Environmental and health-related effects of solid waste material are considered worldwide problems. The aim of this study was to assess the volume and impact of Arab scientific output published in journals indexed in the Science Citation Index (SCI) on solid waste.
Methods
We included all the documents within the SCI whose topic was solid waste from all previous years up to 31 December 2012. In this bibliometric analysis we sought to evaluate research that originated from Arab countries in the field of solid waste, as well as its relative growth rate, collaborative measures, productivity at the institutional level, and the most prolific journals.
Results
A total of 382 (2.35 % of the overall global research output in the field of solid waste) documents were retrieved from the Arab countries. The annual number of documents published in the past three decades (1982–2012) indicated that research productivity demonstrated a noticeable rise during the last decade. The highest number of articles associated with solid waste was that of Egypt (22.8 %), followed by Tunisia (19.6), and Jordan (13.4 %). the total number of citations over the analysed years at the date of data collection was 4,097, with an average of 10.7 citations per document. The h-index of the citing articles was 31. Environmental science was the most researched topic, represented by 175 (45.8 %) articles. Waste Management was the top active journal. The study recognized 139 (36.4 %) documents from collaborations with 25 non-Arab countries. Arab authors mainly collaborated with countries in Europe (22.5 %), especially France, followed by countries in the Americas (9.4 %), especially the USA. The most productive institution was the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, with 6.3 % of total publications.
Conclusions
Despite the expected increase in solid waste production from Arab world, research activity about solid waste is still low. Governments must invest more in solid waste research to avoid future unexpected problems. Finally, since solid waste is a multidisciplinary science, research teams in engineering, health, toxicology, environment, geology and others must be formulated to produce research in solid waste from different scientific aspects.
Hinweise
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
All authors were involved in drafting the article, and all authors approved the final version to be submitted for publication. SZ conceived of the study conception and design, organized and data collection, and provided analysis, interpretation, and writing. SA and WS participated in the study design, and provided critical revision of manuscript for important intellectual content. ShZ, SuA, RA, and AS were involved in concept and editing the manuscript.
Abkürzungen
AI
Adjustment index
GDP
Gross domestic product
SPSS
Statistical package for social sciences
ISI
Institute for scientific information
KSA
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
UAE
United Arab Emirates
SAR
Syrian Arab Republic
USA
United States of America
JCR
Journal citation report
SCR
Standard competition ranking
IFs
impact factors
SCI
Science citation index
Background
Environmental and health-related effects of solid waste material are considered worldwide problems [1‐3]. The exponentially increasing population, industrialization and urbanization created an increasing challenge on the management of solid waste materials for most governments. Municipal solid waste, food waste, sludge, electrical waste, construction and demolition waste are considered the main and most important waste materials that modern societies need to manage and dispose [1, 4‐8]. It is important to mention that there is an enormous gap between developing countries and developed countries in disposal and management of solid waste materials.
Currently, many developing countries are devoting more efforts to improve their solid waste management. Furthermore, more scientific research activity has been observed in these countries in this regard [1, 4‐8]. The Arab region generates nearly 250,000 tons of solid waste material per day. The amount of solid waste materials generated differs from one Arab country to another, and also among the regions within the same country. The generation of municipal solid waste per capita in some Arab cities, such as Kuwait, and Abu Dhabi, is over 1.5 kg per day [9, 10]. The quantities of solid waste materials generated are correlated with the rate of increase in population, economic, industrial and urban development. The predicted figure of the amounts of municipal solid waste in Arab region in 2020 will overreach 200 million tons per year [11]. Over the last years, several researchers have tried to evaluate the outcome of scientific output from Arab and non-Arab countries [12‐17]. However, there are few studies concerning in the evaluation of research performances in the field of solid waste [3, 4, 18‐21]. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that have tried to evaluate research productivity related to solid waste originating from the Arab world.
