Background
Methods
Plant material
Preparation of the extract and fractions
Preparation of the crude polysaccharides
Animals
Acute toxicity
Anti-inflammatory activity
Analgesic activity
Antipyretic activity
Anti-diabetic activity
Statistical analysis
Results
Acute Toxicity
Anti-inflammatory activity
Group | Thickness of the paw (mm) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h | 30 min | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | |
Control (−ve) | 7.37 ± 0. 12 | 7.37 ± 0.12 | 7.5 ± 0.0 | 7.62 ± 0.12 | 7.62 ± 0.12 | 7.87 ± 0.23 | 7.87 ± 0.23 |
Total extract (300 mg/kg) | 7.25 ± 0.14 | 6.87 ± 0. 12 | 6.25 ± 0.14*** | 5.62 ± 0.23*** | 4.62 ± 0.23*** | 4.0 ± 0.20*** | 3.87 ± 0.12*** |
Petroleum ether fraction (300 mg/kg) | 7.25 ± 0.14 | 7.12 ± 0.12 | 6.75 ± 0.14* | 6.37 ± 0.23** | 5.75 ± 0.32*** | 5.25 ± 0.25*** | 4.87 ± 0.12*** |
Chloroform fraction (300 mg/kg) | 7.25 ± 0.14 | 6.62 ± 0.23* | 6.37 ± 0.23*** | 5.62 ± 0.23*** | 4.87 ± 0.31*** | 4.0 ± 0.2*** | 3.87 ± 0.12*** |
Ethyl acetate fraction (300 mg/kg) | 7.25 ± 0.14 | 7.0 ± 0.0 | 6.75 ± 0.14* | 6.5 ± 0.2** | 5.87 ± 0.12*** | 5.37 ± 0.37*** | 5.37 ± 0.37*** |
Aqueous fraction (300 mg/kg) | 7.12 ± 0. 12 | 7.12 ± 0.12 | 6.75 ± 0.14* | 6.5 ± 0.2** | 6.0 ± 0.20*** | 4.87 ± 0.12*** | 4.75 ± 0.14*** |
Indomethacin (8 mg/kg) | 7.25 ± 0.14 | 6.5 ± 0.2** | 6.0 ± 0.20*** | 5.62 ± 0.23*** | 5.37 ± 0.23*** | 4.12 ± 0.12*** | 3.75 ± 0.14*** |
Group | % Edema Inhibition | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h | 30 min | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | |
Total extract (300 mg/kg) | 1.62 | 6.78 | 16.66 | 26.24 | 24.54 | 33.29 | 50.82 |
Petroleum ether fraction (300 mg/kg) | 1.62 | 3.39 | 10.0 | 16.40 | 36.08 | 49.17 | 38.11 |
Chloroform fraction (300 mg/kg) | 1.62 | 10.17 | 15.06 | 26.24 | 22.96 | 31.76 | 50.82 |
Ethyl acetate fraction (300 mg/kg) | 1.62 | 5.02 | 10.0 | 14.69 | 21.25 | 38.11 | 31.76 |
Aqueous fraction (300 mg/kg) | 3.39 | 3.39 | 10.0 | 14.69 | 29.52 | 47.64 | 39.64 |
Acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) | 1.62 | 11.80 | 20.0 | 26.24 | 39.37 | 49.17 | 52.35 |
Analgesic activity
Group | Time (sec) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h | 30 min | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | |
Control (−ve) | 58 ± 2.51 | 60.67 ± 0.88 | 62 ± 2.30 | 61.33 ± 1.85 | 59.33 ± 2.02 | 59.5 ± 1.55 | 59 ± 1.47 |
