Early-onset hip osteoarthritis is commonly seen in people undergoing hip arthroscopy and is associated with increased pain, reduced ability to participate in physical activity, reduced quality of life and reduced range of motion and muscle strength. Despite this, the efficacy of non-surgical interventions such as exercise therapies remains unknown. The primary aim is to establish the feasibility of a phase III randomised controlled trial investigating a targeted physiotherapy intervention for people with early-onset hip osteoarthritis. The secondary aims are to determine the size of treatment effects of a physiotherapy intervention, targeted to improve hip joint range and hip-related symptoms in early-onset hip osteoarthritis following hip arthroscopy, compared to a health-education control.
Methods
This protocol describes a randomised, assessor- and participant-blind, controlled clinical trial. We will include 20 participants who are (i) aged between 18 and 50 years; (ii) have undergone hip arthroscopy during the past six to 12 months; (iii) have early-onset hip osteoarthritis (defined as chondrolabral pathology) at the time of hip arthroscopy; and (iv) experience hip-related pain during activities. Primary outcome will be the feasibility of a phase III clinical trial. Secondary outcomes will be (i) perceived global change score; (ii) hip-related symptoms (measured using the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) pain subscale, activity subscale, and sport and recreation subscale); (iii) hip quality of life (measured using the HOOS quality of life subscale and International Hip Outcome tool; (iv) hip muscle strength and (v) hip range of motion. The physiotherapy intervention is semi-standardised, including joint and soft tissue mobilisation and stretching, hip and trunk muscle retraining and functional and activity-specific retraining and education. The control intervention encompasses individualised health education, with the same frequency and duration as the intervention. The trial primary end-point is the conclusion of the 12-week intervention, and follow-up measures will be collected at the 12-week post-baseline assessment.
Discussion
The findings of this study will provide guidance regarding the feasibility of a full-scale phase III randomised controlled trial, prior to its undertaking.
Trial registration
The trial protocol was registered with the Australian Clinical Trials Registry (number: 12614000426684) on 17 April 2014.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-014-0543-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
JK contributed to conception and design of the trial, the acquisition of data, and will contribute to the analysis and interpretation of data; has been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published. KM contributed to conception and design of the trial, the acquisition of data, and will contribute to the analysis and interpretation of data; has been involved in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published. MF contributed to conception and design of the trial and will contribute to the interpretation of data; has been involved in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published. TR contributed to conception and design of the trial and will contribute to the interpretation of data; has been involved in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published. KC contributed to conception and design of the trial, the acquisition of data, and will contribute to the analysis and interpretation of data; has been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published.
Abkürzungen
HOOS
Hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score
ICC
Intraclass correlation coefficient
iHOT
International Hip Outcome tool
MCIC
Minimal clinically important change
N
Newton
OA
Osteoarthritis
RCT
Randomised controlled trial
SEM
Standard error of measurement
VAS
Visual analogue scale
WOMAC
Western Ontario MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index
Background
Hip pathology is a common cause of hip pain [1,2], and is associated with considerable morbidity in people aged between 18 and 50 years [3,4]. In recent years, arthroscopic surgery has contributed to advancements in assessment and management of hip pain [5]. Recently, the number of hip arthroscopic procedures performed in the United States [6-8], United Kingdom, Australia [9] and Asia [10] has increased dramatically. In Australia, Medicare data indicate that between 2010 and 2013 the number of people undergoing hip arthroscopy increased by over 50% [9], while in the United States the rate of hip arthroscopic surgery increased six-fold between 2006 and 2010 [7]. Despite good results at between five and 10 years post-arthroscopy years, those with osteoarthritis (OA) at arthroscopy consistently report less favourable outcomes when compared to those without OA [11]. In addition, we recently observed that early-onset hip OA is associated with worse outcomes in people who have undergone hip arthroscopy [12].
