Background
Tinnitus is the perception of sound without the occurrence of a corresponding external sound source. Approximately 25.3 % of the US population experience some tinnitus and 7.9 % suffer from frequent tinnitus [1]. Currently, there is still no treatment that totally eliminates tinnitus in all patients. Therefore, the goal is to change the reaction to tinnitus and thus reduce the impact of tinnitus on the patient’s daily life. The type of counselling that tries to achieve this goal is called Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT). Early studies have shown that 82 % respond positively to TRT [2]. TRT is comprised of two components: counselling and sound enrichment. Counselling is a one-on-one conversation between the patient and the audiologist or counsellor. A family member may be involved at the patient’s request. The counselling is based on the Jastreboff neurophysiological model [3]. Counselling will educate the patient on the working mechanism of the ear and tinnitus and promote adaptive coping behaviours. The second important aspect of TRT is sound enrichment. This can be achieved through a noise masker or even background noise in the environment. Sound enrichment results in partial or complete masking of the tinnitus, allowing the patient to ignore or transfer it to the subconscious. Philips et al. (2010) emphasised the importance of using low-level noise instead of completely masking the tinnitus to achieve down-regulation [4].
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a form of neuromodulation in which a low current is applied to the brain by means of two electrodes: the anode placed on the dysfunctional site and the cathode placed on a ‘silent’ part of the body. Nowadays, mostly bifrontal tDCS is applied in tinnitus patients with the anode and cathode placed on the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) respectively. However, Martin et al. suggested placing the cathode on the right upper arm and the anode on the left DLPFC to prevent cathode-related inhibitory effects at the cortical site [5]. Research has shown that tDCS can provide temporary relief from tinnitus in 39.5 % of tinnitus patients [6]. In addition, previous studies have shown that tDCS has a beneficial effect on numerical competence [7] and working memory in depressed persons [8]. It also has also been reported beneficial to learning and memory in persons with a brain injury [9].
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The aim of the present study is to evaluate the additive effect of tDCS to TRT. The idea is that tDCS would prime the central nervous system and thus create a stronger and faster learning effect for coping with tinnitus. This setup was based on the research of Martin et al. [10]. Their research showed that performance on a cognitive task could be improved by giving tDCS during the task [10]. The timing of tDCS was also found to be important. Furthermore, Martin et al. [11] found that tDCS simultaneously presented with a cognitive training task led to better within-session skill, with a significant difference found between conditions the following day when compared to presentation of tDCS prior to the cognitive training. Therefore, Martin et al. suggested the combination of tDCS with a rehabilitation protocol to improve the effect of the protocol [11].
Methods
The present study is a randomised placebo-controlled double-blind trial in order to find out if tDCS adds value to TRT in chronic tinnitus patients. Patients will be referred by the ear, nose and throat (ENT) department of the Antwerp University Hospital and will be randomised in group A (real tDCS) or group B (sham tDCS).
Ethics
Written consent will be obtained from every patient. The study protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the Antwerp University Hospital on 27 October 2014 with protocol number EC14/40/406 (Clinaltrials.gov: NCT02285803).
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The patient must meet specific criteria during consultation with the ENT before inclusion and randomisation. The appropriate examinations will be performed to make sure the patients meet the exclusion and inclusion criteria. During the study, the patient has the right to leave the study at any time. The occurrence of severe adverse events also can lead to discontinuation of the study.
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The inclusion criteria are as follows:
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Duration of (worsening of) tinnitus between 3 months and 4 years
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Minimum age of the patient is 18 years old
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Maximum loudness of tinnitus on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ≥ 4
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Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) score ≥ 25
A patient is excluded from the study for the following reasons:
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Pulsatile tinnitus
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Auditory thresholds > 70 decibels hearing level (dBHL)
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Pregnancy
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Treatment of psychiatric disorder by a psychiatrist
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Pacemaker or defibrillator
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Acoustic neuroma
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History of cerebrovascular accident
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Ménière’s disease
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Whiplash
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Epilepsy
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Change of medication use
Study protocol
Tinnitus Retraining Therapy
Every patient will receive approximately six sessions of TRT. The number of sessions will be adjusted to the needs of each patient. The TRT will consist of counselling and adjustment of a noise masker. The patient can try the noise masker at home for 3 months without purchase commitment. During counselling the patient will be educated on the working mechanism of the ear and tinnitus and also learn some coping strategies to deal better with sleeping and concentrations problems.
