum blood loss > 500 ml | |||||||
Yes | 1 | 7 | 615 | 1.6 (0.2, 11.6) | 5.6 (2.7, 11.4) | 7.0 (6.5, 7.6) | 0.29 |
No | 64 | 124 | 8237 | ||||
Low birth weight (<2500 g)a
| |||||||
Yes | 2 | 4 | 259 | 3.5 (0.9, 13.8) | 3.1 (1.2, 8.1) | 3.0 (2.6, 3.4) | 0.97 |
No | 63 | 127 | 8590 | ||||
Admission to special care nursery | |||||||
Yes | 6 | 16 | 616 | 9.0 (3.9, 20.7) | 12.0 (7.5, 19.2) | 7.0 (6.5, 7.6) | 0.07 |
No | 59 | 115 | 8236 | ||||
Stillbirthc
| |||||||
Yes | 1 | 1 | 39 | 1.5 (0.2, 10.9) | 0.8 (0.1, 5.3) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.41 |
No | 64 | 130 | 8812 |
Caesarean section rates amongst nulliparous women with FGM
FGM Status | FGM Status | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type III | Type I/II | No | Type III | Type I/II | No | |
n | n | n | % | % | % | |
Outcome | ||||||
Caesarean sectiona
| ||||||
Yes | 6 | 15 | 697 | 46.2 | 38.5 | 20.3 |
No | 7 | 24 | 2744 |