Background
Methods
Subjects
Experimental design
Exercise protocol
Half-marathon (21.1 km) run
Supplementation protocol
Procedures
Dietary inventories
Anthropometrics and Body composition
Muscle soreness perception assessment
Blood collection
Clinical chemistry analysis
Markers of anabolic/catabolic hormone status
Markers of oxidative stress
Cytokine/Chemokine markers of inflammation
Statistical analysis
Results
Subject characteristics
Variable | Group | Mean | Group (SEM) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | P | 16 | n/a | n/a |
TC | 11 | n/a | ||
Total | 27 | n/a | ||
Age | P | 22.44 ± 4.86 | 1.214 | 0.305 |
TC | 20.82 ± 1.89 | 0.569 | ||
Total | 21.78 ± 3.95 | 0.761 | ||
Height (cm) | P | 173 ± 11.43 | 2.851 | 0.592 |
TC | 175 ± 8.59 | 2.589 | ||
Total | 174 ± 10.25 | 1.972 | ||
Body Mass (kg) | P | 65.48 ± 12.07 | 3.018 | 0.317 |
TC | 70.17 ± 11.25 | 3.392 | ||
Total | 67.39 ± 11.76 | 2.263 | ||
Baseline HR (bpm) | P | 58.50 ± 9.02 | 2.255 | 0.703 |
TC | 59.64 ± 4.46 | 1.343 | ||
Total | 58.96 ± 58.96 | 1.426 | ||
BMD (g/cm2) | P | 1.04 ± 0.11 | 0.028 | 0.458 |
TC | 1.08 ± 0.13 | 0.038 | ||
Total | 1.06 ± 0.12 | 0.023 | ||
FFM (kg) | P | 48.67 ± 11.32 | 2.830 | 0.171 |
TC | 54.85 ± 11.01 | 3.319 | ||
Total | 51.19 ± 11.41 | 2.195 | ||
FM (kg) | P | 9.81 ± 3.20 | 0.801 | 0.085§
|
TC | 7.76 ± 2.44 | 0.735 | ||
Total | 2.44 ± 3.04 | 0.585 | ||
Body Fat (%) | P | 16.87 ± 6.40 | 1.599 | 0.051§
|
TC | 12.31 ± 4.42 | 1.333 | ||
Total | 15.01 ± 6.03 | 1.160 |
Nutritional intake and compliance
Variable | Group | Mean | Group (SEM) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average Daily Caloric Consumption (kcal/kg) | P | 30.89 ± 8.75 | 2.19 | 0.094§
|
TC | 37.71 ± 11.65 | 3.51 | ||
Total | 33.67 ± 10.40 | 2.00 | ||
Dietary Protein (g/kg) | P | 1.29 ± 0.56 | 0.14 | 0.146 |
TC | 1.62 ± 0.58 | 0.17 | ||
Total | 1.42 ± 0.58 | 0.11 | ||
Dietary Carbohydrates (g/kg) | P | 3.54 ± 1.50 | 0.37 | 0.138 |
TC | 4.57 ± 2.00 | 0.60 | ||
Total | 3.96 ± 1.76 | 0.34 | ||
Dietary Fat (g/kg) | P | 1.24 ± 0.49 | 0.12 | 0.886 |
TC | 1.27 ± 0.72 | 0.22 | ||
Total | 1.25 ± 0.58 | 0.11 | ||
Dietary Beta-Carotene (mcg/kg) | P | 38.01 ± 71.15 | 17.79 | 0.611 |
TC | 54.22 ± 92.29 | 27.83 | ||
Total | 44.62 ± 79.13 | 15.23 | ||
Dietary Vitamin C [Ascorbic Acid] (mg/kg) | P | 0.92 ± 0.69 | 0.17 | 0.277 |
TC | 1.46 ± 1.78 | 0.54 | ||
Total | 1.14 ± 1.25 | 0.24 | ||
Dietary Vitamin E [Alpha-Tocopherol] (mg/kg) | P | 0.099 ± 0.095 | 0.024 | 0.853 |
TC | 0.106 ± 0.107 | 0.032 | ||