Total extract (300 mg/kg) | 60.25 ± 1.88 | 57.5 ± 1.32 | 94.25 ± 4.42*** | 94 ± 5*** | 152.7 ± 3.28*** | 159.8 ± 4.19*** | 167 ± 3.34*** |
Petroleum ether fraction (300 mg/kg) | 59 ± 2.48 | 60.75 ± 1.93 | 72.25 ± 3.98 | 97 ± 1.68*** | 138.3 ± 7.51*** | 167.3 ± 2.72*** | 171 ± 1*** |
Chloroform fraction (300 mg/kg) | 64.33 ± 1.76 | 68.67 ± 3.84 | 75.5 ± 5.31 | 94.33 ± 4.66*** | 112 ± 4.20*** | 156.7 ± 7.83*** | 169.3 ± 5.72*** |
Ethyl acetate fraction (300 mg/kg) | 52.25 ± 3.19 | 55 ± 0.57 | 57.25 ± 1.75 | 57.75 ± 3.49 | 63.5 ± 2.53 | 59.25 ± 1.93 | 58.75 ± 2.95 |
Aqueous fraction (300 mg/kg) | 62.5 ± 2.32 | 75.33 ± 2.84** | 86 ± 4.91** | 94.75 ± 2.72*** | 108 ± 6.24*** | 155.3 ± 3.70*** | 186.8 ± 5.51*** |
Acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) | 56.25 ± 1.70 | 67.5 ± 3.61 | 71.5 ± 3.66 | 79 ± 2.48** | 93.67 ± 4.37*** | 131.7 ± 5.20*** | 169 ± 7.37*** |
Group | % Protection | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h | 30 min | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | |
Total extract (300 mg/kg) | 3.87 | −5.22 | 52.01 | 53.26 | 157.37 | 168.57 | 183.05 |
Petroleum ether fraction (300 mg/kg) | 1.72 | 0.13 | 16.53 | 58.16 | 133.10 | 181.17 | 189.83 |
Chloroform fraction (300 mg/kg) | 10.91 | 13.18 | 21.77 | 53.80 | 88.77 | 163.36 | 186.94 |
Ethyl acetate fraction (300 mg/kg) | −9.91 | −9.34 | −7.66 | −5.83 | 7.02 | −0.42 | −0.42 |
Aqueous fraction (300 mg/kg) | 7.75 | 24.16 | 38.70 | 54.49 | 82.03 | 161.00 | 216.61 |
Acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) | −3.10 | 11.25 | 15.32 | 28.81 | 57.87 | 121.34 | 186.44 |
Antipyretic activity
Group | Rectal temperature (°C) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h | 30 min | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | |
Control (−ve) | 38.73 ± 0.08 | 38.85 ± 0.02 | 38.85 ± 0.05 | 38.88 ± 0.02 | 39.55 ± 0.13 | 39.9 ± 0.04 | 39.98 ± 0.08*** |
Total extract (300 mg/kg) | 38.63 ± 0.10 | 38.2 ± 0.07*** | 37.3 ± 0.09*** | 36.35 ± 0.06 *** | 36.23 ± 0.04*** | 36.13 ± 0.04*** | 36.05 ± 0.02*** |
Petroleum ether fraction (300 mg/kg) | 38.68 ± 0.08 | 38.23 ± 0.12*** | 38.15 ± 0.02*** | 37.33 ± 0.10*** | 37.4 ± 0.17*** | 37.13 ± 0.07*** | 37.1 ± 0.04*** |
Chloroform fraction (300 mg/kg) | 38.7 ± 0.09 | 38.73 ± 0.04 | 38.63 ± 0.04 | 38.5 ± 0.04*** | 38.43 ± 0.04*** | 38.48 ± 0.04*** | 38.5 ± 0.04*** |
Ethyl acetate fraction (300 mg/kg) | 38.75 ± 0.09 | 38.5 ± 0.04* | 38.2 ± 0.07*** | 37.63 ± 0.06*** | 37.55 ± 0.06*** | 37.2 ± 0.04*** | 37.05 ± 0.02*** |
