Background
Methods
Eligibility criteria
Data sources and search strategy
Study selection; screening, quality assessment, and data extraction
Results
n (%) | |
---|---|
Geographic location | |
North America | 18 (37) |
Europe | 23 (47) |
Australia and New Zealand | 5 (10) |
Several western countries included | 3 (6) |
Age range | |
0–5 years | 11 (22) |
6–12 years | 13 (27) |
13–15 years | 23 (47) |
0–15 yearsa | 2 (4) |
Study design | |
RCT study | 3 (6) |
Quasi-experimental study | 2 (4) |
Prospective cohort study | 15 (31) |
Cross-sectional study | 29 (59) |
Electronic media devicesb | |
Television | 18 (37) |
Video game | 12 (25) |
Mobile phone/smartphone | 13 (27) |
Computer/internet | 14 (29) |
Touchscreen/tablet | 3 (6) |
Social media | 7 (14) |
Total screen time | 43 (21) |
Electronic media devices in the bedroom | 5 (10) |
Media content (e.g., violent content) | 1 (2) |
Sleep outcomec | |
Delayed bedtime/sleep onset latency | 22 (45) |
Poor sleep quality | 19 (29) |
Short sleep duration | 36 (73) |
Daytime tiredness | 15 (31) |
Electronic media use among children aged 0–5
Electronic media device | Measured at bedtime | Sleep outcomes | Study design | Quality Assessment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delayed bedtime or sleep onset latency | Poor sleep quality | Short sleep duration | Daytime sleep duration/ Daytime tiredness | ||||
Television | |||||||
Beyens 2019 | No | + | +/0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | + | +/0 | 0 | ||||
Cespedes 2014 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Cheung 2017 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Marinelli 2014 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
McDonald 2014 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Moorman 2019 | No | 0 | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | + | + | 0 | ||||
Plancoulaine 2018 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Video game (console) | |||||||
Beyens 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Moorman 2019 | No | + | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | + | 0 | |||||
Nathanson 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Mobile phone | |||||||
Beyens 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | 0 | 0 | + | ||||
Nathanson 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | + | 0 | 0 | ||||
Touchscreen/tablet | |||||||
Beyens 2019 | No | + | +/0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | + | +/0 | +/0 | ||||
Cheung 2017 | No | + | 0 | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Nathanson 2018 | No | + | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | + | + | 0 | ||||
Computer/internet | |||||||
Beyens 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Moorman 2019 | No | 0 | +/0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Nathanson 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Total screen time | |||||||
Parent 2016 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Ribner 2019 | No | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Xu 2016 | No | + | – | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |
Zhang 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Electronic media devices in the bedroom | |||||||
Cespedes 2014 | +/0 | Cohort study | Moderate | ||||
Moorman 2019 | + | 0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Media content | |||||||
Garrison 2012 | No | + | RCT | Moderate |
Bedtime and sleep onset
Sleep quality
Sleep duration
Daytime sleep duration
Electronic media use among children aged 6–12
Electronic media device | Measured at bedtime | Sleep outcomes | Study design | Quality Assessment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delayed bedtime or sleep onset latency | Poor sleep quality | Short sleep duration | Daytime tiredness | ||||
Television | |||||||
Arora 2014 | Yes | 0 | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Chahal 2012 | Yes | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Falbe 2014 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Marinelli 2014 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Mireku 2019 | Yes | + | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Nuutinen 2013 | No | + | + | Cohort study | Moderate | ||
Yland 2015 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Video game (console) | |||||||
Arora 2014 | Yes | + | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Chahal 2012 | Yes | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Falbe 2014 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Yland 2015 | No | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Mobile phone | |||||||
Arora 2014 | Yes | +/0 | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Chahal 2012 | Yes | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Huss 2015 | No | + | + | + | 0 | Cohort study | Moderate |
Mireku 2019 | Yes | + | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Redmayne 2013 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate |
Computer | |||||||
Arora 2014 | Yes | +/0 | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Chahal 2012 | Yes | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Nuutinen 2013 | No | + | + | Cohort study | Moderate | ||
Yland 2015 | No | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Internet/social media | |||||||
Arora 2014 | Yes | + | 0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Total screen time | |||||||
Barlett 2011 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Brambilla 2017 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Gentile 2014 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Greever 2017 | No | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Mireku 2019 | Yes | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Parent 2016 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Electronic media devices in the bedroom | |||||||
Arora 2014 | 0 | 0 | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Brambilla 2017 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||||
Chahal 2012 | + | Cohort study | Moderate | ||||
Falbe 2014 | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Mindell 2016 | 0 | RCT | Moderate | ||||
Nuutinen 2013 | + | +/0 | Cohort study | Moderate |
Bedtime and sleep onset
Sleep quality
Sleep duration
Daytime tiredness
Electronic media use among children aged 13–15
Electronic media device | Measured at bedtime | Sleep outcomes | Study design | Quality Assessment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delayed bedtime or sleep onset latency | Poor sleep quality | Short sleep duration | Daytime tiredness | ||||
Television | |||||||
Arora 2013 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Brunetti 2016 | No | – | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Lange 2015 | No | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Poulain 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | |
Tavenier 2017 | No | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | ||
Twenge 2017 | No | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Video game (console) | |||||||
Arora 2013 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Brunetti 2016 | No | +/0 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Lange 2015 | No | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | ||
Wallenius 2009 | No | +/− | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Mobile phone/smartphone | |||||||
Arora 2013 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Brunetti 2016 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Foerster 2019 | No | + | +/0 | 0 | Cohort study | Moderate | |
Lange 2015 | No | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Poulain 2019 | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | |
Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 | + | Cohort study | High | ||
Computer/internet | |||||||
Arora 2013 | Yes | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Brunetti 2016 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Lange 2015 | No | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Nuutinen 2014 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Poulain 2019 | No | + | 0 | + | Cohort study | High | |
Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 | + | Cohort study | High | ||
Twenge 2017 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Social media | |||||||
Scott 2019 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Tavernier 2017 | No | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | High | ||
Twenge 2017 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Van der Schuur 2019 | No | + | +/0 | Cohort study | Moderate | ||
Vernon 2015 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Vernon 2017 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Total screen time | |||||||
Bickham 2018 | No | + | Quasi-experimental | High | |||
Calamaro 2009 | Yes | + | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |
Das_Friebel 2018 | Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | RCT | High |
Foerster 2019 | No | + | 0 | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |
Lange 2015 | No | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Mazzer 2018 | No | + | Cohort study | Moderate | |||
Ogunleye 2015 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Ononogbu 2014 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Parent 2016 | No | + | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Perrault 2019 | Yes | + | + | Quasi-experimental | Moderate | ||
Twenge 2017 | No | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | |||
Van der Schuur 2018 | No | 0 | 0 | Cohort study | Moderate | ||
Vandendriessche 2019 | No | + | + | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||
Electronic media devices in the bedroom | |||||||
Calamaro 2009 | 0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate | ||||
Continente 2016 | +/0 | Cross-sectional | Moderate |