Background
Methods
Study area
Experimentation
Results and discussion
Demographic data
Sr.no. | Variation | Category | No. of person | %age |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Informant category | Traditional health practitioner | 0 | 0% |
Indigenous people | 400 | 100% | ||
2. | Gender | Male | 116 | 29% |
Female | 284 | 71% | ||
3. | Age | Less than 20 | 85 | 21.25% |
20–30 | 41 | 10.25% | ||
30–40 | 146 | 36.5% | ||
40–50 | 77 | 19.25% | ||
50–60 | 40 | 10% | ||
60–70 | 7 | 1.75% | ||
70–80 | 2 | 0.5% | ||
More than 80 | 2 | 0.5% | ||
4. | Educational background | Illiterate | 201 | 50.25% |
Completed 5 years education | 99 | 24.75% | ||
Completed 8 years education | 41 | 10.25% | ||
Completed 10 years education | 25 | 6.25% | ||
Completed 12 years education | 17 | 4.25% | ||
Some under grade degree | 10 | 2.5% | ||
Graduate | 6 | 1.5% | ||
Master | 1 | 0.25% |
Medicinal plant diversity
Life forms
Parts of medicinal plants used for curing diseases
Toxicity of medicinal plants
Form and mode of utilization
Quantitative analyses of ethnobotanical data
Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)
Category of diseases | No. of use reports | % Age of use reports | No. of taxa used | % Age of taxa | ICF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Respiratory diseases | 2383 | 18.31 | 22 | 15.38 | 0.16 |
GIT diseases | 3499 | 26.88 | 34 | 23.78 | 0.11 |
Sexual diseases | 294 | 2.26 | 2 | 1.40 | 0.68 |
Nail, skin, hair, teeth disorders | 945 | 7.26 | 18 | 12.59 | 0.45 |
Cardiac disorders | 521 | 4.00 | 4 | 2.80 | 0.4 |
Antidote | 378 | 2.90 | 7 | 4.90 | 0.51 |
Blood purifier | 410 | 3.15 | 4 | 2.80 | 0.16 |
Wound healing | 1397 | 10.73 | 13 | 9.09 | 0.16 |
Fever, cold, influenza disorders | 1419 | 10.90 | 16 | 11.19 | 0.02 |
Urinary disorders | 221 | 1.70 | 7 | 4.90 | 0.82 |
Muscles disorders | 571 | 4.39 | 6 | 4.20 | 0.05 |
Glandular disorders | 591 | 4.54 | 7 | 4.90 | 0.09 |
Animal disease | 389 | 2.99 | 3 | 2.10 | 0.44 |
Uses Value (UV)
Sr. no. | Family | Local name | Life form | Habitat | Part used | Methods of preparation | Diseases treated | Toxicity | FL % | UV | RFC | R.I |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. |
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees LCWU-15-01. Acanthaceae | Jungle charaita | Herb | Wild | Flowers/leaves | Extract | Cough, influenza, diarrhea, blood purifier
| Non toxic | 32.19 | 0.015 | 0.66 | 50.8 |
2. |
Amaranthus spinosus L. LCWU-15-02 Amaranthaceae | kurand | Herb | Wild | Branches stem/leaves | Extract | Diarrhea, antidote, fever, fodder | No toxic | 41.60 | 0.026 | 0.765 | 3.7 |
3. |
Amaranthus viridis L. LCWU-15-03 Amaranthaceae | Chulai | Herb | Wild/cultivated | Leaves | Extract, decoction, paste |
Constipation, skin tonic, antidote, diuretic, cooking | Non toxic | 51.84 | 0.02 | 0.92 | 25.5 |
4. |
Chenopodium album L. LCWU-15-04 Chenopodiaceae | Bathu | Herb | Wild/cultivated | Leaves/stem (whole plant) | Extract, decoction |
Laxative, diuretic, cough, cooking | Non toxic | 36.30 | 0.01 | 0.95 | 14.6 |
5. |
Chenopodium murale L. LCWU-15-05 Chenopodiaceae | Jasag | Herb | Wild/cultivated | Whole plant | Extract, decoction |
Laxative, cooking, Fodder, dye | Non toxic | 27.77 | 0.02 | 0.94 | 5.9 |
6. |
Achyranthes aspera (L.) Hill LCWU-15-06 Amaranthacea | Puth kanda | Herb | Wild/cultivated | Leaves | Decoction, extract, fresh |
Cough, laxative, stomach complains, fodder, fuel | Toxic | 12.35 | 0.02 | 0.68 | 7.5 |
7. |
Coriandrum sativum L. LCWU-15-07 Apiaceae | Dhaniya | Herb | Wild/cultivated | Whole plant | Oil, extract |