Total | 0.102 ± 0.098 | 0.019 |
Half-marathon performance measures
Variable | Group | Mean | Group (SEM) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
½ Marathon Split Time (min) | P | 54.30 ± 4.18 | 1.045 | 0.002* |
TC | 49.03 ± 3.65 | 1.099 | ||
Total | 52.15 ± 4.71 | 0.906 | ||
½ Marathon Finish Time (min) | P | 118 ± 9.72 | 2.429 | 0.001* |
TC | 103 ± 9.28 | 2.798 | ||
Total | 112 ± 11.86 | 2.283 | ||
½ Marathon Projected Race Pace (min/km) | P | 12.00 ± 1.28 | 0.338 | 0.304 |
TC | 11.45 ± 1.45 | 0.407 | ||
Total | 11.77 ± 1.35 | 0.264 | ||
½ Marathon Actual Race Pace (min/km) | P | 14.48 ± 1.19 | 0.293 | 0.002* |
TC | 12.70 ± 1.14 | 0.354 | ||
Total | 13.76 ± 1.45 | 0.230 |
Markers of mechanical damage and physiological stress
Variable | Group | Baseline | Pre-Run | 60-min Post | 24-hr Post | 48-hr Post | Group Mean |
p-value (GG) |
p-value (WSC) | RFT Covariate p-value (WSC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AST (U/L) | P | 32.69 ± 33.67 | 26.62 ± 14.97 | 37.20 ± 17.36 | 50.52 ± 22.96 | 43.33 ± 16.68 | 38.07 ± 3.98 |
G = 0.911 |
G = 0.402 | |
TC | 29.46 ± 10.54 | 26.30 ± 7.48 | 36.96 ± 9.68 | 49.97 ± 31.12 | 44.14 ± 24.60 | 37.37 ± 4.80 |
T = 0.002* |
T
L
= 0.005* |
T
q
= 0.593 | |
Time Mean | 31.08 ± 5.27 | 26.46 ± 2.45 | 37.08 ± 2.89†Ψ
| 50.25 ± 5.20†Ψ◊
| 43.74 ± 3.96†Ψ#
|
G X T = 0.859 |
G X T
q
= 0.740 |
G X T
L
= 0.707 | ||
ALT (U/L) | P | 22.09 ± 13.55 | 20.32 ± 7.15 | 23.65 ± 8.04 | 26.42 ± 7.36 | 28.53 ± 8.02 | 24.20 ± 2.15 |
G = 0.576 |
G = 0.057§
| |
TC | 23.06 ± 8.22 | 23.13 ± 10.39 | AM ± 10.22 | 27.94 ± 14.22 | 30.07 ± 14.80 | 26.11 ± 2.59 |
T = 0.008* |
T
L
= 0.006* |
T
q
= 0.677 | |
Time Mean | 22.57 ± 2.29 | 21.73 ± 1.68 | 25.01 ± 1.76Ψ
| 27.18 ± 2.09Ψ◊
| 29.30 ± 2.20†Ψ◊#
|
G X T = 0.842 |
G X T
q
= 0.603 |
G X T
L
= 0.869 | ||
Total Billirubin (umol/L) | P | 9.01 ± 2.87 | 8.15 ± 3.03 | 13.03 ± 4.68 | 8.44 ± 4.06 | 7.65 ± 3.45 | 9.25 ± 0.76 |
G = 0.756 |
G = 0.614 | |
TC | 8.71 ± 4.64 | 7.60 ± 3.75 | 11.65 ± 4.50 | 8.99 ± 4.22 | 7.46 ± 2.75 | 8.88 ± 0.91 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
= 0.001* |
T
q
= 0.484 | |
Time Mean | 8.86 ± 0.72 | 7.88 ± 0.65 | 12.34 ± 0.90†Ψ
| 8.71 ± 0.81◊
| 7.55 ± 0.62◊
|
G X T = 0.699 |
G X T
L
= 0.694 |
G X T
q
= 0.591 | ||
Urea/BUN (mmol/L) | P | 4.75 ± 1.08 | 5.45 ± 1.36 | 6.36 ± 1.14 | 7.13 ± 1.15 | 6.33 ± 1.44 | 6.00 ± 0.21 |
G = 0.857 |
G = 0.426 | |
TC | 5.11 ± 0.69 | 6.02 ± 1.17 | 6.16 ± 1.01 | 6.40 ± 1.44 | 6.03 ± 1.58 | 5.94 ± 0.26 |
T <0.001* |
T
L
<0.001* |
