Background
Methodology
Procedure
Statistical analysis
Result
Variables | Frequency | Percentage | Mean (sd) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (in years) | 13.88 (± 2.53) | ||
Male | 124 | 61.7 | |
Female | 77 | 38.3 | |
Religion | |||
Christianity | 158 | 78.6 | |
Islam | 43 | 21.4 | |
Class in school | |||
Primary | 38 | 18.9 | |
Junior secondary school | 76 | 37.8 | |
Senior secondary school | 76 | 37.8 | |
Post-secondary school | 11 | 5.5 | |
Primary care giver | |||
Both parent | 97 | 48.3 | |
Mother only | 43 | 21.4 | |
Father only | 19 | 9.5 | |
Others | 42 | 20.9 | |
Family type | |||
Monogamous | 137 | 68.2 | |
Polygamous | 64 | 31.2 | |
Oslo score | |||
Poor social support | 75 | 37.3 | |
Moderate social support | 86 | 42.8 | |
Strong social support | 40 | 19.9 | |
Adverse childhood event score (ACE) | |||
High adverse event (≥ 4) | 57 | 28.4 | |
Low adverse event (< 4) | 144 | 71.6 | |
Physical abuse | |||
Yes | 148 | 73.6 | |
No | 53 | 26.4 | |
Emotional abuse | |||
Yes | 115 | 57.2 | |
No | 86 | 42.8 | |
Route of infection | |||
At birth | 175 | 87.0 | |
Sharp object | 15 | 7.5 | |
Blood transfusion | 11 | 5.5 | |
Hospital admission due to HIV | |||
Yes | 46 | 22.9 | |
No | 155 | 77.1 | |
Family member loss due to HIV | |||
Yes | 48 | 23.9 | |
No | 153 | 76.1 | |
Careful to disclose status | |||
Yes | 177 | 88.1 | |
No | 24 | 11.9 | |
Change CD4 count | |||
Increased | 82 | 40.8 | |
Decreased | 63 | 31.3 | |
Missing/incomplete data | 56 | 27.9 |
Prevalence of depression and suicidality
Correlates of major depressive episode and suicidality among adolescents with HIV infection
Variables | Current major depressive disorder | Life time major depressive disorder | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Total | x2 | p | Yes | No | Total | x2 | p | |
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 15 (12.1) | 109 (87.9) | 124 | 5.348 | 0.021 | 50 (40.3) | 74 (59.7) | 124 | 2.596 | 0.107 |
Female | 19 (24.7) | 58 (75.3) | 77 | 40 (51.9) | 37 (49.1) | 77 | ||||
Primary care giver | ||||||||||
Both parent | 15 (15.5) | 82 (84.5) | 97 | 0.281 | 0.596 | 39 (40.2) | 58 (59.8) | 97 | 1.583 | 0.208 |
With one parent/others | 19 (18.3) | 85(81.7) | 104 | 51 (49.0) | 53 (51.0) | 104 | ||||
Family type | ||||||||||
Monogamous | 22 (16.1) | 115 (83.9) | 137 | 0.225 | 0.635 | 59 (43.1) | 78 (56.9) | 137 | 0.509 | 0.476 |
Polygamous | 12 (18.8) | 52 (81.2) | 64 | 31 (48.4) | 33 (51.6) | 64 | ||||
Oslo score | ||||||||||
Poor social support | 15 (20.0) | 60 (80.0) | 75 | 3.205 | 0.201 | 40 (53.3) | 35 (46.7) | 75 | 7.060 | 0.029 |
Moderate social support | 16 (18.6) | 70 (81.4) | 86 | 39 (45.3) | 47 (54.7) | 86 | ||||
Strong social support | 3 (7.5) | 37 (92.5) | 40 | 11 (27.5) | 29 (72.5) | 40 | ||||
ACE score | ||||||||||
High | 16 (28.1) | 41 (71.9) | 67 | 7.044 | 0.008 | 32 (56.1) | 25 (43.9) | 67 | 4.155 | 0.042 |
Low | 18 (12.5) | 26 (87.5) | 144 | 58 (40.3) | 86 (59.7) | 144 | ||||
Physical abuse | ||||||||||
Yes | 27 (18.2) | 121 (81.8) | 148 | 0.704 | 0.401 | 74 (50.0) | 74 (50.0) | 148 | 6.194 | 0.013 |
No | 7 (13.2) | 46 (86.8) | 53 | 16 (30.2) | 37 (69.8) | 53 | ||||
Emotional abuse | ||||||||||
Yes | 23 (20.0) | 92 (80.0) | 115 | 1.82 | 0.177 | 58 (50.4) | 57 (49.6) | 115 | 3.481 | 0.062 |
No | 11 (12.8) | 75 (87.2) | 86 | 32 (37.2) | 54 (62.7) | 86 | ||||
Route of infection | ||||||||||
Birth | 28 (16.0) | 147 (84.0) | 175 | 0.807 | 0.369 | 73 (41.7) | 102 (58.3) | 175 | 5.129 | 0.024 |
Other | 6 (23.1) | 20 (76.9) | 26 | 17 (65.4) | 9 (34.6) | 26 | ||||
Family member loss due to HIV | ||||||||||
Yes | 7 (14.6) | 41 (85.4) | 48 | 0.244 | 0.621 | 27 (56.2) | 21 (43.8) | 48 | 3.357 | 0.067 |
