Background
Questionnaire | #Items | Domains/covered issues | Age | Completed by | Result | Reliability | Validity | Patients included in development | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food allergy quality of life-parental burden (FAQL-PB) | 17 | Family, school and social events, time employed to prepare foods, physical and mental state | 0–17 | Parents | parents whose children had multiple (>2) food allergies were more affected than parents whose children had fewer allergies | Internal consistency (test–retest) | Internal: inter-item correlations; external: criterion validity, construct, content | Yes | Cohen et al., USA [26] |
Food allergy impact scale (FAIS) | 32 | Family and social events, field trips, parties, sleepovers and playing at friends’ houses | 0–18 | Parents | Daily family life (Meal preparation and family social activities) | Internal consistency (test–retest) | Internal: not proven; external: content, face validity | Yes | Bollinger et al., USA [55] |
Food allergy parent questionnaire (FAPQ) | 18 | Parental anxiety/distress, psychosocial impact of allergies, parental coping/competence, and family support | 0–18 | Parents | Greater number of food allergies, positive history of anaphylaxis: higher scores on the anxiety/distress and psychosocial impact subscales. Internal consistency good for the anxiety/distress and psychosocial impact subscales | Internal consistency (test–retest) | Internal: factor analysis; external: face-validity, content | No | LeBovidge et al., USA [56] |
Child health questionnaire parental form-28 (CHQ-PF 28) | 28 | Issues related to children, parents and family | 9 | Parents | Lower scores for physical functioning and role/social limitations | Not proven | Not proven | Yes | Östblom et al., Sweden [57] |
Food allergy self-efficacy scale for parents (FASE-P) | 21 | Managing Social activities precaution and prevention. Allergic treatment food allergen identification seeking information about food allergy | 0–18 | Parents | Poorer self-efficacy was related to egg and milk allergy; self-efficacy was not related to severity of allergy | Internal consistency | External: discriminative, face-validity, construct, convergent | Yes | Knibb et al., UK [22] |
Pediatric allergic disease quality of life questionnaire (PADQLQ) | 26 | Practical problems, symptoms, emotional problems | 6–16 | Children | A potentially useful outcome measure in the evaluation of systemic treatments in children with multisystem allergic disease | Internal consistency | Internal: inter item-correlations; external: construct, longitudinal | Yes | Roberts et al., UK [58] |
Food allergy quality of life questionnaire-parent form (FAQLQ-PF) | 30 | Emotional impact; food-related anxiety; dietary and social restrictions | 0–12 | Parents | Domains and total score improved significantly at pos-challenge time-points for pre-challenge and post-challenge. Poorer quality of life at baseline increased the odds by over 2.0 of no improvement in HRQL scores 6-month time-point | Internal consistency (test–retest) | Internal: inter-item correlations, factor analysis, ceiling/floor effect; external: face-validity, content, convergent/discriminative, construct | Yes | DunnGalvin et al., Ireland [21] |
Food allergy quality of life questionnaire-child form (FAQLQ-CF) | 24 | Allergen avoidance and dietary restrictions; emotional impact; risk of accidental exposure; | 8–12 | Children | Discriminated between children who differed in number of food allergies (>2 food allergies) vs. < or = 2 food allergies | Internal consistency (test–retest) | Internal: inter-item correlations; external: face-validity, content, convergent/discriminative, construct | Yes | Flokstra-de Blok et al., The Netherlands [24] |
Food allergy quality of life questionnaire-teenager form (FAQLQ-TF) | 23 | Allergen avoidance and dietary restrictions; emotional impact; risk of accidental exposure; | 13–17 | Children | Discriminated between children who differed in number of food allergies (>2 food allergies vs. < or = 2 food allergies) | Internal consistency (test–retest) | Internal: inter-item correlations; external: face-validity, content, convergent/discriminative, construct | Yes | Flokstra-Blok et al., The Netherlands [23] |
Food allergy quality of life assessment tool for adolescents (FAQL-teen) | 17 | Impact of food allergy-related limitations, perception of food allergy as a burden; fear for allergic reactions; disappointment for carrying the adrenaline auto-injector | 13–19 | Children | Areas most troubling included limitations on social activities, not being able to eat what others were eating, and limited choice of restaurants | Internal consistency | External: face-validity, discriminative, Cross-sectional construct validity | Yes | Resnick et al., USA [39] |
You and your food allergy | 34 | Social well-being and independence, support, day-to-day activities, family relations and emotional well-being | 13–18 | Children | Discriminates by disease severity | Internal consistency (test–retest) | Internal: inter-item correlations; external: convergent/discriminative, construct | Yes | MacKenzie et al., UK [40] |