T
L
= 0.026* | |
Time Mean | 4.93 ± 0.19 | 5.74 ± 0.25†
| 6.26 ± 0.21†Ψ
| 6.77 ± 0.25†Ψ
| 6.18 ± 0.29†#
|
G X T = 0.144 |
G X T
L
= 0.095§
|
G X T
L
= 0.014* | ||
Creatinine (umol/L) | P | 71.71 ± 15.07 | 74.29 ± 11.54 | 106.56 ± 15.45†Ψ
| 79.85 ± 10.88†◊
| 78.20 ± 11.17†
| 82.12 ± 3.12 |
G = 0.651 |
G = 0.522 | |
TC | 77.20 ± 15.93 | 82.29 ± 13.96 | 100.44 ± 25.52†Ψ
| 81.54 ± 15.08◊
| 80.34 ± 12.72 | 84.36 ± 3.77 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
<0.001* |
T
L
= 0.007* | |
Time Mean | 74.45 ± 3.02 | 78.29 ± 2.46 | 103.50 ± 3.94†Ψ
| 80.70 ± 2.49†◊
| 79.27 ± 2.31◊
|
G X T = 0.087§
|
G X T
L
= 0.246 |
G X T
L
= 0.010* | ||
BUN/Creatinine Ratio | P | 16.60 ± 3.05 | 18.58 ± 5.58 | 15.22 ± 4.38 | 22.49 ± 4.61 | 20.36 ± 5.29 | 18.65 ± 0.90 |
G = 0.589 |
G = 0.329 | |
TC | 16.97 ± 3.87 | 18.33 ± 3.50 | 15.80 ± 3.53 | 19.50 ± 3.61 | 18.79 ± 5.26 | 17.88 ± 1.09 |
T <0.001* |
T
L
= 0.001* |
T
q
= 0.240 | |
Time Mean | 16.75 ± 3.34 | 18.48 ± 4.77 | 15.46 ± 3.99Ψ
| 21.27 ± 4.41†Ψ◊
| 19.72 ± 5.23†◊#
|
G X T = 0.158 |
G X T
L
= 0.140 |
G X T
L
= 0.103§
| ||
Uric Acid (umol/L) | P | 271 ± 46 | 292 ± 44 | 373 ± 48 | 321 ± 48 | 308 ± 47 | 313 ± 11 |
G = 0.789 |
G = 0.724 | |
TC | 290 ± 50 | 308 ± 52 | 364 ± 64 | 326 ± 82 | 302 ± 65 | 318 ± 14 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
<0.001* |
T
L
= 0.014* | |
Time Mean | 280 ± 9 | 300 ± 9†
| 369 ± 11†Ψ
| 324 ± 13†Ψ◊
| 305 ± 11†◊#
|
G X T = 0.444 |
G X T
L
= 0.188 |
G X T
L
= 0.015* | ||
CK (U/L) | P | 606 ± 1696 | 276 ± 510 | 532 ± 627 | 907 ± 683 | 593 ± 525 | 583 ± 144 |
G = 0.626 |
G = 0.806 | |
TC | 298 ± 317 | 228 ± 191 | 474 ± 253 | 870 ± 771 | 490 ± 395 | 472 ± 173 |
T = 0.036* |
T
L
= 0.139 |
T
q
= 0.836 | |
Time Mean | 452 ± 260 | 252 ± 81 | 503 ± 100Ψ
| 889 ± 141Ψ◊
| 541 ± 93Ψ#
|
G X T = 0.680 |
G X T
q
= 0.416 |
G X T
q
= 0.599 | ||
Total Protein (mmol/L) | P | 67.51 ± 8.56 | 72.93 ± 5.41†
| 76.78 ± 4.95†
| 70.77 ± 5.35◊
| 80.21 ± 6.48†Ψ#
| 73.64 ± 0.87 |
G = 0.746 |
G = 0.846 | |
TC | 68.70 ± 8.06 | 76.28 ± 4.78†
| 74.94 ± 8.85†
| 67.83 ± 4.52◊
| 78.20 ± 6.84†#
| 73.19 ± 1.05 |
T < 0.001* |
T
L
<0.001* |
T
L
= 0.008* | |
Time Mean | 68.11 ± 1.64 | 74.61 ± 1.01†
| 75.86 ± 1.33†
| 69.30 ± 0.99Ψ◊
| 79.20 ± 1.30†Ψ◊#
|
G X T = 0.316 |
G X T
L
= 0.066§
|
G X T
L
= 0.004* |
Anabolic/catabolic hormone response markers
Variable | Group | Baseline | Pre-Run | 60-min Post | 24-hr Post | 48-hr Post | Group Mean |
p-value (GG) |
