Background
Methods
Sample and procedures
Measures
The perceived discrimination and devaluation scale (PDD)
Mental health knowledge questionnaire (MHKQ)
General health questionnaire (GHQ-12)
Statistical analyses
Results
Sample characteristics
Variables | Unweighted(%) | Weighted (%) |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
female | 887(55.8) | 741(46.6) |
male | 704(44.2) | 850(53.4) |
Resident area | ||
urban | 1173(73.7) | 1288(81.0) |
rural | 418(26.3) | 303(19.0) |
Age | ||
18–39 | 446(28.0) | 784(49.3) |
40–54 | 493(31.0) | 425(26.7) |
55+ | 652(41.0) | 382(24.0) |
Education, year | ||
0–6 | 381(23.9) | 239(15.0) |
7–9 | 532(33.4) | 470(29.6) |
10–12 | 371(23.3) | 421(26.5) |
13+ | 307(19.3) | 461(29.0) |
Pre capital family income | ||
above median | 751(47.2) | 713 (44.8) |
below median | 840(52.8) | 878(55.2) |
Employment status | ||
housewife | 145(9.1) | 176(11.0) |
having a work | 659(41.4) | 862(54.2) |
retired | 474(29.8) | 268(16.9) |
jobless or lose of job | 166(10.4) | 170(10.7) |
famer | 159(10.0) | 114(7.2) |
Marital status | ||
never married | 114(7.2) | 279(17.6) |
married | 1268(79.7) | 1277(77.1) |
divorce/lose spouse | 209(13.1) | 85(5.3) |
GHQ score | ||
≥ 4 | 1494(93.9) | 1490(93.7) |
< 4 | 97(6.1) | 101(6.3) |
Stigma
Items | Agree (%) | Not sure (%) | Disagree (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1. Most people would willingly accept a former mental patient as a close friend | 43.3 | 11.7 | 44.9 |
2. Most people believe that a person who has been in a mental hospital is just as intelligent as the average person | 47.7 | 13.0 | 39.3 |
3. Most people believe that a former mental patient is just as trustworthy as the average citizen | 47.0 | 13.9 | 39.1 |
4. Most people would accept a fully recovered former mental patient as a teacher of young children in a public school | 31.9 | 13.0 | 55.1 |
5. Most people feel that entering a mental hospital is a sign of personal failure (R) | 16.0 | 14.8 | 69.2 |
6. Most people would not hire a former mental patient to take care of their children, even if he or she had been well for some time (R) | 68.2 | 8.2 | 23.6 |
7. Most people think less of a person who has been in a mental hospital (R) | 28.4 | 9.2 | 62.4 |
8. Most employers will hire a former mental patient if he or she is qualified for the job | 43.7 | 17.0 | 39.3 |
9. Most employers will pass over the application of a former mental patient in favor of another applicant (R) | 54.9 | 13.6 | 31.5 |
10. Most people in my community would treat a former mental patient just as they could treat anyone | 65.7 | 16.7 | 17.5 |
11. Most young women would be reluctant to date a man who has been hospitalized for a serious mental disorder (R) | 70.6 | 14.0 | 15.4 |
12. Once they know a person was in a mental hospital, most people will take his opinions less seriously (R) | 55.3 | 14.5 | 30.2 |
Variables | Devaluation | Discrimination | MHK | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± sd | t/F, P | Mean ± sd | t/F, P | Mean ± sd | t/F, P | |
Sex | ||||||
female | 13.9 ± 3.1 | 0.08, 0.94 | 22.5 ± 4.3 | 0.55, 0.58 | 11.6 ± 1.9 | −1.61, 0.11 |
male | 13.9 ± 3.3 | 22.4 ± 4.5 | 11.7 ± 2.2 | |||
Resident area | ||||||
urban | 13.8 ± 3.1 | 1.99, 0.05 | 22.5 ± 4.3 | 045, 0.66 | 11.8 ± 2.0 | 5.46, < 0.001 |
rural | 14.3 ± 3.5 | 22.4 ± 4.5 | 11.2 ± 1.9 | |||
Age | ||||||
18–39 | 13.6 ± 3.0 | 7.58, 0.006 | 22.5 ± 4.4 | 2.67, 0.10 | 12.1 ± 2.1 | 26.49, < 0.001 |