Musculoskeletal conditions are second only to mental and behavioural disorders, as global contributors to years lived with disability [13]. Due to its negative impact on individual functioning and health service expenditure, OA has been designated a National Health priority area [14]. The hip joint is a common site for OA [15], affecting approximately 12% of adults in the United Kingdom [16] and the United States of America [17]. As there is no cure for hip OA, the identification of non-surgical interventions that can reduce the progression of hip-related symptoms is important, as this will reduce disease burden [18].
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We recently reported that chondrolabral pathology, a marker of early-onset hip OA, is common in people who undergo hip arthroscopy for hip pain, and is associated with worse pain, difficulty participating in physical activity and reduced quality-of-life compared to healthy controls [19]. Moreover, it appears that early onset hip OA has a significant impact on young and middle-aged people being able to participate in physical activities without difficulty, which could ultimately lead to physical inactivity. Inactivity is associated with adverse health outcomes, which include type two diabetes, ischaemic heat disease, stroke, depression and certain cancers [20]. If the progression of hip OA symptoms can be slowed in its early stages, people with hip OA may participate in greater levels of physical activity, limiting the public health burden of this disease [21,22].
A full-scale phase III randomised controlled trial (RCT) is costly, and before undertaking such a study it is important to establish its feasibility [23,24]. In Australia, hip arthroscopy is mostly conducted in the private sector and such patients may be unwilling to participate in an RCT. In addition, no RCT examining the effects of a physiotherapy intervention has been undertaken in this population, and adherence with the intervention is unknown. The treatment algorithm has not been tested within the constraints of a clinical trial and the adverse events are not known. Therefore, before committing to a full-scale RCT, the feasibility of such a study should be established by undertaking a phase II RCT [24].
The primary aim of this study is to establish the feasibility of a phase III RCT investigating a targeted physiotherapy intervention for people with early-onset hip OA. The secondary aims are to determine the size of treatment effects of a physiotherapy intervention, targeted to improve hip joint range and hip-related symptoms in early-onset hip OA following hip arthroscopy, compared to a health-education control.
Methods/Design
Experimental design
This protocol describes a randomised, assessor- and participant--blind, controlled clinical trial conforming to Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) [25] guidelines. The trial protocol was registered with the Australian Clinical Trials Registry (ACTR number: 12614000426684) on 17 April 2014. Ethics approval was obtained through the University of Queensland Medical Research Ethics Committee (number: 2013001553).
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Participants
A total of 20 participants will be recruited through a single orthopedic surgeon (MGP) in Hobart, Australia, with extensive expertise in hip arthroscopy. This number of participants was chosen in order to determine the feasibility of recruitment into a larger scale phase III trial, as we estimate that 20 participants represents 30% of eligible patients from a single surgeon. In addition, 20 participants will allow for observation of sample variability and any possible adverse responses to the intervention. A project investigator (KM) will screen for eligibility based on history and examination.
Inclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria are as follows: (i) aged between 18 and 50 years; (ii) arthroscopy for intra-articular hip pathology during the past six to 12 months; (iii) evidence of early-onset hip OA (defined as chondrolabral pathology) at time of hip arthroscopy; (iv) hip-related pain during activities such as sitting, squatting, stair ambulation or twisting on the leg and (v) hip-related pain score of over 30 on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS).
Exclusion criteria
The exclusion criteria are as follows: (i) pain that is not confirmed by physical examination of the hip [26,27]; (ii) concurrent symptoms of hip bursitis or tendinitis; (iii) surgical complications, including infection; (iv) planned lower limb surgery in the following 12 months (such as an arthroplasty); (v) physical inability to weight-bear fully or undertake testing procedures and (vi) inability to understand written and spoken English.