p-value (WSC) | RFT Covariate p-value (WSC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cortisol (ug/dL) | P | 20.92 ± 7.21 | 24.04 ± 5.16 | 34.63 ± 10.14^†Ψ
| 19.17 ± 4.87Ψ◊
| 21.14 ± 5.83◊
| 23.98 ± 1.23 |
G = 0.408 |
G = 0.868 | |
TC | 21.34 ± 6.68 | 22.14 ± 7.35 | 25.48 ± 7.45 | 20.36 ± 5.93◊
| 22.50 ± 4.77 | 22.36 ± 1.48 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
<0.001* |
T
L
= 0.259 | |
Time Mean | 21.13 ± 1.37 | 23.09 ± 1.20 | 30.06 ± 1.80†Ψ
| 19.76 ± 1.04Ψ◊
| 21.82 ± 1.06◊#
|
G X T = 0.005* |
G X T
q
= 0.012* |
G X T
q
= 0.030* | ||
Testosterone (ng/mL) | P | 7.22 ± 3.90 | 6.77 ± 3.55 | 6.34 ± 3.55 | 6.48 ± 3.32 | 6.74 ± 3.41 | 6.71 ± 0.88 |
G = 0.745 |
G = 0.497 | |
TC | 6.65 ± 4.24 | 6.52 ± 3.89 | 5.59 ± 3.48 | 6.21 ± 3.75 | 6.31 ± 3.69 | 6.26 ± 1.06 |
T = 0.058§
|
T
q
= 0.042* |
T
q
= 0.026* | |
Time Mean | 6.94 ± 0.79 | 6.64 ± 0.72 | 5.96 ± 0.69†Ψ
| 6.34 ± 0.69 | 6.53 ± 0.69 |
G X T = 0.848 |
G X T
L
= 0.881 |
G X T
L
= 0.171 | ||
Test/Cort Ratio | P | 0.037 ± 0.026 | 0.030 ± 0.018 | 0.019 ± 0.010 | 0.035 ± 0.024 | 0.034 ± 0.020 | 0.031 ± 0.005 |
G = 0.874 |
G = 0.546 | |
TC | 0.035 ± 0.023 | 0.035 ± 0.023 | 0.026 ± 0.023 | 0.034 ± 0.024 | 0.030 ± 0.021 | 0.032 ± 0.006 |
T = 0.001* |
T
q
= 0.009* |
T
q
= 0.588 | |
Time Mean | 0.036 ± 0.024 | 0.032 ± 0.020 | 0.022 ± 0.016†Ψ
| 0.035 ± 0.023◊
| 0.032 ± 0.020◊
|
G X T = 0.327 |
G X T
q
= 0.101§
|
G X T
q
= 0.290 |
Markers of free radical production and oxidative stress
Variable | Group | Baseline | Pre-Run | 60-min Post | 24-hr Post | 48-hr Post | Group Mean | p-value (GG) |
p-value (WSC) | RFT Covariate p-value (WSC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nitrotyrosine (nM) | P | 279 ± 305 | 214 ± 164 | 231 ± 180 | 193 ± 139 | 198 ± 156 | 223 ± 71 |
G = 0.493 |
G = 0.852 | |
TC | 305 ± 425 | 284 ± 382 | 319 ± 436 | 260 ± 352 | 302 ± 435 | 294 ± 85 |
T = 0.177 |
T
L
= 0.183 |
T
q
= 0.667 | |
Time Mean | 292 ± 70 | 249 ± 53 | 275 ± 60Ψ
| 227 ± 48Ψ◊
| 250 ± 58◊
|
G X T = 0.699 |
G X T
L
= 0.619 |
G X T
L
= 0.597 | ||
TBARS (uM) | P | 8.24 ± 4.62 | 7.59 ± 2.54 | 7.01 ± 4.24 | 7.35 ± 3.52 | 7.73 ± 3.39 | 7.59 ± 0.71 |
G = 0.484 |
G = 0.840 | |
TC | 8.34 ± 4.06 | 7.94 ± 4.08 | 7.91 ± 3.46 | 8.93 ± 4.52 | 8.79 ± 4.09 | 8.38 ± 0.86 |
T = 0.690 |
T
q
= 0.332 |
T
q
= 0.462 | |
Time Mean | 8.29 ± 0.86 | 7.77 ± 0.64 | 7.46 ± 0.77 | 8.14 ± 0.77 | 8.26 ± 0.72 |
G X T = 0.783 |
G X T
L
= 0.547 |
G X T
L
= 0.520 | ||
TAS (mM) | P | 3.13 ± 0.85 | 3.20 ± 0.88^ | 3.08 ± 0.89 | 3.18 ± 1.08 | 2.96 ± 0.95 | 3.11 ± 0.17 |
G = 0.476 |
G = 0.381 | |
