Background
Methods
Sample
Ethics approval
Measures
Religion-related variables
HIV prevention variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Descriptive statistics and bivariate tests
Religion variables | M (SD) or N (col %) | PrEP Awareness (1 = aware) | PrEP Willingness (1 = willing) | Ever Tested for HIV (1 = yes) | Recent HIV Testingd(1 = yes) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | ||
Frequency of attending religious services | |||||
Never attend | 227 (0.27) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
A few times a year | 20 (0.23) | 1.39 (0.78, 2.46) | 1.55 (1.08, 2.46) | 1.28 (1.09, 1.51) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.41) |
Monthly | 87 (0.11) | 1.64 (0.84, 3.20) | 1.55 (0.96, 2.49) | 1.25 (1.02, 1.52) | 0.98 (0.63, 1.53) |
Weekly and greater | 348 (0.39) | 1.30 (0.78, 2.16) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.32) | 1.13 (0.96, 1.34) | 0.81 (0.59, 1.12) |
Any faith leaders’ message about HIV | |||||
Never attend | 227(0.27) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes, heard | 62 (0.08) | 1.81 (0.92, 3.55) | 1.57 (0.94, 2.64) | 1.28 (1.03, 1.59) | 0.81 (0.45, 1.45) |
No | 514 (0.58) | 1.36 (0.85, 2.16) | 1.21 (0.87, 1.69) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) | 0.81 (0.45, 1.45) |
Unsure | 58 (0.07) | 1.11 (0.35, 3.54) | 0.86 (0.40, 1.87) | 1.36 (1.12, 1.65) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) |
Any faith leaders’ messages about same-sex relationships | |||||
Never attend | 227 (0.27) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes, heard | 255 (0.30) | 1.63 (0.98, 2.70) | 1.19 (0.82, 1.74) | 1.27 (1.08, 1.49) | 0.73 (0.52, 1.03) |
No | 333 (0.37) | 1.05 (0.61, 1.77) | 1.29 (0.91, 1.84) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.33) | 0.85 (0.46, 1.61) |
Unsure | 46 (0.06) | 2.05 (0.90, 4.67) | 0.76 (0.35, 1.62) | 1.23 (0.97, 1.55) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) |
Supportiveness of faith leaders’ messages about HIV | |||||
Never attend | 227 (0.27) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Attend, no responsec | 579 (0.65) | 1.31 (0.82, 2.09) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.61) | 1.19 (1.02, 1.38) | 0.85 (0.46, 1.61) |
Yes, supportive | 41 (0.05) | 1.95 (0.90, 4.25) | 1.70 (0.96, 3.00) | 1.14 (0.85, 1.54) | 0.98 (0.51, 1.87) |
No | 5 (0.01) | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted |
Unsure | 16 (0.02) | 1.04 (0.29, 3.68) | 1.33 (0.43, 4.17) | 1.54 (1.30, 1.82) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) |
Supportiveness of faith leaders’ messages about same-sex relationships | |||||
Never attend | 227 (0.26) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Attend, no responsec | 387 (0.43) | 1.20 (0.72, 2.00) | 1.20 (0.85 1.70) | 1.15 (0.98, 1.35) | 0.85 (0.46, 1.61) |
Yes, supportive | 38 (0.04) | 1.43 (0.62, 3.27) | 2.17 (1.33, 3.53) | 1.29 (1.03, 1.62) | 0.85 (0.46, 1.61) |
No | 128 (0.15) | 1.97 (1.10, 3.51) | 1.20 (0.75, 1.90) | 1.21 (0.99, 1.46) | 0.74 (0.51, 1.07) |
Unsure | 88 (0.10) | 1.12 (0.52, 2.40) | 0.79 (0.44, 1.42) | 1.35 (1.13, 1.61) | 1.02 (0.76, 1.39) |
ocio demographics | |||||
Age | 33.63 (9) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) |
Gender | |||||
Men | 346 (0.45) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Women | 522 (0.55) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.28) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.40) | 1.18 (1.05, 1.33) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.46) |
Marital Status | |||||
Married | 243 (0.30) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Divorce/Widowed/Separated | 86 (0.09) | 1.26 (0.55, 2.87) | 1.72 (0.96, 3.09) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.30) | 1.59 (0.99, 2.55) |
Unmarried | 539 (0.61) | 1.45 (0.91, 2.30) | 1.75 (1.20, 2.54) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 1.79 (1.30, 2.46) |
Educational attainment | |||||
Less than high school | 62 (0.11) | 0.75 (0.35, 1.57) | 2.10 (1.34, 3.28) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.14) | 0.77 (0.44, 1.33) |
High school | 179 (0.33) | 0.59 (0.34, 1.02) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.69) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.92) | 1.02 (0.72, 1.44) |
Some college | 353 (0.36) | 0.67 (0.43, 1.03) | 1.55 (1.12, 2.16) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) |
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 274 (0.20) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Time in the USA | |||||
Less than 10 years | 20 (0.02) | 1.34 (0.50, 3.57) | 0.53 (0.14, 2.03) | 1.32 (1.21, 1.45) | 0.71 (0.31, 1.61) |
10 years and more | 81 (0.09) | 1.33 (0.77, 2.30) | 0.88 (0.53, 1.45) | 0.79 (0.62, 1.00) | 1.04 (0.68, 1.60) |
Born in the USA | 767 (0.89) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Census Region | |||||
Northeast | 152 (0.18) | 1.21 (0.70, 2.07) | 0.70 (0.45, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.08, 1.12) | 1.10 (0.78, 1.54) |
Midwest | 175 (0.17) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.44) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.49) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.22) |
South | 439 (0.54) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
West | 102 (0.11) | 0.52 (0.24, 1.10) | 1.28 (0.84, 1.93) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 1.13 (0.75, 1.72) |
Other variables | |||||
Depressive symptoms [1 to 4] | 1.58 (0.80) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.36) | 1.21 (1.06, 1.42) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.22) |
HIV riska | |||||
Yes | 211 (0.23) | 2.18 (1.45, 3.25) | 1.18 (1.39, 2.41) | 1.32 (1.20, 1.45) | 1.12 (0.84, 1.46) |