Joint pain, stomach complaints, cooking | Non toxic | 14.55 | 0.005 | 0.91 | 29.7 |
8. |
Calotropis procera R. Br. LCWU-15-08 Asclepiadaceae | Aak | Shrub | Wild | Leaves/sap milk | Latex, extract, decoction |
Asthma, skin tonic, fever, fodder | Toxic | 24.48 | 0.03 | 0.81 | 38 |
9. |
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kitt. LCWU-15-0902 Asteraceae | Char/Krund | Herb | Wild | Leaves/(Whole plant) | Oil, extract |
Diuretic, stomach complains, fodder | Non toxic | 8.09 | 0.013 | 0.77 | 7.3 |
10. |
Carthamus ticntorius L. LCWU-15-10 Asteraceae | Jungle poli | Herbaceous | Wild | Whole plant | Extract |
Laxative, wound healing, fodder | Toxic | 3.09 | 0.0062 | 0.795 | 9.26 |
11. |
Conyza bonariensis L. LCWU-15-1102 Asteraceae | Aflatoon/jungle boti | Herbaceous | Wild | Whole plant | Extract, oil |
Asthma, diarrhea, ulcer, fodder | Toxic/Non toxic | 37.33 | 0.014 | 0.635 | 8.83 |
12. |
Conyza erigeron L. LCWU-15-1202 Asteraceae | Jungle kurand/jungle boti | Weed | Wild | Whole plant | Decoction |
Stomach disorder, cold and cough, fever, fodder | Non toxic | 9.905 | 0.013 | 0.81 | 8.83 |
13. |
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. LCWU-15-13 Asteraceae | Jungle booti | Herb | Wild | Whole plant | Paste, extract | Liver tonic, hair tonic, antidote of scorpio, fodder | Non toxic | 2.59 | 0.0075 | 0.665 | 5.87 |
14. |
Parthenium hysterophorus L. LCWU-15-14 Asteraceae | Shah-tara/boti | Herbaceous | Wild | Whole plant/leaves | Extract | blood purifier, back pain, fodder, Decoration | Toxic | 56.29 | 0.02 | 0.96 | 20.8 |
15. |
Silybum marianum L. LCWU-15-1501 Asteraceae | Poli/boti | Herbaceous | Wild | Whole plant | Decoction, infusion | Anticancer, liver tonic, wound healing, fodder | Toxic | 27.52 | 0.02 | 1.39 | 29.82 |
16. |
Sonchus arvensis L. LCWU-15-1601 Asteraceae | Dodak | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves/flower | Extract | Anti-kidney stone, asthma, cough, fodder | Toxic | 13.74 | 0.012 | 0.87 | 13 |
17. |
Xanthium strumarium L. LCWU-15-17 Asteraceae | Jungle booti | Herb | Wild | Leaves | Extract | Fever, mother postnatal care, fodder | Toxic | 2.61 | 0.0074 | 0.67 | 4.28 |
18. |
Brassica compestris L. LCWU-15-18 Brassicaceae | Sarson | Herb | Wild/cultivated | Leaves/flower | Extract, paste |
Skin tonic, hair tonic, anti-cancerous | Non toxic | 41.73 | 0.0075 | 0.7975 | 4.76 |
19. |
Brassica nigra L. LCWU-15-19 Brassicaceae | Jungle sarson | Herbaceous | Wild | Whole plant | Extract, decoction |
Diuretic, respiratory problems, fodder | Toxic if in excess
| 2.73 | 0.0081 | 0.61 | 20.45 |
20. |
Capsella bursapastoris L. LCWU-15-20 Brassicaceae | Mirch boti | Herb | Wild | Whole plant | Decoction, infusion | Internal and external bleeding, diarrhea, fodder | Toxic | 17.74 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 17.2 |
21. |
Coronopus didymus (L.)Sm. LCWU-15-2003 Brassicaceae | Jungli pudina/jungle boti | Herb | Wild | Stem/leaves (whole plant) | Extract |
Asthma, Blood purifier | Non toxic | 13.96 | 0.015 | 0.7525 | 7.05 |
22. |
Sisymbrium irio L. LCWU-15-96 Brassicaceae | Boti | Herb | Wild | Whole plant | Extract, powder |
Asthma, fodder, | Non toxic | 24.13 | 0.01 | 0.96 | 13 |
23. |
Cannabis sativa L. LCWU-15-22 Cannabiaceae | Bhang | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves | Extract, paste |
Stomach complaints, Relaxant, Severe pains repellent | Toxic | 42.31 | 0.021 | 0.945 | 3.7 |
24. |
Convolvulus arvensis L. LCWU-15-23 Convolvulaceae | Lilly | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves | Extract | Fodder, animal fever
| Toxic | 34.18 | 0.02 | 0.81 | 17.6 |