TC | 2.99 ± 0.84 | 2.50 ± 0.97 | 2.87 ± 1.07 | 2.96 ± 1.26 | 3.27 ± 0.87Ψ
| 2.92 ± 0.20 |
T = 0.713 |
T
q
= 0.321 |
T
L
= 0.436 | |
Time Mean | 3.06 ± 0.17 | 2.85 ± 0.18 | 2.98 ± 0.19 | 3.07 ± 0.23 | 3.12 ± 0.18 |
G X T = 0.239 |
G X T
q
= 0.089§
|
G X T
q
= 0.089§
| ||
SOD (U/mL) | P | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 0.52 ± 0.11 | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.49 ± 0.14 | 0.50 ± 0.02 |
G = 0.198 |
G = 0.285 | |
TC | 0.45 ± 0.10 | 0.46 ± 0.16 | 0.47 ± 0.15 | 0.42 ± 0.15 | 0.48 ± 0.10 | 0.46 ± 0.02 |
T = 0.687 |
T
L
= 0.756 |
T
L
= 0.155 | |
Time Mean | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.03 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.03 |
G X T = 0.808 |
G X T
L
= 0.564 |
G X T
L
= 0.656 |
Inflammatory response markers
Variable | Group | Baseline | Pre-Run | 60-min Post | 24-hr Post | 48-hr Post | Group Mean |
p-value (GG) |
p-value (WSC) | RFT Covariate p-value (WSC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TNF-α (pg/mL) | P | 2.34 ± 1.23 | 2.74 ± 1.22 | 3.02 ± 1.55 | 2.48 ± 1.04 | 2.49 ± 0.90 | 2.61 ± 0.26 |
G = 0.922 |
G = 0.654 | |
TC | 2.49 ± 0.98 | 2.82 ± 0.90 | 2.93 ± 1.36 | 2.60 ± 0.91 | 2.42 ± 0.82 | 2.65 ± 0.31 |
T = 0.003* |
T
q
= 0.003* |
T
L
= 0.156 | |
Time Mean | 2.40 ± 1.12 | 2.77 ± 1.08†
| 2.98 ± 1.45†
| 2.53 ± 0.97Ψ◊
| 2.46 ± 0.85Ψ◊
|
G X T = 0.779 |
G X T
L
= 0.504 |
G X T
L
= 0.151 | ||
IFN-γ (pg/mL) | P | 7.67 ± 6.52 | 8.02 ± 7.77 | 8.73 ± 9.49 | 7.36 ± 7.15 | 7.75 ± 7.78 | 7.91 ± 2.55 |
G = 0.382 |
G = 0.570 | |
TC | 10.96 ± 11.44 | 10.71 ± 9.14 | 11.51 ± 12.50 | 12.47 ± 17.61 | 11.68 ± 15.42 | 11.47 ± 3.08 |
T = 0.604 |
T
q
= 0.184 |
T
L
= 0.424 | |
Time Mean | 9.01 ± 8.81 | 9.12 ± 8.29 | 9.86 ± 10.67 | 9.44 ± 12.46 | 9.35 ± 11.41 |
G X T = 0.388 |
G X T
L
= 0.456 |
G X T
q
= 0.461 | ||
IL-1β (pg/mL) | P | 0.67 ± 0.15 | 0.85 ± 0.21 | 0.84 ± 0.19 | 0.75 ± 0.20 | 0.69 ± 0.16 | 0.76 ± 0.08 |
G = 0.059§
|
G = 0.058§
| |
TC | 0.93 ± 0.51 | 1.12 ± 0.58 | 1.05 ± 0.39 | 0.98 ± 0.44 | 0.93 ± 0.40 | 1.00 ± 0.09 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
<0.001* |
T
L
= 0.559 | |
Time Mean | 0.78 ± 0.36 | 0.96 ± 0.42†
| 0.92 ± 0.30†
| 0.85 ± 0.33Ψ◊
| 0.79 ± 0.30Ψ◊
|
G X T = 0.860 |
G X T
q
= 0.662 |
G X T
L
= 0.465 | ||
IL-2 (pg/mL) | P | 1.18 ± 0.96 | 1.33 ± 1.10 | 1.51 ± 1.38 | 1.23 ± 0.85 | 1.27 ± 0.94 | 1.30 ± 0.28 |
G = 0.939 |
G = 0.786 | |
TC | 1.17 ± 1.20 | 1.64 ± 2.18 | 1.32 ± 0.99 | 1.12 ± 1.01 | 1.11 ± 1.06 | 1.27 ± 0.34 |
T = 0.070§
|
T
q
= 0.001* |
T
L
= 0.293 | |