No | 657 (0.77) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Homophobiab [1 to 5] | 2.88 (1.10) | 1.34 (1.10, 1.63) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.18 (1.04, 1.33) |
IV-prevention variables | |||||
PrEP Awareness | |||||
Yes, aware | 136 (0.15) | ||||
PrEP Willingness | |||||
Yes, willing to use | 234 (0.27) | ||||
Ever tested for HIV | |||||
Yes | 627 (0.71) | ||||
Recent HIV testingd | |||||
Yes | 253 (0.28) |
Multivariable regressions
Religion variable | PrEP Awareness (1 = aware) | PrEP Willingness (1 = willing) | Ever Tested for HIV (1 = yes) | Recent HIV testinga(1 = yes) |
---|---|---|---|---|
aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | |
Frequency of attending religious services | ||||
Never attend | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
A few times a year | 1.44 (0.82, 2.51) | 1.55 (1.07, 2.22) | 1.16 (0.99, 1.36) | 1.29 (0.88, 1.89) |
Monthly | 2.01 (1.05, 3.86) | 1.76 (1.09, 2.84) | 1.18 (0.96, 1.44) | 1.40 (0.88, 2.20) |
Weekly and greater | 1.98 (1.22, 3.21) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.63) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 1.12 (0.77, 1.63) |
Homophobia | 1.35 (1.14, 1.60) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.23) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.04) | 1.18 (1.04, 1.34) |
Adjusted for age and HIV risk | Adjusted for education, marital status, depression and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, gender, education, time in the US, and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, marital status, and HIV risk forced into the model |
Religion variable | PrEP Awareness (1 = aware) | PrEP Willingness (1 = willing) | Ever Tested for HIV (1 = yes) | Recent HIV testinga(1 = yes) |
---|---|---|---|---|
aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | |
Any faith leader’s message about HIV | ||||
Never attend | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes, heard | 2.06 (1.03, 4.13) | 1.62 (0.96, 2.85) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 1.12 (0.60, 2.10) |
No | 1.71 (1.09, 2.67) | 1.41 (1.02, 1.97) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.26) | 1.19 (0.85, 1.66) |
Unsure | 1.60 (0.50, 5.16) | 0.92 (0.46, 1.84) | 1.27 (1.05, 1.54) | 1.96 (1.14, 3.35) |
Homophobia | 1.31 (1.09, 1.57) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.16 (1.03, 1.31) |
Adjusted for age and HIV risk | Adjusted for education, marital status, depression and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, gender, education, time in the US, and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, marital status, and HIV risk forced into the model | |
bSupportiveness of faith leader’s message about HIV | ||||
Never attend services | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Attend, no response | 1.68 (1.07, 2.62) | 1.35 (0.97, 1.87) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) | 1.25 (0.90, 1.74) |
Yes, supportive | 2.09 (0.94, 4.63) | 1.76 (0.97, 3.18) | 1.04 (0.79, 1.36) | 1.11 (0.53, 2.33) |
No | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted | Omitted |
Unsure | 1.45 (0.35, 5.93) | 1.76 (0.61, 5.07) | 1.43 (1.15, 1.79) | 0.70 (0.21, 2.30) |
Homophobia | 1.40 (1.09, 1.79) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.28) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.04) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) |
Adjusted for age and HIV risk | Adjusted for education, marital status, depression and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, gender, education, time in the US, and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, marital status, and *HIV risk forced into the model |
Religion variable | PrEP Awareness (1 = aware) | PrEP Willingness (1 = willing) | Ever Tested for HIV (1 = yes) | Recent HIV testinga(1 = yes) |
---|---|---|---|---|
aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | aPR (95% CI) | |
Any faith leader’s message about same-sex relationships | ||||
Never attend | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes, heard | 2.21 (1.30, 3.71) | 1.40 (0.94, 2.07) | 1.164 (0.97, 1.34) | 1.15 (0.77, 1.70) |
No | 1.29 (0.78, 2.14) | 1.48 (1.05, 2.10) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.25) | 1.17 (0.82, 1.66) |
Unsure | 2.79 (1.18, 6.57) | 0.78 (0.38, 1.62) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) | 2.17 (1.29, 3.67) |
Homophobia | 1.35 (1.12, 1.62) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.21 (1.06, 1.38) |
Adjusted for age and HIV risk | Adjusted for education, marital status, depression and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, gender, education, time in the US, and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, marital status, and HIV risk forced into the model | |
bSupportiveness of faith leader’s message about same-sex relationships | ||||
Never attend services | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Attend, no response | 1.48 (0.91, 2.38) | 1.37 (0.97, 1.93) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.28) | 1.31 (0.93, 1.85) |
Yes, supportive | 1.73 0.80, 3.70) | 2.19 (1.35, 3.55) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) | 1.20 (0.64, 2.25) |
No | 2.56 (1.42, 4.62) | 1.38 (0.85, 2.24) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.34) | 1.05 (0.64, 1.72) |
Unsure | 1.72 (0.78, 3.79) | 1.02 (0.55, 1.87) | 1.22 (1.03, 1.47) | 1.17 (0.69, 1.97) |
Homophobia | 1.34 (1.11, 1.61) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.28) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.33) |
Adjusted for age and HIV risk | Adjusted for education, marital status, depression and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, gender, education, time in the US, and HIV risk | Adjusted for age, marital status, and *HIV risk forced into the model |