Procedure
Potential participants will be identified by the surgeon and invited to contact the project coordinator (JK). (Figure 1) The project coordinator will contact potential participants by phone if they do not respond to the initial invitation. Volunteers will be screened via telephone interview, followed by a clinical examination to confirm eligibility (KM). The randomisation schedule will be generated and maintained centrally by the University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, and will be revealed to the project coordinator (JK) via telephone following the baseline assessment. The blinded researcher (KM) will obtain informed consent (Additional file 1) and will perform outcome assessments at baseline and three months. Participants will be instructed not to divulge their group allocation to the assessor. While physiotherapists cannot be blinded to group allocation, participants will be informed that they can receive one of two possible interventions. Thus, participants will remain blinded to treatment allocation. Participants will be asked to refrain from other treatments, but stable drug doses will be permitted. Physiotherapists will record per protocol treatment. Participants will record adherence with home exercises, adverse events and any co-interventions in a log book.
Figure 1
Flowchart of trial.
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Outcome assessment
Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at the trial primary end-point, which is at the conclusion of the 12-week intervention.
Primary outcome measure: feasibility of a full-scale randomized controlled trial
Feasibility will be assessed by evaluating the willingness of participants to enrol; the number of eligible participants; the recruitment rate; adherence to the intervention, home exercises and log-book completion and the drop-out rate. Adverse events will be recorded.
Secondary outcome measures: perceived global change score
Participants will rate their perceived change following treatment on a six-point ordinal scale (completely recovered, much improved, improved, no change, worse and much worse) [28]. Measuring patient-perceived change using such scales has been shown to be clinically relevant and a stable concept for interpreting meaningful improvements from an individual perspective [29].
Secondary outcome measure: hip-related symptoms
The Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score HOOS-pain [30] will measure hip-related symptoms. The HOOS was evaluated in younger adults with OA [30], and incorporates the Western Ontario MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) 3.0LK [31]. The HOOS-pain subscale is equivalent to the WOMAC pain subscale. We have determined that the HOOS-pain subscale is reliable (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93 to 0.98), with a low standard error of measurement (SEM) of four points out of 100, and is valid and responsive, with a minimal clinically important change (MCIC) of nine points [32].
Secondary outcome measures: hip-related quality of life
The International Hip Outcome tool (iHOT-33) and HOOS quality of life subscale (HOOS-Q) will measure hip-related quality of life. The iHOT-33 is a composite score that was developed for specific use in the hip arthroscopy population [33]. We determined that it is reliable (ICC = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87 to 0.96), with a low SEM of six points out of 100, and is valid and responsive, with an MCIC of 10 points [32]. The HOOS-Q [30] is reliable (ICC = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.84 to 0.97), with a low SEM of five points out of 100, and is valid and responsive, with an MCIC of 11 points [32].
Secondary outcome measures: other hip-related symptoms
Other hip-related symptoms will include the HOOS activity of daily living subscale (HOOS-A), the HOOS sport and recreation subscale (HOOS-Sp) and HOOS symptoms and stiffness subscale (HOOS-S). We determined these subscales were reliable (ICC: 0.93 to 0.96), with low SEMs of three to six points, and have MCICs ranging from six to 10 points [34].
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Secondary outcome measures: hip muscle strength and hip joint range
Hip abduction, extension and external rotation strength and hip flexion range will be measured using our previously published methods [35,36], with high reliability (ICC: 0.87 to 0.95). Briefly, all strength tests will be performed with a Commander Power track II (J-Tech medical, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) hand-held dynamometer. The tester will match the force generated by the participant performing an isometric muscle contraction (the ‘make’ test) [37] and the best of three tests will be recorded. Strength will be recorded as a torque measure, calculated by multiplying the force (measured in Newtons (N)) by the length of the moment arm (measured in metres (m)), and then data will be normalized for body weight (measured in kilograms ((kg) Nm/kg). Specifically, abductor strength will be measured in the supine position, with stabilisation of the contra-lateral thigh, and external rotation strength will be measured in the prone position, with stabilisation of the contra-lateral thigh [35]. Hip flexion range will be measured in the supine position as an active range of motion measure, with stabilisation of the contra-lateral thigh. It will be measured using a Plurimeter inclinometer (Dr Rippstein, La Conversion, Switzerland) as the mean of three measures [36].
Other measures
Potential covariates for statistical analyses
The potential covariates for statistical analyses are body anthropometry: weight, height, body mass index and waist girth.