Aqueous fraction (300 mg/kg) | 38.73 ± 0.06 | 38.43 ± 0.08** | 38 ± 0.13*** | 37.48 ± 0.02*** | 37.43 ± 0.04*** | 37.25 ± 0.11*** | 37.13 ± 0.07*** |
Acetylsalicylic acid (100 mg/kg) | 38.78 ± 0.07 | 38.48 ± 0.06** | 37.7 ± 0.16*** | 37.43 ± 0.04*** | 37.2 ± 0.04*** | 37.2 ± 0.07*** | 37.15 ± 0.02*** |
Anti-diabetic activity
Group | Blood glucose level (mg/dl) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h (fasting) | 30 min | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | |
Control (−ve) | 203.3 ± 2.32 | 201.8 ± 1.79 | 201.3 ± 1.49 | 202.8 ± 1.93 | 207.3 ± 1.93 | 208.5 ± 1.70*** | 208.8 ± 2.78*** |
Total extract (300 mg/kg) | 202.3 ± 1.79 | 201.8 ± 1.25 | 184 ± 2.64 | 150 ± 2.08*** | 145.5 ± 2.75*** | 123.3 ± 3.32*** | 109 ± 4.54*** |
Petroleum ether fraction (300 mg/kg) | 206.3 ± 1.70 | 199 ± 5.05 | 183.5 ± 4.34 | 158.5 ± 4.69*** | 142.5 ± 3.5*** | 129.3 ± 4.90*** | 109 ± 5.35*** |
Chloroform fraction (300 mg/kg) | 206.8 ± 2.32 | 195.8 ± 3.63 | 174.8 ± 2.72** | 149 ± 4.69*** | 141.5 ± 3.40*** | 124.5 ± 4.57*** | 104.3 ± 3.03*** |
Ethyl acetate fraction (300 mg/kg) | 205 ± 2.85 | 202.8 ± 2.62 | 161.3 ± 5.48*** | 150.5 ± 5.12*** | 142 ± 3.87*** | 113.5 ± 3.86*** | 104.8 ± 2.01*** |
Aqueous fraction (300 mg/kg) | 205.3 ± 3.56 | 204.3 ± 3.63 | 181.3 ± 5.51* | 160 ± 4.93*** | 153.5 ± 2.63*** | 138.5 ± 3.5*** | 112 ± 5.5*** |
Crude polysaccharides (300 mg/kg) | 207.3 ± 3.77 | 199.8 ± 1.25 | 172.7 ± 6.83** | 96.3 ± 6.36*** | 87.25 ± 6.30*** | 72.25 ± 5.28*** | 39.5 ± 2.5*** |
Metformin (150 mg/kg) | 204 ± 2.64 | 199 ± 1.35 | 166.5 ± 6.70*** | 137.8 ± 3.19*** | 126.5 ± 2.21*** | 113 ± 4.54*** | 93 ± 4.08*** |
Group | Dose mg/kg | Percentage of lowering blood glucose level (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 h | 30 min | 1 h | 2 h | 3 h | 4 h | 5 h | ||
Total extract | 300 | 0.34 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 26.03 | 29.81 | 40.86 | 47.79 |
Petroleum ether fraction | 300 | −1.62 | 1.38 | 0.27 | 21.84 | 31.25 | 37.98 | 47.79 |
Chloroform fraction | 300 | −1.87 | 2.97 | 5.0 | 26.52 | 31.74 | 40.28 | 50.04 |
Ethyl acetate fraction | 300 | −0.98 | −0.49 | 12.33 | 25.78 | 31.50 | 45.56 | 49.80 |
Aqueous fraction | 300 | −1.13 | −1.23 | 1.46 | 21.10 | 25.95 | 33.57 | 46.36 |
Crude polysaccharides | 300 | −2.11 | 0.99 | 6.14 | 52.51 | 57.91 | 65.34 | 81.08 |
Metformin | 150 | −0.49 | 1.38 | 9.51 | 32.05 | 38.97 | 45.80 | 55.45 |