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
During every TRT session, the patient will receive tDCS during the counselling. There are two groups: one will receive ‘real’ tDCS and the other will receive ‘sham’ tDCS. The latter is the placebo group. Direct current is transferred by means of 2 saline-soaked pairs of surface sponge electrodes (35 cm3) and delivered by a specially developed, battery-driven, constant current neuroConn stimulator (neuroConn, Ilmenau, Germany) with a maximum output of 10 mA. The anode (positive electrode) will be placed on the right DLPFC (Brodmann area 9/46), and the cathode (negative electrode) will be placed on the left upper arm according to the 10–20 international system for electroencephalogram (EEG) electrode placement. The extracephalic placement of the cathode was chosen because of the reduced risk of current flowing from one electrode to the other, and as a consequence, the actual current could stimulate a deeper and wider brain area. Settings for both groups are described in Table 1. For the ‘real’ tDCS group, a constant current of 2 mA will be applied for 20 minutes with a fade-in and fade-out of 10 s. The ‘sham’ tDCS group will receive a tDCS session of only 10 s with a current of 1 mA. Patients in the sham group will experience the same tingling effect at the beginning of the tDCS as those in the real tDCS group, but no real stimulation will take place. Both the patient and investigator are blinded to the intervention type due to a five-digit code that can be entered in the study mode of the tDCS device that will be encoded sham or active tDCS stimulation. The five-digit codes were randomised and supervised by a third party.
Table 1
Settings for real Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and sham tDCS
Real tDCS | Sham tDCS | |
|---|---|---|
Current | 2 mA | 1 mA |
Fade in/out | 10 s | 10 s |
Duration | 1200 s | 10 s |
Side effects
Possible side effects of tDCS are itching or tingling sensation, headache or fatigue and local burns at the position of the electrodes [12].
Outcome measurements
There will be 3 test moments during the trial: before the start of therapy (T0), after the counselling sessions (T1) and after 84 days (T2). The primary outcome measurements will be assessed at every test moment. However, the secondary outcome measurements will only be assessed at T0 and T2 (Table 2). We are interested in the difference in the amount of change between both groups and the percentage of responders in each group.
Table 2
Timing of outcome measurements
T0 | T1 | T2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary outcome measurements | TFI | x | x | x |
Secondary outcome measurements | VAS | x | x | x |
HQ | x | x | x | |
DS14 | x | |||
PGIC | x | |||
Tone audiometry | x | x | ||
Psychoacoustic measurements | x | x | ||
ERP | x | x |
In order to categorise our patient group, all subjects will undergo an audiometric hearing test according to current clinical standards (International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 8253–1:2010) with a 2-channel Interacoustics AC 40 (Interacoustics A/S, Middelfart, Denmark) in a soundproof audiometric booth. The TDH-39 headphone is used as transducer to measure air conduction thresholds of frequencies ranging from 125 Hz to 8 kHz. If thresholds exceeding 20 dBHL are found, bone conduction thresholds will be determined within a range of 250 Hz to 4 kHz.
Primary outcome measurement
Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI)
The TFI is a self-reported questionnaire, consisting of 25 questions, which examines the impact of tinnitus on patients’ daily lives. The patient answers each question on a Likert scale ranging from 0 to 10. Questions 1 and 3 are expressed in percentages, and the Likert scale ranges from 0 % to 100 %. The total score is calculated with the mean of all questions. The answers are converted and the total score is expressed as a number between 0 and 100. In addition to the total score, the score of eight subscales can be determined. The subscales are the following: intrusiveness, reduced sense of control, cognitive interference, sleep disturbance, auditory difficulties attributed to tinnitus, interference with relaxation, reduced quality of life and emotional distress [13, 14].
Secondary outcome measurements
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of loudness
The patient scores the mean and maximum loudness of their tinnitus on a scale of 0 (absence of tinnitus) to 10 (as loud as possible, cannot be any louder).
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
The HADS consists of 14 questions that assess anxiety and depression. The patient can choose between four answer options for each question. The score for both components is a summation of the scores of all the questions belonging to the subscale. A result greater than 8 suggests the presence of a depression and/or anxiety disorder [15, 16].
Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ)
Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC)
The PGIC assesses the patient’s perceived improvement in the severity of the tinnitus as a result of the therapy. The patient’s response options are the following: ‘very much improved’, ‘much improved’, ‘minimally improved’, ‘unchanged’, ‘minimally worse’, ‘much worse’ and ‘very much worse’.
DS14
The DS14 is a 14-item questionnaire that assesses the presence of a type-D personality. Half the items refer to negative affectivity and the other half refer to social inhibition. A score above or equal to 10 (range 0–28) on both scales classifies a person as a type-D personality [19]. The DS14 will be administered once at baseline before the start of therapy.