Interventions
Each participant will be treated by experienced physiotherapists who will be trained and proficient in both interventions (physiotherapy and control). The physiotherapists will receive two training sessions prior to the commencement of the study. Monthly meetings between the treating physiotherapists and the project coordinator (JK) will occur throughout the trial to ensure that the physiotherapy intervention remains consistent. The intervention is a face-to-face physiotherapy intervention, which will be delivered in eight sessions over three months (once per week for four weeks, then once per fortnight for eight weeks). This semi-standardised type of intervention has been described previously in an RCT protocol for post-operative physiotherapy in patients with femoro-acetabular impingement [38]. Participants will be asked to refrain from other physiotherapy interventions during the trial. All participants will be able to discuss concerns regarding their condition with the project coordinator (JK) throughout the trial if needed.
Physiotherapy intervention
Physiotherapy interventions are detailed in Tables 1, 2 and Additional file 2. These consist of (i) manual hip joint and soft tissue mobilisation and stretching; (ii) hip muscle retraining; (iii) trunk muscle retraining; (iv) functional, proprioceptive and sports- or activity- specific retraining; (v) enhancing physical activity and (vi) education. The treatment will be tailored according to each patient’s clinical presentation (such as strength, pain severity, sporting and functional needs), the presence of co-morbidities (such as back and other lower limb pain or pathology), and progressed based on response to exercise load, thus maximising the training effects. The physiotherapist will supervise exercises during each visit. A home exercise program will be performed independently at home four times per week. An exercise manual will be made accessible to each participant.
Table 1
Manual therapy techniques: a semi-standardised approach
Manual therapy techniques
Technique
Aim
Description
Dosage
Timeframe
Soft tissue massage and trigger point release of iliopsoas, adductor group, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, piriformis and tensor fascia latae
Address soft tissue restrictions with the aim of reducing pain and increasing hip joint range of movement
Sustained digital pressure to each trigger point, with the muscle positioned on stretch
30 - 60 seconds digital pressure per trigger point
Session 1 - 8
Massage longitudinally along the muscle belly
2 - 5 minutes of massage per muscle
Mobilisation of lumbar spine
To improve lumbar spine mobility and restore normal lumbo-pelvic movement
Unilateral postero-anterior accessory glides, Grade III or IV
3 - 5 sets of 30 - 60 seconds
Session 1 - 8
Correction of sacro-iliac joint asymmetries
To optimise the position of the ilium and therefore the orientation of the acetabulum
Massage to iliopsoas
2 - 5 minutes of massage
Session 1 - 8
Mobilisation of sacrum
Manual traction if ligamentum teres is intact or ligated and patient is >3 months post-labral repair
Increase hip flexion and/or IR/ER range of motion
Seatbelt around patient's proximal femur and therapist's hips. Gentle inferior and/or lateral traction force applied. May include patient actively moving hip into flexion as traction is applied
3 sets of 10 seconds. If tolerated, increase by 1 set per treatment session to a maximum of 6 sets in total
Session 1 - 8
Legend: IR = internal rotation; ER = external rotation.
Table 2
Home exercise program for hip muscle retraining, trunk muscle retraining, functional and activity specific retraining and stretching: a semi-standardised approach
Home exercise program
Exercise
Aim
Description
Timeframe
Deep hip rotator strengthening
Optimize hip neuromuscular control and improve dynamic stability of hip
Manual hip joint and soft tissue mobilisation and stretching to provide optimal joint range and facilitate control of movement patterns. Within each treatment session, the therapist will measure range of motion (with an inclinometer), and monitor the immediate effects of treatment modalities.
2.
Hip muscle retraining, including exercise to improve hip abduction, extension and external rotator coordination and strength. In order to accommodate a heterogeneous cohort, the hip muscle retraining may be performed statically and/or dynamically in various functional activities (for example, step up and down, squat and/or sit to stand). Resistance will be progressed based on individual responses, and is detailed in Figure 2.