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More recently, scientists from the Arab region have reported an increase in the number of publications in the leading environmental and toxicological journals from Arab researchers [15]. However, the status of solid waste research in this region, until now, has not been reported. Thus, evaluation of Arab research productivity in the field of solid waste may be of interest.
The purposes of this investigation are to analyse research originating from Arab countries in the field of solid waste by using the bibliometric methods, as well as its relative growth rate, collaborative measures, productivity at the institutional level, and the most prolific journals retrieved from the ISI Web of Science database. Bibliometrics is a quantitative analysis aid in the evaluation of research performances in a certain field and allow scientists to identify new lines of research [22‐29]. The evaluation of research originating from Arab countries in the field of solid waste provided useful hints about the identification of the main research trends and helped to understand the outlook for progress of this field.
Methods
Search strategy
The search for papers to be included in the analysis was carried out using the Science Citation Index (SCI), Web of Science, which is considered one of the most commonly used in such types of studies. We used the bibliometric method as previously described. The keywords used into the Web of Science (WoS) engine to achieve the aim of our study were chosen from previous studies on solid waste [4, 18‐21]. “Solid waste*” was used as a search expression to search topic in the SCI over all the previous year’s up to 31 December 2012. This search term included “solid waste” and “solid waste forms” and “solid wastes” and “solid waster.” The topic search in the SCI contains the fields of each paper’s title, abstract, and keywords. In this study, all Arab countries: Yemen; United Arab Emirates (UAE); Tunisia; Somalia; Sudan; Syrian Arab Republic (SAR); Qatar; Oman; Morocco; Mauritania; Libya; Lebanon; Kuwait; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA); Jordan; Iraq; Egypt; Djibouti; Comoros; Bahrain; and Algeria were used as country keys followed by “solid waste*” key word as a topic. We used the key word “solid waste” because we are concerned with solid waste per se rather than related terminology. Palestine was excluded from our analysis because the WoS database does not categorize it as an independent country yet. The search query appeared like this: (CU = (Yemen) OR CU = (Emirates) OR CU = (Tunisia) OR CU = (Somalia) OR CU = (Sudan) OR CU = (Syrian) OR CU = (Qatar) OR CU = (Oman) OR CU = (Morocco) OR CU = (Mauritania) OR CU = (Libya) OR CU = (Lebanon) OR CU = (Kuwait) OR CU = (Saudi) OR CU = (Jordan) OR CU = (Iraq) OR CU = (Egypt) OR CU = (Djibouti) OR CU = (Comoros) OR CU = (Bahrain) OR CU = (Algeria)) AND TS = “solid waste*” Refined by: [excluding] PUBLICATION YEARS: (2013 OR 2014).
Scientific research productivity after 2012 was excluded from analysis because this period was still open for new journal issues. All data extraction was accomplished on one day (June 7, 2014) to avoid the daily updating on the WoS database. Research performance in the field of solid waste was examined based on a methodology used previously in similar studies [15, 30‐35]. The following information was abstracted from the WoS for analysis: (a) total and trends of contributions in solid waste research; (b) research productivity by country; (c) collaboration patterns; (d) journals with their impact factors; (d) research productivity from the most productive institutions; and (e) the citations received by the publications.
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Statistical analysis
The data were recorded by publication year and downloaded into a spreadsheet for descriptive statistics using SPSS software (SPSS version 19.0 for Windows; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Data were expressed as numbers and percentages or as a median (Q1–Q3: interquartile range). Publication activity for each country was adjusted by population size and gross domestic product (GDP), obtained from the online databases of the World Bank [36]. An adjustment index (AI) was calculated using the following formula AI = [raw results from each country / GDP per capita of the country]*1000, where the GDP per capita = GDP/population of the country. This formula has been used in previous bibliometric studies [12, 15, 32].