25. |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. LCWU-15-24 Convolvulaceae | Amar-bail | Climber | Wild | Stem | Extract |
Wound healing, Hair tonic | Toxic | 20.42 | 0.0186 | 0.805 | 10.8 |
26. |
Poranopsis paniculata (Roxb.)Roberty LCWU-15-25 Convolvulaceae | Gulu | Herb | Wild | Whole plant | Extract, | Decoration, stomach pain, diarrhea, wound healing | Toxic to animals | 27.65 | 0.007 | 0.69 | 29.57 |
27. |
Cucurbita pepo L. LCWU-15-2601 Cucurbitaceae | Chibbar booti | Vine | Wild/cultivated | Leaves/flower/fruit/whole plant | Extract |
Skin tonic, cardiac problem, stomach disorder, Cooking, | Toxic/Non toxic | 20.75 | 0.025 | 0.60 | 33.83 |
28. |
Schoenoplectus supinus (L.)Pall. LCWU-15-27 Cyperaceae | Dala | Herb | Wild | Flower/leaves | – |
Fodder, animal cough
| Non toxic | 2.70 | 0.0071 | 0.695 | |
29. |
Euphorbia helioscopia L. LCWU-15-28 Euphorbiaceae | Dhdtar boti | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves/sap/seeds | Extract, decoction | Anticancerous, cholera
| Toxic in excess | 54.68 | 0.0136 | 0.695 | 50.8 |
30. |
Euphorbia hirta L. LCWU-15-29 Euphorbiaceae | Boti | Herb | Wild | Whole plant |
–
|
Fodder
| Toxic | 2.64 | 0.01 | 0.98 | |
31. |
Euphorbia thymifolia L. LCWU-15-30 Euphorbiaceae | It-sit | Herb | Wild | Whole plant |
–
|
Fodder
| Toxic | 2.55 | 0.0152 | 0.655 | |
32. |
Ricinus communis L. LCWU-15-3101 Euphorbiaceae | Rind/Rnola | Herbaceous | Wild/cultivated | Leaves/seeds/whole plant | Extract |
Wound healing, fuel, hair tonic | Seed are toxic | 15.53 | 0.012 | 0.65 | 8.83 |
33. |
Sapium sebiferum L. LCWU-15-32 Fabaceae | Jungli Tahli | Tree | Wild | Leaves/wood | Decoction |
Antidote, diuretic, Fodder, fuel, furniture | Toxic/non toxic | 9.94 | 0.01 | 0.85 | |
34. |
Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Delile. LCWU-15-93 Fabaceae | Jawa | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves |
–
|
Fodder
| Non toxic | 1.81 | 0.007 | 0.68 | |
35. |
Acacia arabica Willd. LCWU-15-3301 Fabaceae | Desi kikkar | Tree | Wild | Bark | Decoction | Diarrhea, Skin tonic, roofing, fuel, fodder | Non toxic | 19.35 | 0.015 | 0.635 | 20.8 |
36. |
Acacia farnesiana L. LCWU-15-34 Fabaceae | Kabli kikar | Tree | Wild | Wood/flower/leaves | Extract |
Diarrhea, scent, fuel, furniture, | Non toxic | 16.48 | 0.04 | 0.65 | 9 |
37. |
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. LCWU-15-3501 Fabaceae | Shireen | Tree | Wild | Leaves/seed/wood | Extract | Fuel, wound healing, Cough, burning, postnatal care | Non toxic | 33.22 | 0.02 | 0.66 | 11.15 |
38. |
Cassia angustifolia L. LCWU-15-3602 Fabaceae | Sukh chain | Tree | Wild | Branches/pods/seeds | Extract |
Purgative, hair tonic, teeth tonic | Toxic/Non toxic | 64.33 | 0.02 | 0.87 | 13 |
39. |
Cassia fistula L. LCWU-15-37 Fabaceae | Amaltas | Tree | Wild | Leaves/ legumes | Infusion, extract |
Laxative, fodder, cough, stomach pain | Toxic in excess | 21.39 | 0.02 | 0.77 | 7.83 |
40. |
Cassia occidentalis L. LCWU-15-38 Fabaceae | Boti | Herb | Wild | Wood/leaves | Extract | Stomach disorder, laxative, fuel, roofing, bitter taste | Toxic | 19.45 | 0.04 | 0.72 | 8.83 |
41. |
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. LCWU-15-3901 Fabaceae | Tali | Tree | Wild | Wood/leaves | Extract |
Wound healing, hair tonic, fodder, fuel, furniture | Toxic/non toxic | 34.64 | 0.025 | 0.91 | 8.83 |
42. |
Indigofera linifolia (L.f) Retz. LCWU-15-40 Fabaceae | Gorakh pan/jungle boti | Herbaceous | Wild | Whole plant | Extract | Stomach complaints, blood purifier, liver problems, fodder, obtain dye | Toxic to some extent | 55.13 | 0.02 | 0.722 | 75.8 |
43. |
Lathyrus aphaca L.