Time Mean | 1.17 ± 1.04 | 1.46 ± 1.60†
| 1.43 ± 1.22†
| 1.18 ± 0.90◊
| 1.21 ± 0.97◊
|
G X T = 0.290 |
G X T
L
= 0.195 |
G X T
L
= 0.089§
| ||
IL-6 (pg/mL) | P | 0.63 ± 0.54^ | 0.75 ± 0.53^ | 2.33 ± 1.38†Ψ
| 0.69 ± 0.44^◊
| 0.68 ± 0.43 | 1.02 ± 0.19 |
G = 0.017* |
G = 0.509 | |
TC | 0.94 ± 1.00 | 1.14 ± 1.27†
| 2.32 ± 1.69†Ψ
| 0.89 ± 0.97Ψ◊
| 0.79 ± 0.76Ψ
| 1.21 ± 0.23 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
<0.001* |
T
q
= 0.648 | |
Time Mean | 0.76 ± 0.76 | 0.91 ± 0.90†
| 2.33 ± 1.48†Ψ
| 0.77 ± 0.69Ψ◊
| 0.72 ± 0.58Ψ◊
|
G X T = 0.550 |
G X T
L
= 0.053§
|
G X T
L
= 0.064§
| ||
IL-8 (pg/mL) | P | 2.74 ± 1.58 | 2.84 ± 1.29 | 6.21 ± 3.51 | 2.94 ± 1.24 | 2.52 ± 1.01 | 3.45 ± 0.4 |
G = 0.002* |
G = 0.637 | |
TC | 3.31 ± 1.87 | 3.24 ± 1.71 | 5.39 ± 2.78 | 3.26 ± 2.08 | 2.74 ± 1.47 | 3.59 ± 0.49 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
<0.001* |
T
q
= 0.185 | |
Time Mean | 2.98 ± 1.69 | 3.00 ± 1.46 | 5.88 ± 3.20†
| 3.07 ± 1.61◊
| 2.61 ± 1.20Ψ◊#
|
G X T = 0.287 |
G X T
q
= 0.269 |
G X T
q
= 0.166 | ||
IL-12p70 (pg/mL) | P | 1.79 ± 1.83 | 1.84 ± 1.75 | 1.95 ± 1.93 | 1.70 ± 1.56 | 1.81 ± 1.93 | 1.82 ± 0.42 |
G = 0.009* |
G = 0.706 | |
TC | 1.54 ± 1.78 | 1.59 ± 1.52 | 1.75 ± 1.93 | 1.34 ± 1.29 | 1.27 ± 1.12 | 1.50 ± 0.51 |
T = 0.012* |
T
q
= 0.008* |
T
q
= 0.893 | |
Time Mean | 1.69 ± 1.78 | 1.74 ± 1.63 | 1.87 ± 1.89†
| 1.55 ± 1.44Ψ◊
| 1.59 ± 1.65Ψ◊
|
G X T = 0.310 |
G X T
q
= 0.124 |
G X T
q
= 0.167 |
Anti-inflammatory response markers
Variable | Group | Baseline | Pre-Run | 60-min Post | 24-hr Post | 48-hr Post | Group Mean | p-value (GG) | p-value (WSC) | RFT Covariate p-value (WSC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-4 (pg/mL) | P | 4.57 ± 2.02 | 5.51 ± 2.31 | 5.20 ± 2.15 | 4.02 ± 1.49 | 4.21 ± 1.63 | 4.70 ± 1.28 |
G = 0.304 |
G = 0.165 | |
TC | 6.93 ± 8.98 | 8.71 ± 11.72 | 6.65 ± 6.37 | 5.41 ± 5.13 | 6.38 ± 7.03 | 6.82 ± 1.55 |
T = 0.012* |
T
q
= 0.012* |
T
L
= 0.309 | |
Time Mean | 5.53 ± 5.89 | 6.82 ± 7.64 | 5.79 ± 4.34 | 4.59 ± 3.45Ψ◊
| 5.09 ± 4.66Ψ◊#
|
G X T = 0.320 |
G X T
q
= 0.189 |
G X T
L
= 0.189 | ||
IL-5 (pg/mL) | P | 0.57 ± 0.37 | 0.63 ± 0.42 | 0.66 ± 0.47 | 0.66 ± 0.46 | 0.61 ± 0.40 | 0.62 ± 0.14 |
G = 0.102§
|
G = 0.013* | |
TC | 0.96 ± 0.75 | 1.01 ± 0.73 | 1.07 ± 0.76 | 1.01 ± 0.80 | 0.87 ± 0.59 | 0.98 ± 0.16 |
T = 0.093§
|
T
q
= 0.013* |
T
q
= 0.452 | |
Time Mean | 0.73 ± 0.58 | 0.78 ± 0.59 | 0.82 ± 0.62 | 0.80 ± 0.63 | 0.71 ± 0.49Ψ◊#
|
G X T = 0.542 |
G X T
L
= 0.185 |
G X T
L
= 0.205 | ||