Results
The total number of documents related to solid waste obtained by using the key words “solid waste*” in the SCI search engine as topic on the Web of Science without indicating the name of any country and by using the same inclusion criteria was 16,250 documents which represents the overall global research output in the solid waste field. Using the methodology stated above, only 382 (2.35 % of the overall global research output in the solid waste field) documents were retrieved from the Arab countries; comprising 347 (90.8 %) original journal articles, 13 (3.4 %) review articles, and 22 (5.8 %) others, such as editorials or notes. The first article published from the Arab World was in Saudi Arabia, and it was published by Daly and Farooq in the Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation in 1982 [37]. The annual number of documents published in the past three decades (1982–2012) indicated that research productivity demonstrated a noticeable rise during the last decade with peak publications in 2009 (Fig. 1). English language documents were the most common (n = 375; 98.2 %), followed by French (n = 6), and Spanish language documents (n = 1).
Fig. 1
Total articles included in a bibliometric analysis of Arab world publications related to solid waste from 1982 to 2012
×
The publications share of the top 10 most prolific Arab countries in solid waste research ranges from 2.4 to 22.8 % during 1982–2012. Egypt tops the list, with a publications share of 22.8 % during 1982–2012. Tunisia ranks second (19.6 %), followed by Jordan (13.4 %) (Table 1). After adjusting for economy and population power, Egypt (AI = 27.3) had the highest research productivity. No data related to solid waste were published from Djibouti, Somalia, Comoros, and Mauritania. The total number of citations over the analysed years at the date of data collection was 4,097, with an average of 10.7 citations per document. The median (interquartile range) of citation was 5 (1–13). Iraq achieved the highest median (interquartile range) number of citations with 9 (0–23), followed by 8 (2–14) for Tunisia and 6.5 (2.3–15.3) for Lebanon. The h-index of the articles was 31 (31 documents had been cited at least 31 times at the date of data collection). Egypt and Tunisia achieved the highest h-index with 15 each, followed by 13 each for Jordan and Morocco. Furthermore, Egypt achieved the highest number of collaborations with international authors with 17 countries, followed by 12 countries for KSA and 10 countries for Jordan (Table 1).
Table 1
Bibliometric analysis of the 382 documents from Arab countries associated with solid waste during the period from 1982 to 2012
SCRa
Countries
Articles (%)
h-index
Median (Q1–Q3) of citation
Average of citation
Collaborations with foreign countries
Number (%)b of documents with international authors
Adjustment index
1st
Egypt
87 (22.8)
15
4 (1–12)
10.6
17
27 (31.0)
27.3
2nd
Tunisia
75 (19.6)
15
8 (2–14)
12.8
8
31 (41.3)
17.7
3rd
Jordan
51 (13.4)
13
5 (1–16)
12.5
10
18 (35.4)
10.3
4th
Kuwait
39 (10.2)
8
3 (2–8)
8.7
5
6 (15.4)
0.8
5th
Morocco
36 (9.4)
13
6 (2–18)
12
5
24 (66.7)
12.2
6th
KSA
25 (6.5)
7
4 (1–9.5)
5.7
12
14 (56.0)
1.0
7th
Lebanon
24 (6.3)
8
6.5 (2.3–15.3)
12
2
11 (45.8)
2.5
8th
Algeria
20 (5.2)
8
6 (1–12)
9.7
6
11 (55.0)
3.7
9th
UAE
10 (2.6)
5
3.5 (1.5–17.5)
9.7
8
5 (50.0)
0.3
10th
Iraq
9 (2.4)
5
9 (0–23)
12
3
7 (77.8)
1.4
11th
Oman
6 (1.6)
2
1 (0–4.5)
2
3
2 (33.3)
0.3
11th
Qatar
6 (1.6)
4
5.5 (3–12.5
8.8
3
4 (66.7)
0.1
13th
Syria
4 (1.0)
2
2.5 (0.2–4.8)
2.5
1
1 (25.0)
1.2
14th
Bahrain
2 (0.5)
-
-
-
3
2 (100)
0.1
15th
Libya
1 (0.3)