LCWU-15-41 Fabaceae | Jungli matter/gangla | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves | – |
Fodder
| Toxic/non toxic | 3.52 | 0.0055 | 0.905 | |
44. |
Melilotus indica L. LCWU-15-4202 Fabaceae | Jungle meeni or meena/Jungli shatala | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves/whole plant | Extract | Laxative, diarrhea, cooking, fodder, bitter taste, skin tonic | Toxic to some extent | 18.17 | 0.02 | 0.78 | 8.58 |
45. |
Mimosa pudica L. LCWU-15-94 Fabaceae | Chijan | Herb | Wild | Leaves | Extract |
Antidote, wound healing, diarrhea, fuel, fodder | Toxic in excess | 4.44 | 0.01 | 0.68 | |
46. |
Tamarindus indica L. LCWU-15-4301 Fabaceae | Imli/khatti imli | Tree | Wild | Branchesstem/leaves/fruit/whole plant | Extract | Malaria, fever, bitter taste, Laxative, burning | Non toxic | 39.61 | 0.03 | 0.83 | 27.1 |
47. |
Vicia faba L. LCWU-15-4402 Fabaceae | Jungli cheraal/Phalya/Arari | Herbaceous | Wild | Legumes/leaves | Extract |
Diuretic, fodder, food, soap | Non toxic | 43.04 | 0.02 | 0.86 | 25.8 |
48. |
Ocimum basilicum L. LCWU-15-45 Lamiaceae | Niazbo | Herb | Wild | Leaves | Extract | Scent, flavoring, cough, headache, diarrhea | Non toxic | 37.96 | 0.0176 | 0.85 | |
49. |
Ocimum sanctum L. LCWU-15-4601 Lamiaceae | Jungle booti | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves/whole plant | Powder, extract, oil | Appetizer, mosquito repellent, fodder, fever, cough | Toxic/non toxic | 11.50 | 0.008 | 0.798 | 14.7 |
50. |
Allium roylei Strearn. LCWU-15-47 Liliaceae | Bola ganda | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves | Oil, extract |
Cholera, curative, flavoring | Non toxic | 62.03 | 0.0163 | 0.915 | 25.8 |
51. |
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. LCWU-15-48 Asphodelaceae | Kwal qandal | Succulent plant | Wild | Leaves | Oil, extract | Skin tonic, cough, hair tonic, fever
| Non toxic | 18.80 | 0.03 | 0.70 | 30.5 |
52. |
Lawsonia Inermis L. LCWU-15-49 Lythraceae | Mehndi | Shrub | Wild | Leaves/roots | Paste, extract |
Wound healing, hair tonic | Non toxic | 28.04 | 0.0213 | 0.935 | 10.8 |
53. |
Malva verticillata L.
LCWU-15-50 Malvaceae | Booti | Herb | Wild | Whole plant | Paste |
Fodder, animal ulcer | Non toxic | 2.51 | 0.07 | 0.645 | |
54. |
Malva indica
LCWU-15-51 Malvaceae | Sonchal booti/jungle boti | Herbaceous | Wild | Whole plant | Decoction, extract |
Cough, cooking, fodder | Toxic in excess | 11.26 | 0.011 | 0.628 | 7.04 |
55. |
Malvastrum coromandelianum L. LCWU-15-52 Malvaceae | Boti | Herbaceous | Wild | Whole plant | Extract | Fodder, wound healing
| Toxic | 16.06 | 0.02 | 0.60 | 8.83 |
56. |
Azadirachta indica A. Juss LCWU-15-53 Meliaceae | Neem | Tree | Wild | Leaves/wood | Extract, oil | Fodder, skin tonic, fuel | Toxic to some extend | 20.62 | 0.03 | 0.79 | 10.5 |
57. |
Melia azadirachta L. LCWU-15-5402 Meliaceae | Bakain/dhareek | Tree | Wild | Leaves/wood/seed | Extract |
Wound healing, cough, fuel, furniture, fodder | Seeds are toxic | 22.04 | 0.03 | 0.94 | 9.22 |
58. |
Ficus sarmentosa Bush: Ham. Ex J.E. Smith LCWU-15-95 Moraceae | Walaiti bohr | Tree | Wild | Wood/leaves | Decoction |
Fuel, fodder | Toxic | 6.89 | 0.01 | 0.85 | |
59. |
Ficus benghalensis L. LCWU-15-5501 Moraceae | Borh/desi borh | Tree | Wild | Leaves/sap milk/fruit/wood | Decoction, extract |
Influenza, diarrhea, fuel, decoction | Toxic to some extend | 40.06 | 0.03 | 0.85 | 29.82 |
60. |
Ficus religiosa L. LCWU-15-56 Moraceae | Peepal | Tree | Wild | Wood/leaves/bark | Decoction, extract | Asthma, diarrhea fuel, fodder, ulcer, molar pain, cardiac problem
| Toxic in excess | 28.33 | 0.03 | 0.902 | 19.4 |
61. |
Morus alba L. LCWU-15-5701 Moraceae | Shehtoot/Toot | Tree | Wild/cultivated | Wood/fruit/branches/leaves | Extract |
Cough, fodder, respiratory disorders | Sap is toxic | 13.58 | 0.02 | 0.98 | 7.64 |
62. |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. LCWU-15-58 Myrtaceae | Sufaida | Tree | Wild | Leaves/wood/oil | Extract, infusion |
Influenza, skin tonic, Fuel, furniture, stomach disorder | Toxic in excess | 31.32 | 0.02 | 0.83 | 17.32 |
63. |
Syzygium cumini L. LCWU-15-59 Myrtaceae | Jaman | Tree | Wild | Fruit/wood/leaves | Extract |
Heart problem, diarrhea Fruit, fuel, fodder, | Non toxic | 24.76 | 0.03 | 0.98 | 25.5 |
64. |
Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl. LCWU-15-6002 Oleaceae | Chasko | Shrub | Wild | Leaves/flower/fruit | Extract | Vegetable, stomach pain, Cooking, | Toxic | 9.71 | 0.03 | 0.59 | |
65. |
Oxalis corniculata L. LCWU-15-6101 Oxalidaceae | Khatmal booti/jungle boti | Herb | Wild | Whole plant | Extract |
Antidote, stomach disorder, cooking, fodder | Toxic | 38.35 | 0.012 | 0.773 | 8.83 |
66. |
Fumaria indica Linn. LCWU-15-6202 Papaveraceae | Soye/Papra | Herb | Wild | Branches/stem/leaves/whole plant | Extract |
Laxative, fodder | Non toxic | 11.04 | 0.01 | 0.83 | 3.7 |
67. |
Acrachne racemosa (Roem&schult) LCWU-15-63 Poaceae | Jungle ghaas | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Decoction |
Fodder
| Toxic on skin | 3.17 | 0.0061 | 0.815 | |
68. |
Asthenatherum forkalii (Vahl)Nexski. LCWU-15-64 Poaceae | Jungle ghass | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Extract |
Fodder, animal fever
| Toxic/non toxic | 3.27 | 0.0059 | 0.84 | |
69. |
Avena sativa L. LCWU-15-65 Poaceae | Jo | Herb | Wild | Staw | Extract |
Postnatal care
| Toxic to some extend | 51.40 | 0.01 | 0.945 | 5.3 |
70. |
Cenchrus setigerus Vahl. LCWU-15-66 Poaceae | Jungli boti | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Extract |
Fodder
| Non toxic | 2.11 | 0.006 | 0.79 | |
71. |
Chloris barbata Sw. LCWU-15-67 Poaceae | Jungle boti | Herb | Wild | Whole plant | Fodder, skin disorder
| Toxic | 22.70 | 0.01 | 0.78 | 10.5 | |
72. |
Chloris virgata Sw. LCWU-15-68 Poaceae | Boti | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Fodder, wound healing, malaria
| Toxic | 50.09 | 0.02 | 0.71 | 25.5 | |
73. |
Chrysopogon aucheri Bioss LCWU-15-69 Poaceae | Goad ghass | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Fodder, fuel
| Toxic | 5.26 | 0.01 | 0.73 | ||
74. |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. LCWU-15-70 Poaceae | Ghaas | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Extract | Stomach complaint, constipation, antidote for snake and dogs, fodder | Non toxic | 50.81 | 0.02 | 0.83 | 3.7 |
75. |
Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.)Koel. LCWU-15-71 Poaceae | Jungle ghass | Grass | Wild | Whole plant |
Fodder, animal stomach disorder
| Toxic | 3.29 | 0.0059 | 0.84 | ||
76. |
Digitaria nodosa Parl. LCWU-15-72 Poaceae | Swank | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Fresh, dry |
Fodder, blood purification
| Toxic | 3.43 | 0.011 | 0.88 | |
77. |
Eleusine indica (L.)Gaertn. LCWU-15-73 Poaceae | Jungle ghaas | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Extract |
Fodder
| Toxic/non toxic | 3.04 | 0.0064 | 0.78 | |
78. |
Pennisetum divisum (Fosslk.ex.J.F.Gmel) LCWU-15-74 Poaceae | Jungle ghaas | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Extract |
Fodder
| Non toxic | 3.39 | 0.0057 | 0.87 | |
79. |
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. Ex Steud. LCWU-15-75 Poaceae | Nur | Grass | Wild | Wood/stem | Extract |
Cardiac problem, fuel | Toxic/non toxic | 23.80 | 0.01 | 0.62 | 13 |
80. |
Saccharum bengalensis L. LCWU-15-76 Poaceae | Kana | Grass | Wild | Wood | Paste, extract |
Animal disease roofing, fuel, pre/post natal care | Toxic | 35.46 | 0.02 | 0.84 | 17.16 |
81. |
Tetrapogon tenellus (Roxb.)Chiov. LCWU-15-77 Poaceae | Dumbi seeti | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Extract | Fodder, cough
| Toxic | 3.64 | 0.0053 | 0.935 | |
82. |
Triticum aestivum L. LCWU-15-78 Poaceae | Joi | Grass | Wild | Whole plant | Extract | Fodder, anticancerous, gastrointestinal disease
| Toxic/non toxic | 3.19 | 0.01 | 0.985 | 8.9 |
83. |
Rumex chalepensis Mill. LCWU-15-79 Polygonaceae | Boti | Herbaceous | Wild | Whole plant | Extract |
Fodder
| Toxic | 2.05 | 0.01 | 0.76 | |
84. |
Anagallis arvensis L. LCWU-15-8001 Primulaceae | Jungli golo/Matri | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves/wood (whole plant) | Extract | Fodder, skin tonic, Diuretic, hair tonic | Toxic/non toxic | 31.44 | 0.02 | 0.855 | 18.15 |
85. |
Ranunculus muricatus L. LCWU-15-8101 Ranunculaceae | Jungli dhaniya/boti | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves/whole plant | Crude extract | Fodder, fever, asthma, Fodder
| Toxic | 14.5 | 0.01 | 0.738 | 25.5 |
86. |