IL-7 (pg/mL) | P | 3.75 ± 1.63 | 3.37 ± 1.57 | 4.66 ± 2.61 | 3.72 ± 1.81 | 3.47 ± 1.15 | 3.80 ± 0.43 |
G = 0.295 |
G = 0.427 | |
TC | 4.66 ± 2.54 | 4.27 ± 1.84 | 5.12 ± 2.22 | 4.55 ± 1.69 | 4.01 ± 1.42 | 4.52 ± 0.52 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
= 0.010* |
T
L
= 0.845 | |
Time Mean | 4.12 ± 2.06 | 3.74 ± 1.71†
| 4.85 ± 2.42†Ψ
| 4.06 ± 1.78◊
| 3.69 ± 1.27◊#
|
G X T = 0.708 |
G X T
L
= 0.492 |
G X T
L
= 0.485 | ||
IL-10 (pg/mL) | P | 2.91 ± 3.13 | 2.77 ± 1.89 | 24.17 ± 26.99 | 2.77 ± 1.78 | 2.68 ± 1.68 | 7.06 ± 1.36 |
G = 0.683 |
G = 0.948 | |
TC | 3.31 ± 2.74 | 3.99 ± 5.07 | 17.16 ± 18.60 | 3.66 ± 3.69 | 2.79 ± 1.98 | 6.18 ± 1.64 |
T = 0.001* |
T
q
= 0.001* |
T
q
= 0.691 | |
Time Mean | 3.07 ± 2.93 | 3.27 ± 3.51 | 21.31 ± 23.79†Ψ
| 3.13 ± 2.70◊
| 2.72 ± 1.77◊
|
G X T = 0.421 |
G X T
q
= 0.495 |
G X T
L
= 0.509 | ||
IL-13 (pg/mL) | P | 1.52 ± 0.95 | 1.77 ± 1.14 | 1.86 ± 1.27 | 1.55 ± 1.00 | 1.58 ± 0.86 | 1.65 ± 0.36 |
G = 0.091§
|
G = 0.031* | |
TC | 2.56 ± 2.01 | 2.96 ± 2.37 | 2.74 ± 1.75 | 2.56 ± 2.00 | 2.40 ± 1.66 | 2.65 ± 0.43 |
T = 0.006* |
T
q
= 0.003* |
T
q
= 0.027* | |
Time Mean | 1.94 ± 1.53 | 2.25 ± 1.80†
| 2.22 ± 1.52†
| 1.96 ± 1.54Ψ◊
| 1.91 ± 1.29Ψ◊
|
G X T = 0.538 |
G X T
L
= 0.236 |
G X T
q
= 0.053§
|
Clinical markers of immune-related complete blood counts
Variable | Group | Baseline | Pre-Run | 60-min Post | 24-hr Post | 48-hr Post | Group Mean | p-value (GG) | p-value (WSC) | RFT Covariate p-value (WSC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lymphocytes (K/uL) | P | 1.83 ± 0.58 | 2.50 ± 0.81 | 1.47 ± 0.54 | 2.04 ± 0.69 | 2.26 ± 0.35 | 2.02 ± 0.11 |
G = 0.732 |
G = 0.414 | |
TC | 1.82 ± 0.53 | 2.63 ± 0.72 | 1.43 ± 0.25 | 1.75 ± 0.45 | 2.18 ± 0.46 | 1.96 ± 0.14 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
= 0.013* |
T
q
= 0.509 | |
Time Mean | 1.83 ± 0.11 | 2.56 ± 0.15†
| 1.45 ± 0.09†Ψ
| 1.90 ± 0.12Ψ◊
| 2.22 ± 0.08†Ψ◊#
|
G X T = 0.404 |
G X T
L
= 0.905 |
G X T
L
= 0.200 | ||
WBC (K/uL) | P | 5.93 ± 1.45 | 6.54 ± 1.71 | 12.61 ± 3.39^†Ψ
| 6.64 ± 1.84◊
| 5.14 ± 0.84 | 7.37 ± 0.29 |
G = 0.314 |
G = 0.398 | |
TC | 5.83 ± 1.50 | 6.85 ± 1.61 | 10.80 ± 3.40†Ψ
| 5.73 ± 1.20◊
| 5.33 ± 1.05 | 6.91 ± 0.35 |
T <0.001* |
T
q
<0.001* |
T
L
= 0.613 | |
Time Mean | 5.88 ± 0.29 | 6.70 ± 0.33†
| 11.71 ± 0.66†Ψ
| 6.18 ± 0.32◊
| 5.24 ± 0.18†Ψ◊#
|
G X T = 0.223 |
G X T
q
= 0.162 |
G X T
q
= 0.500 | ||
MID (K/uL) | P | 0.45 ± 0.14 | 0.53 ± 0.20 | 0.67 ± 0.23†
| 0.49 ± 0.19◊
| 1.10 ± 0.25†Ψ◊#
| 0.65 ± 0.03 |
G = 0.477 |
G = 0.607 | |
TC | 0.43 ± 0.11 | 0.61 ± 0.19†