Questionnaire | #Items | Domains | Age | Completed by | Result | Reliability | Validity | Patients included in development | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food allergy quality of life questionnaire-adult form (FAQLQ-AF) | 29 | Allergen avoidance and dietary restrictions; emotional impact; risk of accidental exposure; Food allergy related health | ≥18 | Adults | Discriminated between patients who differ in severity of symptoms (anaphylaxis vs no anaphylaxis), and number of food allergies (>3 food allergies vs < or = 3 food) | Internal consistency (test–retest) | Internal: correlations interitem. External: face, content, convergent/discriminative, construct | Yes | Flokstra-de Blok et al., The Netherlands [41] |
Food allergy quality of life questionnaire-adult form spanish version (FAQLQ-AF) | 29 | Allergen avoidance and dietary restrictions; emotional impact; risk of accidental exposure; food allergy related health | ≥18 | Adults | ≥3 foods = greater impact on QoL excellent internal consistency (Cronbach α, 0.95). S-FAQLQ-AF domains also had excellent internal consistency: α = 0.93 for allergen avoidance-dietary restrictions; α = 0.83 for emotional impact; α = 0.85 for risk of accidental exposure, and α = 0.66 for food allergy related health | Internal consistency (test–retest | Internal: correlations inter-items. External: face, content, convergent/discriminative, construct | Yes | Antolin-Amerigo et al., Spain [42] |
Food allergy quality of life questionnaire-adult form swedish version (FAQLQ-AF) | 29 | Allergen avoidance and dietary restrictions; emotional impact; risk of accidental exposure; food allergy related health | ≥18 | Adults | O gender differences Allergen avoidance and Dietary Restrictions (AADR) highest score (lowest HRQL) number of food items to avoid did not influence QoL | Internal consistency (test–retest | Internal: correlations interitem. External: face, content, convergent/discriminative, construct | Yes | Jansson SA et al., Sweden [59] |
# | Factor | Article | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Constant vigilance in the avoidance of specific foods to prevent an allergic reaction | Carrard et al. | [60] |
2 | Management of an acute reaction | Carrard et al. | [60] |
3 | Experience of anaphylaxis has a limited impact in QoL | Saleh-Langenberg et al. | |
4 | Allergies to fish and milk in adults and peanuts and soy in children caused greater HRQL impairment as compared to other foods | Saleh-Langenberg et al. | |
5 | Performing food challenge improved QoL irrespective of the outcome of the challenge (waines after 6 months in allergic patients) | Soller et al. | [49] |
6 | Perceived disease severity | Saleh-Langenberg et al. | |
7 | Country of origin | Saleh-Langenberg et al. | |
8 | Children >2 allergies | Sicherer et al. | [3] |
9 | Older children and those with mother or siblings affected by allergies | Wassenberg et al. | [17] |
10 | Oral induction of Tolerance (OIT) with peanut or cow milk: improves QoL | Factor JM et al., Carraro S et al. |
Concept | Definition | Concept | Definition |
---|---|---|---|
Reliability | Extent to which the questionnaire is repeatable and consistently produces the same results | Validity | Degree to which the questionnaire measures what it is intended to measure |
Internal consistency | How well the items of a questionnaire relate to each other and to the total questionnaire. It is most commonly evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha. An alpha ≥0.70 indicates good internal consistency | Internal validity | Internal structure of the questionnaires and is usually evaluated by factor analysis, inter-items correlations and floor and ceiling effects |
Test–retest | Reproducibility of the questionnaire over time. The questionnaire is completed on two occasions by the same patients in whom no change in the condition has taken place. It is most commonly evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). An ICC ≥0.70 indicates good test–retest reliability | External validity | Relationship between the questionnaire and an external criterion (e.g. other measures of the same or different dimensions of health), and the most common types are face, content, convergent/discriminant and construct validity |
Face validity | Determined by expert opinion as to whether the questionnaire seems to measure HRQL related to the disease in question. Least rigurous form of validity. Type of external validity | ||
Content validity | Based on subjective assessment of the extent to which a questionnaire represents all dimensions of a construct. Type of external validity | ||
Convergent/discriminant validity | Assessed by calculating the correlation between the questionnaire and measures of similar or dissimilar constructs. Type of external validity | ||
Construct validity | Ascertained by calculating the correlation between the questionnaire and an independent measure, which reflects the severity of the disease in question. Type of external validity |