Introduction
Method
Search strategy
Eligibility criteria
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Itemsa | Chang et al. | Mansour et al. | Samocha-Bonet et al. | Takeuti et al. | Samocha-Bonet et al. | Greenfield et al. | Samocha-Bonet et al. | Lomivorotov et al. | Torres-Santiago et al. | Meek et al. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Eligibility criteria | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N |
2. Random allocation | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y |
3. Concealed allocation | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N |
4. Similar at baseline | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
5. Blinding subjects | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y |
6. Blinding therapists | N | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y |
7. Blinding assessors | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
8. Adequate follow up | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
9. Intention to treat analysis | N | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | N | N |
10. Between group statistical comparison | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
11. Point estimate/measure of variability | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
Score total | 6/10 | 7/10 | 5/10 | 3/10 | 8/10 | 4/10 | 6/10 | 9/10 | 7/10 | 7/10 |
Results
Author, year, place | Models | Daily dose | Duration | Main Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alba-Loureiro et al., Brazil, 2009 [23] | Wistar rats were divided into four groups: 1. Control, 2. Control + glutamine, 3. Diabetic, 4. Diabetic + glutamine | 1000 mg/kg | 15 days | No significant change Fasting Blood glucose, TC, body weight gain Significant decrease TG Significant increase IL-6, IL-1 |
Tsai et al., Taiwan. 2011 [20] | Rats divided into three groups: 1. Normal control, 2. Diabetic fed with a common semi purified diet, 3. Identical diet with glutamine | 25% of total amino acid nitrogen | 6 weeks | No significant change Fasting Plasma glucose Significant increase GSH/GSSG |
Tsai et al., Taiwan, 2012 [19] | Rats divided into three groups: 1. Normal control, 2. Diabetic fed with a common semi purified diet, 3. Identical diet with glutamine | 25% of total amino acid nitrogen | 8 weeks | Significant decrease GPx, SOD, Significant increase TAC, catalase, GRd, GSSG No significant change HDL, TG, LDL, TC, fasting glucose |
Tsia, Taiwan, 2012 [22] | Rats divided into three groups: 1. Normal control, 2. Diabetic fed with a common semi purified diet, 3. Identical diet with glutamine | 25% of total amino acid nitrogen | 8 weeks | Significant increase GSH Significant decrease CRP, IL-6, IL-23, MCP-1 No significant change Fasting blood Glucose, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-17A |
Badole et al., India, 2013 [18] | Rats divided into six groups: 1. Nondiabetic, 2. Diabetic control, 3. Sitagliptin (5 mg/kg), 4. Glutamine 250 mg/kg, 5. Glutamine 500 mg/kg 6. Glutamine 1000 mg/kg | 250–500-1000 mg/kg | 8 weeks | Significant decrease MDA, fasting blood glucose, LDL,TC, TG Significant increase Plasma and pancreatic insulin, increased GLP-1, amide secretion, GSH, SOD, GPx (only the highest dose), HDL |
Bdaole et al., India, 2013 [18] | Rats divided into four groups: 1. Non-diabetic, 2. Diabetic control, 3. Sitagliptin + cycloart-23-ene-3b, 25-diol (1 mg/kg) 4. Sitagliptin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) + L-glutamine (1000 mg/kg | 1000 mg/kg | 8 weeks | Significant increase SOD, GPx, GSH, insulin and GLP-1, HDL Significant decrease HbA1C, LDL, TG, TCF, fasting glucose |
Badole et al., India, 2014 [17] | Rats divided into four groups: 1. Nondiabetic control, 2. Diabetic control (distilled water 10 mg/kg), 3. Glutamine 500 mg/kg, 4. Glutamine 1000 mg/kg | 500–1000 mg/kg | 4 months | Significant decrease fasting Plasma glucose, prevent weight loss Significant increase SOD and GSH Significant decrease MDA |
Carlos Vinicius D. da Rosa et al., Brazil, 2015 [24] | Rats divided into six groups: 1. Control, 2. Diabetic + saline, 3. Control + glutamine, 4. Diabetic + glutamine, 5. Control + glutamine dipeptide (GPD), 6. Diabetic + GPD | 248 mg/kg glutamine / 400 mg/kg GPD | 30 days | Significant increase TC, HDL Significant decrease TG No significant change Fasting glucose, LDL |