-
-
-
1
1 (100)
0.1
15th
Sudan
1 (0.3)
-
-
-
0
0 (0.0)
0.6
15th
Yemen
1 (0.3)
-
-
-
1
1 (100.0)
0.7
18th
Djibouti
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18th
Mauritania
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18th
Somalia
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18st
Comoros
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, SAR Syrian Arab Republic, SCR Standard Competition Ranking, UAE United Arab Emirates, Q1–Q3 lower quartile–upper quartile
aEqual countries have the same ranking number, and then a gap is left in the ranking numbers
bPercentage of documents with international authors from the total number of documents for each country
In addition, the study recognized 139 (36.4 %) documents from collaborations with 25 non-Arab countries. These collaborations were primarily with authors from France (n = 27), followed by the USA (n = 26), Italy (n = 18), and the UK (n = 17) (Table 2). By region, Arab authors mainly collaborated with countries in Europe (22.5 %), especially France, followed by countries in the Americas (9.4 %), especially the USA (Table 2). There was a large variety including 77 subject categories associated to the research topic of solid waste in Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of the ISI. Top 10 subject categories with the most articles are listed in Table 3. Environmental science was the most researched topic, represented by 175 (45.8 %) articles. The second most researched topic was engineering environmental 111 (29.1 %) followed by energy fuels 45 (11.8 %).
Table 2
Collaborations between Arab countries and foreign countries in solid waste publications
Collaborating countriesa
No. of documents (%)
Arab–Europe
86 (22.5)b
France
27 (7.1)
Italy
18 (4.7)
England
17 (4.5)
Spain
11 (2.9)
Belgium
8 (2.1)
Germany
3 (0.8)
Austria
1 (0.3)
Denmark
1 (0.3)
Netherlands
1 (0.3)
North Ireland
1 (0.3)
Romania
1 (0.3)
Wales
1 (0.3)
Arab–Americas
36 (9.4)b
USA
26 (6.8)
Canada
10 (2.6)
Arab–Other Middle East, Africa
4 (1.1)b
Iran
1 (0.3)
Israel
1 (0.3)
Benin
1 (0.3)
Turkey
1 (0.3)
Arab–Southeast Asia
10 (2.6)b
Malaysia
10 (2.6)
Arab–Asia-Pacific
10 (2.6)b
India
3 (0.8)
Japan
3 (0.8)
Peoples Republic of China
2 (0.5)
South Korea
2 (0.5)
Australia
1 (0.3)
Pakistan
1 (0.3)
Arab–Arab
15 (3.9)
aThe study identified 139 (36.4 %) documents with 25 countries in Arab–foreign country collaborations
bTotal exceeds 36.4 % as data are overlapping due to multi-country collaboration
Table 3
The top ten ranking of subject categories for published articles associated with solid waste
SCRa
Subject categories
n (%)b
1st
Environmental sciences
175 (45.8)
2nd
Environmental engineering
111 (29.1)
3rd
Energy fuels
45 (11.8)
4th
Applied microbiology and biotechnology
44 (11.5)
5th
Chemical engineering
35 (9.2)
6th
Civil engineering
32 (8.4)
7th
Water resources
31 (8.1)
8th
Agricultural engineering
24 (6.3)
9th
Applied chemistry
14 (3.7)
9th
Soil science
14 (3.7)
SCR Standard Competition Ranking
aEqual areas of interest have the same ranking number, which leaves a gap in the ranking numbers
bTotal exceeds 100 % as data are overlapping due to multidiscipline interactions
Articles on solid waste were published in a wide range of 189 peer-reviewed journals. In Table 4, the top 10 most productive journals were summarized with their IF. Twenty seven documents (7.1 %) were published in Waste Management, whereas 23 (6.0 %) were published in Journal of Hazardous Materials, and 18 (4.7 %) were published in Bioresource Technology. As shown in Table 4, all journals were listed in the JCR 2012 and had an official IF.