Psychoacoustic measurements
Psychoacoustic characteristics, such as frequency of tinnitus, loudness of tinnitus and minimal masking level (MML) will be determined. The frequency of tinnitus will be determined by means of frequency matching. The patient may choose between two presented tones or noises until a tone or noise is found that is similar to the patient’s tinnitus. In case of unilateral tinnitus, the contralateral ear is used as the test ear for frequency matching. In case of bilateral tinnitus, the tones will be presented in the ipsilateral ear. Furthermore, the loudness matching will be determined by comparison of the tinnitus to an external 1-kHz pure tone in the ipsilateral ear. Finally, the MML (i.e., the lowest level of broadband noise necessary to mask the tinnitus) will be determined in the ipsilateral ear.
ERP
The event-related potential (ERP) is used to assess the processing of sensory information. The ERP component P300 is elicited by the oddball paradigm whereby the patient has to count the number of rare stimuli (2 kHz) that are presented randomly between frequent stimuli (1 kHz) at an intensity of 70 decibels sound pressure level (dBSPL) with a ratio of respectively 20/80 %. The stimuli used is a tone-burst with rise/fall time of 10 ms and a plateau of 30 ms with a stimulus rate of 1.1/s. Silver/Silver Chloride electrodes are placed according to Standard International Electrode System rule 10–20 on the vertex (Cz), frontal (Fpz) and on the ipsilateral mastoid. The Bio-logic Navigator Pro (Natus, Pleasanton, USA) will be used to measure the ERPs.
Statistical methods
Data will be analysed with SPSS statistical software version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive analyses as means and standard deviations will be used to describe the characteristics of the participants. To compare the results of both intervention arms, repeated measures will be computed if the data is normally distributed. If it is not, the data will be logarithmically transformed first. The outcome measurements will be set as dependent variables; the intervention group (sham versus real) and test moment (T0, T1, T2) are the independent variables. The interaction between test moment, intervention group and hearing thresholds on the outcome measurements will also be calculated. The significance level will be set at p < 0.05. Furthermore, the percentage of responders with a minimum reduction of 13 points on the TFI will be calculated by descriptive analyses and also the confidence interval of the observed difference.
Sample size calculation
Sample size was calculated using Glimmpse 2.0.0, an open source online tool for calculating power and sample size. The selected statistical test was the univariate approach to repeated measures with Geisser-Greenhouse correction with interactions between test moment (T0, T1, T2) and group (real tDCS versus sham tDCS) and the TFI as outcome measurement. A reduction of 13 points is considered the minimum to obtain a meaningful reduction in TFI outcome scores. To measure improvement, the effect size of the TFI is moderate to high [13]. Based on this information, an overall sample size of 24 was needed to reach a desired power of 0.8, assuming a type-I error rate of 0.05 and a standard deviation of 20.
Dissemination protocol
According to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines, the authors declare that data that break the blind will not be presented prior to release of mainline results. Breaking of the blind will occur at the end of the study. A clinical article will be written on the primary and secondary outcomes of the study and will be disseminated regardless of the magnitude or direction of effect. The present trial is not industry initiated; therefore, there are no publication restrictions imposed by sponsors. In addition, a full study report, anonymised participant-level dataset and statistical code for generating the results will be made publicly available no later than 3 years after termination of the study for sharing purposes.
Discussion
Currently, there is no specific treatment to cure tinnitus in all patients. Although tDCS is a known treatment for tinnitus, it has shown only limited relief in 39.5 % of patients [6]. However, previous studies have shown that TRT results in tinnitus relief for 82 % of the study population [2]. This is a long-term process, and our goal of this study is to evaluate if tDCS can provide faster and/or more relief of the annoyance experienced in patients’ daily lives.
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The advantage of the study is that it is double-blind and placebo-controlled. The fact that we compare sham and real tDCS will rule out the placebo effect of tDCS. The study is also based on the literature: a recent study showed that tDCS presented simultaneously with a cognitive training task led to better within-session skill, with a significant difference found between conditions the following day when compared to presentation of tDCS prior to the cognitive training. The authors suggested combining tDCS with rehabilitation protocols [11]. To our knowledge, this is the first study to combine both study methods.
Trial status
To date, patient recruiting has started and the first patients will be randomised in the near future. The end date of study will be December 2015.
Acknowledgments
The present research is financially supported by a TOP-BOF scholarship of the University of Antwerp.
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Competing interests
None of the authors has any financial or other competing interest.
Authors’ contributions
SR, VVR and PvdH conceived and designed the study. SR drafted the manuscript. VVR and PvdH critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.