Ranunculus repens L. LCWU-15-82 Ranunculaceae | Jungle jugnoo | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves/flower | Extract |
Fodder
| Toxic | 2.47 | 0.007 | 0.635 | |
87. |
Zizyphus jujuba (L.)Lam. LCWU-15-8301 Rhamnaceae | Ber | Tree | Wild | Leaves/gum/fruit/wood/leaves | Extract, oil | Fruit, furniture, digestion, skin tonic, joints pain, hair tonic, backache, burning | Toxic/non toxic | 51.75 | 0.03 | 0.97 | 30.65 |
88. |
Murraya koenigii L. LCWU-15-84 Rutaceae | Marva | Tree | Wild | Branches/stem/leaves | Extract |
Stomach diseases, wound healing, vomiting, scent, decoration | Toxic/non toxic | 34.86 | 0.017 | 0.87 | 14.5 |
89. |
Salix lanata L. LCWU-15-85 Salicaceae | Boti | Shrub | Wild | Whole plant | Extract | Fever, reduce internal pain, fodder, bitter taste | Toxic | 14.93 | 0.02 | 0.57 | 26.98 |
90. |
Verbascum thapsus L. LCWU-15-86 Scrophulariaceae | Geedar tabbaco | Herb | Wild | Seeds | Extract, infusion |
Male disease, internal bleeding | Toxic to some extent | 42.17 | 0.008 | 0.62 | 25.8 |
91. |
Lycium barbarum L. LCWU-15-87 Solanaceae | Kashni | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves | Extract | Anticancerous, asthma, scent, fodder | Non toxic | 55.71 | 0.022 | 0.895 | 33.8 |
92. |
Solanum americanum Mill. LCWU-15-88 Solanaceae | Peelak | Herb | Wild | Leaves/stem | Extract |
Joints pain, cooking, scent, vegetable, fodder | Toxic in excess | 66.14 | 0.03 | 0.85 | 10.8 |
93. |
Withania somnifera L. LCWU-15-89 Solanaceae | Aak-Singh | Herbaceous | Wild | Leaves/flower/fruit | Extract | Lung disorder, animal disease, asthma, male disease
| Toxic in excess | 44.09 | 0.0085 | 0.79 | 42.32 |
94. |
Urtica dioca L. LCWU-15-90 Urticaceae | Kharish booti | Herbaceous | Wild | Stem/leaves | Extract |
Joints pain, cold and flu, liver disease | Toxic in excess | 16.33 | 0.010 | 0.945 | 10.8 |
95. |
Lantana camara L. LCWU-15-9101 Verbenaceae | Cingii | Shrub | Wild | Leaves | Extract | Fodder, snake bite, cold and flu
| Toxic | 48.16 | 0.02 | 0.70 | 50.5 |
96. |
Phyla nodiflora L. LCWU-15-92 Verbenaceae | Bakan | Herb | Wild | Branches/stem/leaves | Extract, decoction |
Fodder
| Toxic | 2.08 | 0.018 | 0.535 |
Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC)
Fidelity Level (FL)
Comparison with other studies in neighboring regions
Area | Study year | No. of recorded plant species | Total species common in both area | Species enlisted only in study area | Species enlisted only in aligned area | Plant with similar uses (%) | Plant with dissimilar uses (%) | JI | Citation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Thar desert, Pakistan | 2015 | 87 | 16 | 81 | 72 | 60 | 6.66 | 10.8 | [18] |
3. | District Mastung of Balochistan | 2014 | 102 | 12 | 84 | 90 | 16.66 | 83.33 | 7.40 | [35] |
4. | Makerwal & Gulla Khel, Pakistan | 2013 | 131 | 28 | 68 | 103 | 35.71 | 64.2 | 19.58 | [49] |
5. | Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan | 2013 | 49 | 7 | 89 | 42 | 57.14 | 42.85 | 5.64 | [93] |
6. | Malakand, Pakistan | 2013 | 92 | 14 | 82 | 78 | 42.85 | 57.14 | 9.58 | [11] |
7. | Lesser Himalayas-Pakistan | 2013 | 45 | 8 | 88 | 37 | 37.5 | 62.5 | 6.83 | [68] |
8. | Cholistan Desert, Pakistan | 2012 | 90 | 4 | 92 | 86 | 50 | 50 | 2.29 | [66] |
9. | Bhera, District Sargodha, Pakistan | 2012 | 97 | 32 | 64 | 65 | 37.5 | 62.5 | 32.98 | [45] |
10. | Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan | 2012 | 67 | 18 | 78 | 49 | 33.33 | 66.66 | 16.51 | [53] |
11. | Pind Dadan Khan, district Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan | 2011 | 69 | 14 | 82 | 55 | 35.71 | 64.28 | 11.38 | [46] |
12. | Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan | 2011 | 48 | 15 | 81 | 33 | 26.66 | 73.33 | 15.15 | [54] |
13. | Dir Kohistan valleys, KPK, Pakistan | 2011 | 65 | 9 | 87 | 56 | 66.66 | 33.33 | 6.71 | [73] |
14. | Kabal, Swat District, KPK, Pakistan | 2011 | 140 | 24 | 72 | 116 | 25 | 75 | 14.63 | [9] |
15. | Southern Rajasthan, India | 2010 | 31 | 5 | 91 | 26 | 40 | 60 | 4.46 | [98] |
16. | Chitral valley, Pakistan | 2009 | 83 | 7 | 89 | 76 | 14.28 | 85.71 | 4.43 | [99] |
17. | Mahal Kohistan (Khirthar National Park) | 2007 | 50 | 11 | 86 | 40 | 36.36 | 63.63 | 8.62 | [76] |
Average | 73.29 | 13.17 | 77.29 | 60.23 | 36.19 | 55.94 | 10.41 |
Conclusions