Bataglini et al., Brazil, 2017 [21] | Rats were divided into 8 groups: 1. Non diabetic animals, 2. Diabetic animal with no hormones or GDP, 3. Diabetic + insulin, 4. Diabetic + insulin + cortisol, 5. Diabetic + insulin + glucagon, 6. diabetic + insulin + adrenaline, 7. Diabetic + insulin + GDP, 8. Diabetic + insulin + cortisol + GDP | 200–400-1000 mg /kg | 0–6 min | Significant decrease TAC, TG, postprandial glucose, prevented weight loss |
Medras et al., Egypt, 2017 [25] | Rats divided into 5 groups: 1. Vehicle group, 2. Diabetic rats receiving saline, 3. Diabetic rats receiving liraglutide, 4. Diabetic rats with glutamine, 5. Diabetic rats with liraglutide and glutamine | 4.5 mg/kg | 4 weeks | Significant increase Insulin production Significant decrease Fasting Blood glucose No significant change TC, TG |
Author, place, year | Type of study | Subjects | Sample size | Age (years) | Daily dose | Duration | Main outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Greenfield et al., UK, 2009 [33] | RCT | T2DM | 24 | 30–40 | 75 g glucose in 300 ml of water and 30 g glutamine in 300 ml of water | 3 separate occasions over a period of < 1 month | Significant increase GLP-1, insulin production, glucagon, GIP levels |
Samocha-Bonet et al., Australia, 2011 [14] | Crossovr study | T2DM | 15 | 40–70 | 30 g L-glutamine (Gln-30), 15 g L-glutamine (Gln-15),100 mg sitagliptin (SIT) and 100 mg SIT plus Gln-15 (SIT + Gln-15) | 1–2 weeks | Significant reduce postprandial glucose response Significant increase postprandial insulin response, C-peptide, postprandial glucagon concentration total GLP-1 |
Lomivorotov et al., russia, 2012 [31] | RCT | T1DM | 64 | Intervention: (60 ± 7) | 0.4 g/kg/day of 20% solution of N(2)-L-alanyl-L-glutamine | 4 weeks | No significant change Insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, fasting blood glucose, TG |
Chang et al., Australia, 2013 [29] | RCT | T2DM | 20 | Healthy Men: (29.5 ± 3.8) T2DM Patients: (68 ± 1.1) | 7.5 or 15 g glutamine or 350 mL of 0.9% saline | 0–30 min | Significant increase GLP-1, GIP, insulin and glucagon levels Insignificant Fasting blood glucose |
Mansour et al., Iran, 2014 [28] | RCT | T2DM | 66 | 18–65 | 30 g/d glutamine | 6 weeks | Significant reduce Trunk fat, Total fat, Total fat free mass, HbA1c, body fat mass, percent body fat, WC, appendicular fat Fasting blood glucose Significant increase Trunk fat-free mass, Trunk fat mass, Appendicular fat free mass, Total fat mass, Appendicular fat, Plasma glutamine concentration, fat-free mass Insignificant Body weight, BMI, Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, TG, Cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, CRP |
Samocha-Bonet et al., Australia, 2014 [26] | Crossover study | T2DM | 13 | 40–70 | glutamine (15 gbd) + sitagliptin (100 mg/d) | 4 weeks | Significant reduce postprandial glucose Insignificant HbA1c, Fasting plasma glucose Significant Increase GLP-1, |
Takeuti et al., Brazil, 2014 [30] | RCT | T2DM | 11 | 21–60 | 9 g palm oil and 30 g glutamine diluted in 200 ml of water | 2 separate days | Significant reduce in palm oil group BG and PYY “in 2 h after the stimulus”, GLP-1 “in 1 h after the stimulus” Insignificant in palm oil group BG and PYY “in 1 h after the stimulus”, GLP-1 “in 2 h after the stimulus” Significant reduce in glutamine group BG “in 2 h after the stimulus” Insignificant in glutamine group BG “in 1 h after the stimulus”, PYY & GLP-1 “in 1&2 h after the stimulus” |
Samocha-Bonet et al., Australia, 2015 [27] | Randomized crossover study | T2DM | 10 | 40–70 | L-glutamine (25 g), protein (25 g) or water | 1–2 weeks | Significant Reduce postprandial glycaemia Significant increase in protein group first-phase insulin, total GLP-1, Second-phase insulin response was significantly augmented by protein Significant increase in glutamine group Total GLP-1 |
Meek, et al. UK, 2016 [34] | Crossover study | Healthy and T2DM | 37 | 22–30 | 3–6 g Ileal release glutamine | 4 h | Insignificant change GLP-1, insulin, glucose tolerance |
Torres-Santiago, USA, 2017 [32] | Crossover study | T1DM | 13 | 8 boys and 5 girls; mean age 15.9 ± 1.6 years | Drink containing 0.25 mg/kg glutamine | 4 weeks | Significant reduce Fasting Blood glucose Insignificant change Insulin sensitivity, plasma GLP-1, basFal plasma free insulin concentration |