Table 4
The top ten ranking of journals in which articles associated with solid waste were published
SCRa
Journal
Frequency (%)
IFb
1st
Waste Management
27 (7.1)
2.485
2nd
Journal of Hazardous Materials
23 (6.0)
3.925
3rd
Bioresource Technology
18 (4.7)
4.750
4th
Waste Management Research
17 (4.5)
1.047
5th
Resources Conservation and Recycling
10 (2.6)
2.319
6th
Environmental Technology
9 (2.4)
1.606
7th
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A. Toxic/ Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering
7 (1.8)
1.252
8th
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
6 (1.6)
1.262
9th
Desalination
5 (1.3)
3.041
9th
Desalination and Water Treatment
5 (1.3)
0.852
9th
Kuwait Journal of Science and Engineering
5 (1.3)
0.075
SCR Standard Competition Ranking, NA not available, IF impact factor
aEqual journals have the same ranking number, and then a gap is left in the ranking numbers
bThe impact factor was reported according to the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) journal citation reports (JCR) 2012
The top 10 most cited articles on solid waste s were listed in Table 5 [38‐47]. Table 6 shows a list ranking the top 10 most highly prolific institutions from Arab countries that most frequently published articles related to solid waste. The most productive institution was American University of Beirut, Lebanon (6.3 % of total publications), followed by Kuwait University, Kuwait (5.5 %), and Jordan University of Science Technology, Jordan (5.0 %).
Table 5
The top ten ranking of cited articles from the Arab world associated with solid waste in Scopus [38‐47]
Options and processes for spent catalyst handling and utilization
Journal of Hazardous Materials
59
SCR Standard Competition Ranking
Table 6
The top ten ranking of productive institutions from or collaborating with Arab World affiliations during the study period
SCRa
Institutions
No. of documents (%)
1st
American University of Beirut, Lebanon
24 (6.3)
2nd
Kuwait University, Kuwait
21 (5.5)
3rd
Jordan University of Science Technology, Jordan
19 (5.0)
4th
Alexandria University, Egypt
15 (3.9)
4th
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait
15 (3.9)
4th
National Research Centre, Egypt
15 (3.9)
7th
University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
12 (3.1)
8th
Institut National de Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Tunisia
9 (2.4)
8th
Université de Toulouse, France
9 (2.4)
10th
Centre de Recherches et des Technologies des Eaux Technopole de Borj-Cédria, Tunisia
8 (2.1)
10th
Université Chouaib Doukkali, Morocco
8 (2.1)
10th
University of Jordan, Jordan
8 (2.1)
10th
Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, France
8 (2.1)
SCR Standard Competition Ranking
aEqual institutions have the same ranking number, and then a gap is left in the ranking numbers
Discussion
The attempts to gather the systematic data to get a panoramic view on this topic were quite few. Bibliometric techniques have been used frequently in many disciplines of sciences to study the scientific research output and trends [15, 23, 25‐30, 34]. The SCI database from the Web of Science, the Thomson Reuters, was the most important and frequently used database for the bibliometric research to get a review of scientific accomplishment in many studying fields [23, 34, 48‐50]. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyse the quantity of solid waste-based research by using the total amount of publications and quality of solid waste-based research from Arab world by using the impact factors and h-index. Research indicators showed that research activity in this area is insufficient or neglected in some Arab countries. A possible explanation for increasing research activity in the field of solid waste could be that the increase in publication activity reflects a general increase in research and/or publication activity [4, 18‐21, 51]. Furthermore, solid waste research productivity has followed the various biomedical research activity in the Arab world in the last decades [12, 14, 15, 31, 34, 51, 52].
The most interesting finding was that the current study demonstrated that Egypt, Tunisia and Jordan, where their total solid waste research output was markedly higher than that in the residual countries. These results seem to be consistent with other research which found that KSA and Egypt had the most prolific Arab countries in biomedical fields [51, 53]. A possible explanation for the dramatic increase in Tunisia publication activity could be due to collaboration with researchers from different foreign countries by investment grant from Washington DC (e.g. sustainable municipal solid waste management project for Tunisia) [54] or from governmental (e.g. Tunisian ministry of higher education scientific research and technology [55].