Sr. No. | Plant species | Uses reported in study area | Uses reported in previous study | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees | Cough, influenza, diarrhea, blood purifier
| Liver complaints, malaria | |
2 |
Amaranthus spinosus L. | Diarrhea, antidote, fever, fodder | Eye vision, skin tonic | |
3 |
Amaranthus viridis L. |
Constipation, skin tonic, antidote, diuretic, cooking | Joints pain, burning of feet | |
4 |
Chenopodium album L. |
Laxative, diuretic, cough, cooking | Throat trouble, paralysis, rheumatism, jaundice | |
5 |
Chenopodium murale L. |
Laxative, vegetable, Fodder, dye | Anthelmintic | [72] |
6 |
Achyranthes aspera (L.) Hill |
Cough, laxative, stomach complains, fodder, fuel | Skin tonic, blood purifier, malaria fever | |
7 |
Coriandrum sativum L. |
Joint pain, stomach complaints, cooking | Sexual disease | [100] |
8 |
Calotropis procera R. Br. |
Asthma, skin tonic, fever, fodder | Hair tonic, hepatitis, antidote, tooth tonic | |
9 |
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kitt. |
Diuretic, stomach complains, fodder | Antidote, fever, skin infection | [101] |
10 |
Conyza bonariensis L. |
Asthma, diarrhea, ulcer, fodder | Diuretic, blood purifier | |
11 |
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. | Liver tonic, hair tonic, antidote of
scorpio, fodder | GIT disorders | |
12 |
Parthenium hysterophorus L. | blood purifier, back pain, fodder, Decoration, grow in crop | Fever | [45] |
13 |
Silybum marianum L. | Anticancer, liver tonic, wound healing, fodder | Tuberculosis | [97] |
14 |
Sonchus arvensis L. | Anti-kidney stone, asthma, cough, fodder | Wound healing | [45] |
15 |
Xanthium strumarium L. | Fever, mother postnatal care, fodder | Toothache | [72] |
16 |
Brassica campestris L. |
Skin tonic, hair tonic, anti-cancerous | Headache, animal fever | |
17 |
Brassica nigra L. |
Diuretic, respiratory problems, fodder | GIT disease, toothache | |
18 |
Capsella bursapastoris L. | Fodder, internal and external bleeding, diarrhea
| Respiratory disease, sexual disease | [51] |
19 |
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. |
Asthma, Blood purifier | Insect repellent, joints disorder | |
20 |
Sisymbrium irio L. | Fodder, asthma
| Fever, skin tonic, cough | |
21 |
Cannabis sativa L. |
Stomach complaints, Relaxant, Severe pains repellent | Male disease | [97] |
22 |
Convolvulus arvensis L. | Fodder, animal fever, grow in crop | Skin tonic, liver tonic, GIT disorder | |
23 |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Wound healing, Hair tonic | Blood purifier, relaxant, fever | |
24 |
Poranopsis paniculata (Roxb.) Roberty | Decoration, stomach pain, diarrhea, wound healing | Body pain | [50] |
25 |
Cucurbita pepo L. |
Skin tonic, cardiac problem, stomach disorder, Cooking, | Jaundice | [53] |
26 |
Euphorbia helioscopia L. | Anticancerous, cholera
| Skin tonic, GIT disorder, wound healing | |
27 |
Euphorbia hirta L. |
Fodder
| Skin tonic, sexual disorder, relaxant, GIT disorder, respiratory disorder | |
28 |
Euphorbia thymifolia L. |
Fodder
| Blood pressure | [3] |
29 |
Ricinus communis L. |
Wound healing, fuel, hair tonic | GIT disorder, postnatal care, headache, hepatitis | |
30 |
Sapium sebiferum L. |
Antidote, Fodder, fuel, furniture | GIT disorder | [107] |
31 |
Acacia.nilotica
|
Fodder
| GIT disorder, sexual disorder wound healing, skin tonic | |
32 |
Acacia arabica Willd. | Diarrhea, Skin tonic, roof, fuel, fodder, exported | Respiratory disorder | [106] |
33 |
Acacia farnesiana L. |
Diarrhea, perfume, fuel, furniture, exported | Toothache, sexual disorder | [49] |
34 |
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. | Fuel, wound healing, Cough, burning, postnatal care | Skin tonic | |
35 |
Cassia angustifolia L. |
Purgative, hair tonic, teeth tonic | Blood purifier, sexual disorder, rheumatism | |
36 |
Cassia fistula L. |
Laxative, constipation, fodder, cough, stomach pain | Hepatitis | |
37 |
Cassia occidentalis L. | Fuel, roof, bitter taste, stomach disorder, laxative | Respiratory disorder | [48] |
38 |
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. | Fodder, fuel, furniture, wound
healing, hair tonic | Sexual disease, GIT disease, fever, diuretic | |
39 |
Indigofera linifolia (L.f) Retz. | Fodder, obtain dye, Stomach complaints, blood purifier, for liver
| Sexual disease | |
40 |
Lathyrus aphaca L.