No | 27 (17.6) | 126 (82.4) | 153 | 63 (41.2) | 90 (58.8) | 153 | ||||
Careful to disclose status | ||||||||||
Yes | 28 (15.8) | 149 (84.2) | 177 | 1.267 | 0.260 | 74 (41.8) | 103 (58.2) | 177 | 5.282 | 0.022 |
No | 6 (25.0) | 18 (75.0) | 24 | 16 (66.7) | 8 (33.3) | 24 | ||||
Change CD4 count N = 145 | ||||||||||
Increased | 7 (8.5) | 75 (91.5) | 82 | 5.388 | 0.020 | 32 (39.0) | 50 (61.0) | 82 | 0.431 | 0.511 |
Decreased | 14 (22.2) | 49 (77.8) | 63 | 28 (44.4) | 35 (55.6) | 63 |
Variables | Suicidality | Statistics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n%) | No (n%) | Total | X2 | p | |
Gender | |||||
Male | 38 (30.6) | 86 (69.4) | 124 | 3.101 | 0.078 |
Female | 33 (42.9) | 44 (57.1) | 77 | ||
Primary care giver | |||||
Both parent | 31 (32.0) | 66 (68.0) | 97 | 0.929 | 0.335 |
With one parent/others | 40 (38.5) | 64 (61.5) | 104 | ||
Family type | |||||
Monogamous | 44 (32.1) | 93 (67.9) | 137 | 1.936 | 0.184 |
Polygamous | 27 (42.2) | 37 (57.8) | 64 | ||
Oslo score | |||||
Poor social support | 29 (38.7) | 46 (61.3) | 75 | 1.458 | 0.482 |
Moderate social support | 31 (36.0) | 55 (64.0) | 86 | ||
Strong social support | 11 (36.0) | 29 (72.5) | 40 | ||
ACE score | |||||
High | 27 (47.4) | 30 (52.6) | 57 | 5.053 | 0.025 |
Low | 44 (30.6) | 100 (69.4) | 144 | ||
Physical abuse | |||||
Yes | 61 (41.2) | 87 (58.8) | 148 | 8.531 | 0.003 |
No | 10 (18.9) | 43 (81.1) | 53 | ||
Emotional abuse | |||||
Yes | 50 (43.5) | 65 (56.5) | 115 | 7.824 | 0.005 |
No | 21 (24.4) | 65 (76.5) | 86 | ||
Route of infection | |||||
Birth | 60 (34.3) | 115 (65.7) | 175 | 0.638 | 0.425 |
Other | 11 (42.3) | 15 (57.7) | 26 | ||
Family member loss due to HIV | |||||
Yes | 19 (39.6) | 29(60.4) | 48 | 0.501 | 0.479 |
No | 52 (34.0) | 101(66.0) | 15 | ||
Careful to disclosure status | |||||
Yes | 58 (32.8) | 119 (67.2) | 177 | 4.236 | 0.040 |
No | 13 (54.2) | 11(45.8) | |||
CD4 count N* = 145 | |||||
Increased | 23 (28.0) | 59 (72.0) | 82 | 2.783 | 0.095 |
Decreased | 26 (41.3) | 37 (58.7) | 63 |
95% confidence interval | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | B | SE | WALD | df | P | OR | Lower | Upper |
Current major depressive disorder | ||||||||
Gender (male) | − 1.273 | 0.422 | 9.085 | 1 | 0.003 | 0.280 | 0.122 | 0.641 |
High ace score | 1.213 | 0.419 | 8.362 | 1 | 0.004 | 3.363 | 1.478 | 7.651 |
Change in CD4 | − 1.426 | 0.539 | 6.987 | 1 | 0.008 | 0.240 | 0.083 | 0.692 |
Constant | 0.891 | 0.423 | 4.447 | 1 | 0.035 | 0.410 | ||
Lifetime major depressive disorder | ||||||||
Physical abuse | 0.505 | 0.386 | 1.713 | 1 | 0.191 | 1.657 | 0.778 | 3.529 |
Total oslo score | − 0.217 | 0.073 | 8.805 | 1 | 0.003 | 0.516 | 0.198 | 0.929 |
Careful To disclose | − 0.662 | 0.490 | 1.829 | 1 | 0.176 | 0.516 | 0.198 | 1.346 |
High ace score | 0.381 | 0.355 | 1.131 | 1 | 0.283 | 1.464 | 0.730 | 2.938 |
Contact route | − 1.335 | 0.478 | 7.807 | 1 | 0.005 | 0.263 | 0.103 | 0.671 |
Constant | 3.100 | 0.999 | 9.623 | 1 | 0.002 | 22.187 | ||
Suicidality | ||||||||
Careful to disclose | − 0.544 | 0.463 | 1.380 | 1 | 0.240 | 0.581 | 0.234 | 1.438 |
Physical abuse | 0.710 | 0.453 | 2.455 | 1 | 0.117 | 2.034 | 0.837 | 4.945 |
Emotional abuse | 0.357 | 0.381 | 0.876 | 1 | 0.349 | 1.429 | 0.677 | 3.017 |
High ace score | 0.219 | 0.363 | 0.365 | 1 | 0.546 | 1.245 | 0.612 | 2.534 |
Constant | − 1.050 | 0.576 | 3.317 | 1 | 0.069 | 0.350 |
Correlation between major depressive episode and suicidality
Current depressive episode | Suicidality | ||
---|---|---|---|
Lifetime depression episode | |||
Correlation coefficient | 0.501a | 0.600a | |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Current depressive episode | |||
Correlation coefficient | 1.000 | 0.410a | |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.000 |