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As expected, both GDP, and population size were the driving force for research activity as noticed in countries like Egypt which is leading the Arab countries in solid waste research. Similar conclusions were reported by other researchers pertaining to research activity in Arab countries [51, 56]. Overall, the annual number for publications from Arab countries in the field of solid waste during the past decades was low. In 2007, the Arab world spent just 0.2 % of its GDP on research and development which is relatively low compared to other neighbouring countries with lower population size such as Israel and Turkey [51, 57‐65]. There are several possible reasons for the scarcity of health-related research in most Arab regions were discussed in previous studies [12, 15, 31, 34, 51, 52, 56, 66]. These studies suggested that lack of funding and freedom, and the regional conflict may contribute to shortage of publications related to health in some Arab countries. Also, the lack of industry-academia partnership in applied health research (including government-academia partnerships), and a general weakness in scientific writing may contribute to low scientific research production in most Arab regions [51, 52, 56, 66]. Promotion of research in the field of solid waste in Arab countries needs several strategic goals and serious efforts must be approved by all decision makers and scientists. The strategy should include high-quality training, providing enough funds, improvement research infrastructure, with endorsing excellence [66].
Arab authors collaborated most with countries in Europe region, especially France, Italy and the UK, followed by countries in the Americas, especially the USA. This may be because most Arab academics trained in or graduated from these countries. Additionally, many PhD students from the Arab world got their graduate environmental education in Europe and the Americas, where the concept of environmental sustainability is being emphasized at the research and academic levels. Research collaboration is an imperative method to improve quality and quantity of research [67‐69]. A more recent study published in The Lancet to improve health-related research in the Arab world recommended that an Arab medical research council – inspired by the US National Institutes of Health, the Medical Research Council in the United Kingdom, and the French Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) – is necessary to establish strategies that promote medical and health research in the Arab world in collaboration with international institutions [66].
In our study, environmental sciences was the most researched topic, represented by around half of the articles, and Waste Management was the top active journal. A bibliometric study aimed to evaluate solid waste research at global level, using the literature in the SCI database from 1993 to 2008 found that the most common subject category was environmental science and the top active journal was Waste Management [18]. A more recent study using the same method at global level found that research in the field of solid waste focused on engineering and environmental sciences. Waste Management published the most articles [4].
In the interpretation of the study results, several limitations should be considered, most of which are similar to the previous studies performed in different bibliometric analyses of the Arab world. One limitation for this approach is that because our search was restricted to SCI-indexed journals, published articles in non-SCI-indexed journals were missed.
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Conclusion
In this study, some significant points have been obtained on the research productivity throughout the period from 1982 to 2012. The number of articles about solid waste increased rapidly in the last 10 years. In total, there are 382 articles in 189 journals listed in 77 SCI subject categories. Environmental sciences was the most researched topic, represented by around half of the articles, and the most productive journal is Waste Management. Despite the expected increase in solid waste production from Arab world, research activity about solid waste is still low. Governments must invest more in solid waste research to avoid future unexpected problems. Countries like Egypt must lead Arab researchers in this field given the expertise of Egyptian scientists in this filed. Finally, since solid waste is a multidisciplinary science, research teams in engineering, health, toxicology, environment, geology and others must be formulated to produce research in solid waste from different scientific aspects. The findings from the current study would help researchers from the Arab world to improve the performance and realize more applications in the field of solid waste in the future research.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
All authors were involved in drafting the article, and all authors approved the final version to be submitted for publication. SZ conceived of the study conception and design, organized and data collection, and provided analysis, interpretation, and writing. SA and WS participated in the study design, and provided critical revision of manuscript for important intellectual content. ShZ, SuA, RA, and AS were involved in concept and editing the manuscript.
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