|
Fodder
| Cough | [45] |
41 |
Melilotus indica L. |
Laxative, diarrhea, cooking, fodder, bitter taste, skin tonic | Respiratory disorder, sexual disease | |
42 |
Mimosa pudica L. |
Fuel, fodder, antidote, wound healing, diarrhea | Menstrual disorder, respiratory disease | |
43 |
Tamarindus indica L. | Malaria, fever, bitter taste, Laxative, burning | Jaundice | [48] |
44 |
Vicia faba L. |
Diuretic, fodder, food, soap | Eye infection | [68] |
45 |
Ocimum basilicum L. | Scent, flavoring, cough, headache, diarrhea | Influenza, cardiac problem, antidote | |
46 |
Ocimum sanctum L. | Appetizer, mosquito repellent, fodder, fever, cough | Liver tonic | |
47 |
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. | Skin tonic, cough, hair tonic, fever
| Liver tonic | |
48 |
Lawsonia inermis L. |
Wound healing, hair tonic | Diuretic, jaundice | |
49 |
Malvastrum coromandelianum L. | Fodder, wound healing
| Fever, GIT disorders | [49] |
50 |
Azadirachta indica A. Juss | Fodder, skin tonic, fuel | Hair tonic, sexual disorders, eye infection, GIT disorders, liver tonic | |
51 |
Melia azadirachta L. |
Wound healing, shade, cough, fuel, furniture, fodder | Skin tonic, hair tonic | [93] |
52 |
Ficus sarmentosa Bush: Ham. ex J.E. Smith |
Fuel, fodder | Respiratory disease, GIT disorder | [111] |
53 |
Ficus benghalensis L. |
Influenza, shade, diarrhea, fuel, decoction | Asthma, liver tonic | |
54 |
Ficus religiosa L. | Asthma, diarrhea Shade, fuel, fodder, ulcer, molar pain, cardiac
problem
| Wound healing | [49] |
55 |
Morus alba L. |
Cough, fodder, respiratory disorders | GIT disorder | [11] |
56 |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. |
Influenza, skin tonic, Fuel, furniture, stomach disorder | Liver tonic | [48] |
57 |
Syzygium cumini L. | Fruit, fuel, fodder, cancer, heart problem, diarrhea | Nervous disorder, fever | |
58 |
Oxalis corniculata L. |
Antidote, stomach disorder, vegetable, fodder | Liver tonic, diuretic, joints problem | |
59 |
Fumaria indica Linn. |
Laxative, fodder | GIT disorder, liver tonic, diuretic, skin tonic | |
60 |
Acrachne racemosa (Roem & schult) |
Fodder
| General debility | [48] |
61 |
Avena sativa L. |
Postnatal care
| Nervous disorder, GIT disorders | |
62 |
Cenchrus setigerus Vahl. |
Fodder
| Fever, skin tonic, GIT disorder | [66] |
63 |
Chloris barbata Sw. | Fodder, skin disorder
| Respiratory disease | [112] |
64 |
Chrysopogon aucheri Bioss | Fodder, fuel
| GIT disorder | [54] |
65 |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Stomach complaint, constipation, antidote for snake and dogs, fodder | Diuretic, wound healing, fever | |
66 |
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. |
Fodder
| Diuretic, GIT disorder | [96] |
67 |
Pennisetum divisum (Fosslk. ex J. F. Gmel) |
Fodder
| GIT disorder | [66] |
68 |
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. |
Cardiac problem, fuel | Respiratory disorder | [16] |
69 |
Saccharum bengalensis L. | Roof, fuel, pre/post natal care, animal disease
| Diuretic | [91] |
70 |
Triticum aestivum L. | Fodder, anticancerous, gastrointestinal disease
| Postnatal care, backache | [45] |
71 |
Rumex chalepensis Mill. |
Fodder
| Insect repellent | [113] |
72 |
Anagallis arvensis L. | Fodder, skin tonic, Diuretic, hair tonic | Nervous disorder | |
73 |
Ranunculus muricatus L. | Fodder, fever, asthma, Fodder
| Wound healing, skin tonic | |
74 |
Ranunculus repens L. |
Fodder
| Nervous disorder, blood purification | [84] |
75 |
Zizyphus jujuba (L.) Lam. | Fruit, furniture, skin tonic, joints pain, hair tonic, backache, burning | Liver tonic, GIT disorder | |
76 |
Murraya koenigii L. | Stomach diseases, wound healing, vomiting, scent, decoration
| Blood purification | [86] |
77 |
Salix lanata L. | Fever, reduce internal pain, fodder, bitter taste | Respiratory disorder | [3] |
78 |
Verbascum thapsus L. |
Male disease, internal bleeding | Wound healing, nervous disorder, respiratory disorder | |
79 |
Lycium barbarum L. |
Anticancerous, asthma, scent, fodder | Diuretic, skin tonic | |
80 |
Solanum americanum Mill. |
Joints pain, cooking, Perfume, vegetable, fodder | GIT disorders. fever | [48] |
81 |
Withania somnifera L. | Lung disorder, animal disease, asthma, male disease | Fever, joint pain, liver tonic, sexual disorder, eye infection | |
82 |
Urtica dioica L. |
Joints pain, cold and flu, liver disease | Skin tonic, GIT disorder, fever | |
83 |
Lantana camara L. | Fodder, snake bite, cold and flu
| Malaria fever | [49] |
84 |
Phyla nodiflora L. |
Fodder
| GIT disorder, diuretic, blood purifier, wound healing, hair tonic |