| 0.54 ± 0.15 | 0.40 ± 0.10Ψ
| 1.10 ± 0.32†Ψ◊#
| 0.61 ± 0.04 |
T <0.001* |
T
L
= 0.022* |
T
q
= 0.495 | |
Time Mean | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.57 ± 0.04†
| 0.60 ± 0.04†
| 0.44 ± 0.03Ψ◊
| 1.10 ± 0.06†Ψ◊#
|
G X T = 0.276 |
G X T
q
= 0.388 |
G X T
q
= 0.562 | ||
GRAN (K/uL) | P | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.53 ± 1.04 | 10.49 ± 3.49^†Ψ
| 4.09 ± 1.28◊
| 1.76 ± 0.59†Ψ◊#
| 4.69 ± 0.24 |
G = 0.349 |
G = 0.566 | |
TC | 3.59 ± 1.41 | 3.64 ± 0.86 | 8.83 ± 3.35†Ψ
| 3.58 ± 0.98◊
| 2.05 ± 1.00◊
| 4.34 ± 0.29 |
T < 0.001* |
T
q
<0.001* |
T
L
= 0.326 | |
Time Mean | 3.59 ± 0.24 | 3.58 ± 0.19 | 9.66 ± 0.67†Ψ
| 3.84 ± 0.23◊
| 1.90 ± 0.15†Ψ◊#
|
G X T = 0.259 |
G X T
q
= 0.168 |
G X T
q
= 0.493 | ||
GM-CSF (pg/mL) | P | 26.38 ± 41.92 | 25.49 ± 31.29 | 26.08 ± 34.72 | 22.64 ± 30.21 | 22.41 ± 29.72 | 24.60 ± 9.15 |
G = 0.485 |
G = 0.696 | |
TC | 42.26 ± 47.28 | 37.37 ± 45.40 | 35.27 ± 46.54 | 29.52 ± 38.02 | 29.41 ± 36.03 | 34.77 ± 11.04 |
T = 0.056§
|
T
L
= 0.022* |
T
q
= 0.794 | |
Time Mean | 34.32 ± 8.64 | 31.43 ± 7.36 | 30.68 ± 7.81 | 26.08 ± 6.57†Ψ◊
| 25.91 ± 6.34†Ψ◊
|
G X T = 0.407 |
G X T
L
= 0.221 |
G X T
L
= 0.319 |
Muscle soreness perception assessment
Variable | Group | Pre-Run | 60-min Post | 24-hr Post | 48-hr Post | Group Mean |
p-value (GG) |
p-value (WSC) | RFT Covariate p-value (WSC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algo I (cm) | P | 5.99 ± 2.94^ | 6.98 ± 3.35 | 6.44 ± 2.69 | 5.95 ± 3.01 | 6.34 ± 0.66 |
G = 0.523 |
G = 0.660 | |
TC | 3.96 ± 2.15 | 6.43 ± 3.15Ψ
| 6.31 ± 3.43Ψ
| 5.98 ± 3.04Ψ
| 5.67 ± 0.80 |
T = 0.003* |
T
q
= 0.002* |
T
L
= 0.440 | |
Time Mean | 4.98 ± 0.52 | 6.71 ± 0.64Ψ
| 6.38 ± 0.59Ψ
| 5.96 ± 0.59Ψ
|
G X T = 0.110 |
G X T
L
= 0.035* |
G X T
L
= 0.028* | ||
Algo II (cm) | P | 5.02 ± 2.55 | 5.77 ± 2.91 | 5.58 ± 2.56 | 4.78 ± 3.02 | 5.29 ± 0.60 |
G = 0.393 |
G = 0.847 | |
TC | 4.15 ± 2.66 | 5.12 ± 3.01 | 4.51 ± 3.10 | 4.08 ± 2.30 | 4.47 ± 0.72 |
T = 0.122 |
T
q
= 0.013* |
T
L
= 0.229 | |
Time Mean | 4.59 ± 0.51 | 5.45 ± 0.58 | 5.05 ± 0.55 | 4.43 ± 0.54 |
G X T = 0.921 |
G X T
q
= 0.889 |
G X T
q
= 0.458 | ||
Algo III (cm) | P | 4.65 ± 3.04^ | 6.41 ± 2.91^Ψ
| 6.04 ± 2.90^Ψ◊
| 4.41 ± 2.90◊#
| 5.38 ± 0.67 |
G = 0.098§
|
G = 0.226 | |
TC | 2.59 ± 2.45 | 4.43 ± 2.89Ψ
| 3.48 ± 2.92 | 3.84 ± 3.11Ψ
| 3.58 ± 0.80 |
T < 0.001* |
T
q
< 0.001* |
T
L
= 0.508 | |
Time Mean | 3.62 ± 0.55 | 5.42 ± 0.57Ψ
| 4.76 ± 0.57Ψ
| 4.12 ± 0.59◊
|
G X T = 0.058§
|
G X T
q
= 0.053§
|
G X T
q
= 0.257 |