40–54 | 14.0 ± 3.4 | 22.6 ± 4.1 | 11.6 ± 2.1 | |||
55+ | 14.4 ± 3.3 | 22.1 ± 4.8 | 11.2 ± 1.8 | |||
Education, year | ||||||
0–6 | 15.0 ± 3.6 | 21.39, < 0.001 | 23.0 ± 4.6 | 0.75,0.39 | 10.7 ± 1.5 | 130.38, < 0.001 |
7–9 | 13.8 ± 3.1 | 22.1 ± 4.2 | 11.4 ± 1.8 | |||
9–12 | 13.6 ± 3.3 | 21.9 ± 4.5 | 11.9 ± 2.1 | |||
13+ | 13.7 ± 3.0 | 23.0 ± 4.2 | 12.4 ± 2.2 | |||
Per capita family income | ||||||
above median | 14.0 ± 3.2 | 2.22, 0.03 | 22.6 ± 4.3 | 0.67, 0.50 | 12.0 ± 2.2 | 4.61, < 0.001 |
below median | 14.4 ± 3.3 | 22.7 ± 4.3 | 11.5 ± 1.9 | |||
Employment status | ||||||
housewife | 13.1 ± 3.2 | 14.18, < 0.001 | 21.2 ± 4.3 | 0.01, 0.94 | 12.1 ± 2.1 | 47.49, < 0.001 |
having a job | 13.9 ± 3.2 | 22.8 ± 4.4 | 11.9 ± 2.1 | |||
retired | 14.2 ± 3.1 | 22.4 ± 4.2 | 11.4 ± 1.9 | |||
jobless or lost job | 14.1 ± 3.2 | 22.1 ± 4.4 | 11.6 ± 1.7 | |||
farmer | 14.5 ± 3.7 | 22.2 ± 4.5 | 10.6 ± 1.7 | |||
Marital status | ||||||
never married | 13.8 ± 3.0 | 8.03, 0.24 | 22.3 ± 4.1 | 0.67, 0.41 | 12.1 ± 2.2 | 18.67, < 0.001 |
married | 13.9 ± 3.3 | 22.5 ± 4.5 | 11.7 ± 2.0 | |||
divorced/lost spouse | 14.4 ± 3.3 | 22.8 ± 4.0 | 11.1 ± 2.1 | |||
GHQ score | ||||||
≥ 4 | 14.2 ± 3.4 | 0.82, 0.411 | 21.9 ± 4.3 | 1.25, 0.210 | 12.9 ± 2.5 | 1.16, 0.248 |
<4 | 13.9 ± 3.2 | 22.5 ± 4.4 | 13.2 ± 2.6 |
Mental health knowledge
Items | yes | no |
---|---|---|
1. Mental health is an integral part of health. | 99.0 | 1.0 |
2. Mental illnesses result from something wrong in thought. | 75.0 | 25.0 |
3. Most people may have a mental problem, but they may not notice the problem. | 97.7 | 2.3 |
4. Mental illnesses are all caused by stress. | 69.7 | 30.3 |
5. Mental health includes normal intelligence, stable mood, harmonious relationships, and good ability to adapt and so on. | 95.6 | 4.4 |
6. Most mental illnesses cannot be cured. | 43.2 | 56.8 |
7. If you suspect that you have mental problems or mental illnesses, you should go to a psychiatrist or psychologist for help. | 89.9 | 10.1 |
8. Individuals at any age can have a mental problem. | 95.4 | 4.6 |
9. Mental illnesses or psychological problems cannot be prevented. | 59.4 | 40.6 |
10. Even though a person is diagnosed with a severe mental disorder, he/she should take medication for only a short period rather than continuously for a long term. | 46.0 | 54..0 |
11. An optimistic attitude towards life, good interpersonal relationships and a healthy lifestyle are helpful to keep a good mental health. | 98.2 | 1.8 |
12. Persons with a family history of mental disorders have a higher chance to develop mental disorders or mental problems. | 82.1 | 17.9 |
13. Mental problems in adolescents do not influence their academic achievement. | 24.8 | 75.2 |
14. It is less likely to have mental problems or disorders in middle or old age. | 48.7 | 51.3 |
15. Someone with an unstable temperament is more prone to have mental problems. | 86.7 | 13.3 |
16. High psychological stress or major life events could induce mental problems or disorders. | 94.4 | 5.6 |
The association between MHK and stigma
Stigma outcomes | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDD devaluation | PDD discrimination | |||||
B (95%CI) | Beta | R2 | B (95%CI) | Beta | R2 | |
MHK unadjusted model | −0.425 | −0.271 | 0.074 | −0.22 | −0.103 | 0.011 |
(−0.499 - -0.351)* | (− 0.324 - -0.116)* | |||||
MHK | −0.389 | −0.248 | 0.095 | −0.24 | − 0.113 | 0.041 |
adjusted model | (−0.466 - -0.311)* | (−0.348 - -0.131)* |