Background
Methods
Study site
Sample collection
Ethical considerations
DNA extraction and PCR
Data analysis
Results
Prevalence of individual point mutations in pfdhfr, pfdhps and pfmdr1 genes
Prevalence of pfdhfr, pfdhps and pfmdr1 haplotypes
Marker | Category | Haplotype | Number | Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|---|
pfdhfr 51,59,108
| Wild type | NCS | 32 | 0.27 |
Single mutant | ICS | 3 | 0.03 | |
NCN | 4 | 0.03 | ||
Double mutant | IRS | 1 | 0.01 | |
NRN | 3 | 0.03 | ||
ICN | 8 | 0.07 | ||
Triple Mutant |
IRN
| 67 | 0.57 | |
pfdhps 437,540, 581, 613
| Wild type | AKAA | 14 | 0.14 |
Single mutant | GKAA | 66 | 0.67 | |
AKAS | 4 | 0.04 | ||
AKGA | 1 | 0.01 | ||
Double mutant | GKAS | 14 | 0.14 | |
Triple mutant | GKGS | 9 | 0.08 | |
pfmdr1 86,184,1042,1246
| Wild type | NFND | 63 | 0.52 |
Single mutant | YFND | 2 | 0.02 | |
NYND | 38 | 0.31 | ||
Double mutant | NFDD | 5 | 0.04 | |
NFNY | 3 | 0.03 | ||
YYND | 5 | 0.04 | ||
NYDD | 1 | 0.01 | ||
NYNY | 1 | 0.01 | ||
NFDY | 1 | 0.01 |
Multilocus pfdhfr/pfdhps and pfdhfr/pfdhps/pfmdr1 genotypes
pfdhfr
|
pfdhps
|
pfmdr1
| Haplotypes | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N51I | C59R | S108N | I431V | S436A/F | A437G | A581G | A613S | N86Y | F184Y | N1042D | D1246Y |
dhfr/dhps/mdr1
| Number | Prevalence |
I
| C | S | I | S |
G
| A | A | N |
Y
| N | D | ICS/ISGAA/NYND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
| C | S | I | S |
G
| A | A | N | F | N | D | ICS/ISGAA/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
N | C | S | I |
A
| A |
G
| A | N | F | N | D | NCS/IAAGA/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
N | C | S | I |
A
| G | A |
S
| N | F | N | D | NCS/IAGAS/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
N | C | S | I |
A
| A | A | A | N | F |
D
|
Y
| NCS/IAAAA/NFDY | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
| S | I |
A
|
G
| A |
S
| N |
Y
| N | D | IRS/IAGAS/NYND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I | S |
G
| A | A | N |
Y
|
D
| D | IRN/ISGAA/NYDD | 1 | 0.01 |
N |
R
|
N
| I |
A
|
G
| A | A | N | F | N | D | NRN/IAGAA/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I |
A
| A | A | A | N | F | N | D | IRN/IAAAA/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
| S | I |
A
|
G
| A |
S
| N | F | N | D | IRS/IAGAS/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
| C |
N
| I |
A
|
G
| A | A | N | F | N | D | ICN/IAGAA/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
| C |
N
|
V
|
A
|
G
| A | A | N | F | N | D | ICN/VAGAA/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I |
A
| A | A | A | N | F |
D
| D | IRN/IAAAA/NFDD | 1 | 0.01 |
I
| C |
N
|
V
|
A
|
G
| A | A |
Y
| F | N | D | ICN/VAGAA/YFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I |
A
| A | A |
S
| N | F | N | D | IRN/IAAAS/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I |
F
|
G
| A | S | N |
Y
| N | D | IRN/IFGAS/NYND | 1 | 0.01 |
N | C |
N
|
V
|
A
|
G
| A | A | N | F | N |
Y
| NCN/VAGAA/NFNY | 1 | 0.01 |
N |
R
|
N
| I |
A
|
G
| A |
S
| N | F | N | D | NRN/IAGAS/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
N | C |
N
|
V
|
A
|
G
| A | A |
Y
| F | N |
Y
| NCN/VAGAA/YFNY | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I |
F
|
G
| A |
S
| N | F | N | D | IRN/IFGAS/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
|
N
|
V
|
A
|
G
| A | A | N | F | N | D | IRN/VAGAA/NFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
|
N
|
V
|
A
|
G
| A | A |
Y
| F | N | D | IRN/VAGAA/YFND | 1 | 0.01 |
I
|
R
|
N
|
V
|
A
|
G
| A | A |
Y
| F | N |
Y
| IRN/VAGAA/YFNY | 1 | 0.01 |
N | C | S | I |
A
| A | A | A | N | F | N | D | NCS/IAAAA/NFND | 2 | 0.02 |
N | C | S | I |
A
|
G
| A | A | N | F | N | D | NCS/IAGAA/NFND | 2 | 0.02 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I | S | A | A | A | N | F | N | D | IRN/ISAAA/NFND | 2 | 0.02 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I | S |
G
| A | A | N | F | N |
Y
| IRN/ISGAA/NFNY | 2 | 0.02 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I | S | A | A | A | N |
Y
| N | D | IRN/ISAAA/NYND | 3 | 0.03 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I |
F
| A | A |
S
| N |
Y
| N | D | IRN/IFAAS/NYND | 3 | 0.03 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I |
F
| A | A |
S
| N | F | N | D | IRN/IFAAS/NFND | 3 | 0.03 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I |
A
|
G
| A |
S
| N | F | N | D | IRN/IAGAS/NFND | 3 | 0.03 |
N | C | S | I |
A
| A | A | A | N | F |
D
| D | NCS/IAAAA/NFDD | 4 | 0.04 |
N | C | S | I | S |
G
| A | A | N |
Y
| N | D | NCS/ISGAA/NYND | 7 | 0.08 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I | S |
G
| A | A | N |
Y
| N | D | IRN/ISGAA/NYND | 9 | 0.10 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I | S |
G
| A | A | N | F | N | D | IRN/ISGAA/NFND | 10 | 0.11 |
I
|
R
|
N
| I |
A
|
G
| A | A | N | F | N | D | IRN/IAGAA/NFND | 18 | 0.20 |