3.
Trunk muscle retraining to improve strength, endurance and control of the trunk muscles. The exercise selection and progression will follow similar principles to the hip muscle retraining.
4.
Functional, proprioceptive and sports-specific retraining. The exercise selection and progression will follow similar principles to the hip and trunk muscle retraining. For example, a person aiming to return to football may perform single leg activities with direction change and pain-free, graduated return to kicking, whilst maintaining good movement control.
Figure 2
Examples of hip exercise progression from non-weight bearing to functional tasks.
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Control
In order to control for the psychosocial contact inherent with the physiotherapy treatment, the control treatment will encompass individualised health education sessions covering topics such as exercise, diet, weight loss and appropriate stretching, in a similar fashion to previously published clinical trials looking at physiotherapy management in older people with advanced hip OA [39,40]. The information sheets have been modified to be appropriate for this younger age group. The control sessions will be provided with the same frequency and duration as the physiotherapy sessions.
Data management, monitoring and statistical analyses
Treatment efficacy will be evaluated by comparing change on primary outcome measures between groups. Baseline characteristics of participating patients of the two groups will be evaluated for their influence on outcomes and included as covariates in statistical analyses if required. Outcomes of interest will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis for all participants. SPSS software (Version 21, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) will be used for all analyses, and significance will be set at P <0.05. Data monitoring will be conducted by an independent investigator (KC), and data will be stored in a locked cabinet and password-secured server. Adverse events will be recorded by the treating physiotherapists who will inform the project coordinator (JK). Trial results will be made available to participants and will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patients for publication of this manuscript and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
Discussion
This study provides detail of the protocol for a phase II RCT investigating the efficacy of a physiotherapy intervention for early-onset hip OA [24]. This phase II study will identify the willingness of patients to enter a phase III RCT, adherence to the interventions and possible drop-out rates. In addition, this study will provide information regarding the treatment effects sizes of the semi-individualised physiotherapy intervention described, and assist in power calculations which will inform future larger scale RCTs.
The physiotherapy intervention described herein is semi-individualised, wherein a standardised program is tailored to the individual patient’s needs, based on assessment and reassessment undertaken at each physiotherapy session. Impairments in hip range of motion and hip muscle strength have been identified previously in people with chondropathy of the hip [41]. Therefore we have included therapeutic interventions targeted to address these impairments in the physiotherapy intervention.
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The control intervention is an alternative physiotherapy intervention, focussing on education and guidance, rather than a ‘wait and see’ control group. This will control for both the attention and advice provided by physiotherapists during individual treatment sessions and may facilitate recruitment, since all patients will receive an active intervention regardless of treatment allocation.
The findings of this study will provide guidance regarding the feasibility of a full-scale phase III RCT, prior to its undertaking [24]. It will also provide pilot data on the efficacy of the physiotherapy intervention described herein.
Trial status
This trial is ongoing. At the time of submission of this protocol, 17 patients had been recruited into the study over a four-month recruitment period, and 16 patients had completed the follow-up period. There have been no reported adverse events, drop-outs or patients lost to follow-up to date.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge Mr Michael Pritchard for assistance with participant recruitment.
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This trial was funded by the Australian Physiotherapy Research Foundation Beryl Haynes Memorial Grant (grant number T13-BH007), and Bodysystem Pty Ltd. Funders will not play a role in the publication or dissemination of study findings.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
JK contributed to conception and design of the trial, the acquisition of data, and will contribute to the analysis and interpretation of data; has been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published. KM contributed to conception and design of the trial, the acquisition of data, and will contribute to the analysis and interpretation of data; has been involved in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published. MF contributed to conception and design of the trial and will contribute to the interpretation of data; has been involved in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published. TR contributed to conception and design of the trial and will contribute to the interpretation of data; has been involved in revising the manuscript critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published. KC contributed to conception and design of the trial, the acquisition of data, and will contribute to the analysis and interpretation of data; has been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content; and has given final approval of the version to be published.
