Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Drug Safety 10/2005

01.10.2005 | Leading Article

Clarification of Terminology in Drug Safety

verfasst von: Dr Jeffrey K. Aronson, Robin E. Ferner

Erschienen in: Drug Safety | Ausgabe 10/2005

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Nomenclature surrounding drug safety needs to be clear and unambiguous, so that patients, prescribers, manufacturers, and regulators can all understand each other. In particular, it needs to make it clear how adverse events and drug therapy are related to one another, how they are best classified, and their frequency, intensity and seriousness.
In this article, we therefore discuss and define terms used in the field of drug safety, particularly terms that are sometimes misunderstood or misused, including medicinal product, pharmaceutical formulation, excipient, adverse event (or experience) and adverse drug reaction (or effect). We also discuss terms used to define the seriousness, intensity, and risk of adverse reactions, and their classification.
Instead of creating definitions from scratch, as is commonly done, we have taken the novel approach of critically examining definitions that have been proposed or widely used and have formulated new or modified definitions based on a logical appraisal of their merits and demerits. We hope that these definitions will lead to discussion that will allow a corpus of satisfactory definitions to be widely agreed.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Buetow SA, Sibbald B, Cantrill JA, et al. Appropriateness in health care: application to prescribing. Soc Sci Med 1997; 45: 261–71PubMedCrossRef Buetow SA, Sibbald B, Cantrill JA, et al. Appropriateness in health care: application to prescribing. Soc Sci Med 1997; 45: 261–71PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronson JK. What is a clinical trial? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 58: 61–3CrossRef Aronson JK. What is a clinical trial? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 58: 61–3CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Directive 2001/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 April 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the member states relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use. Off J Eur Commun 2001; L121: 34–44 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.eortc.be/Services/Doc/clinical-EUdirective-04-April-01.pdf [Accessed 2003 Sep 26] Directive 2001/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 April 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the member states relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use. Off J Eur Commun 2001; L121: 34–44 [online]. Available from URL: http://​www.​eortc.​be/​Services/​Doc/​clinical-EUdirective-04-April-01.​pdf [Accessed 2003 Sep 26]
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Inman WH. Postmarketing surveillance of adverse drug reactions in general practice. I: search for new methods. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 1131-2. II: Prescription-event monitoring at the University of Southampton. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 1216–7CrossRef Inman WH. Postmarketing surveillance of adverse drug reactions in general practice. I: search for new methods. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 1131-2. II: Prescription-event monitoring at the University of Southampton. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 1216–7CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer MS, Leventhal JM, Hutchinson TA, et al. An algorithm for the operational assessment of adverse drug reactions. I: Background, description, and instructions for use. JAMA 1979; 242: 623–32PubMedCrossRef Kramer MS, Leventhal JM, Hutchinson TA, et al. An algorithm for the operational assessment of adverse drug reactions. I: Background, description, and instructions for use. JAMA 1979; 242: 623–32PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, et al. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events: implications for prevention. ADE Prevention Study Group. JAMA 1995; 274: 29–34PubMedCrossRef Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, et al. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events: implications for prevention. ADE Prevention Study Group. JAMA 1995; 274: 29–34PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organization. International drug monitoring: the role of national centres. Technical Report Series No 498. Geneva: WHO, 1972 World Health Organization. International drug monitoring: the role of national centres. Technical Report Series No 498. Geneva: WHO, 1972
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Laurence D, editor, Carpenter J, contributor. A dictionary of pharmacology and allied topics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998 Laurence D, editor, Carpenter J, contributor. A dictionary of pharmacology and allied topics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Stephens MBD, Talbot JCC, Routledge PA, editors. The detection of new adverse drug reactions. 4th ed. London: Macmillan, 1998: 32–44 Stephens MBD, Talbot JCC, Routledge PA, editors. The detection of new adverse drug reactions. 4th ed. London: Macmillan, 1998: 32–44
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferner RE, Aronson JK. Errors in prescribing, preparing, and giving medicines: definition, classification, and prevention. In: Aronson JK, editor. Side effects of drugs. Annual 22. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1999 Ferner RE, Aronson JK. Errors in prescribing, preparing, and giving medicines: definition, classification, and prevention. In: Aronson JK, editor. Side effects of drugs. Annual 22. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1999
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Edwards IR, Aronson JK. Adverse drug reactions: definitions, classification, diagnosis, management, surveillance. Lancet 2000; 356: 1255–60PubMedCrossRef Edwards IR, Aronson JK. Adverse drug reactions: definitions, classification, diagnosis, management, surveillance. Lancet 2000; 356: 1255–60PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartigan-Go KY, Wong JQ. Inclusion of therapeutic failures as adverse drug reactions. In: Aronson JK, editor. Side effects of drugs. Annual 23. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2000: xxvii–xxxiii Hartigan-Go KY, Wong JQ. Inclusion of therapeutic failures as adverse drug reactions. In: Aronson JK, editor. Side effects of drugs. Annual 23. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2000: xxvii–xxxiii
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Wayne EJ. Problems of toxicity in clinical medicine. In: Walpole AL, Spinks A, editors. The evaluation of drug toxicity. London: J & A Churchill Ltd, 1958: 1–11 Wayne EJ. Problems of toxicity in clinical medicine. In: Walpole AL, Spinks A, editors. The evaluation of drug toxicity. London: J & A Churchill Ltd, 1958: 1–11
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine RR. Factors modifying the effects of drugs in individuals. In: Pharmacology: drug actions and reactions. Boston (MA): Little, Brown and Co, 1973: 261–91 Levine RR. Factors modifying the effects of drugs in individuals. In: Pharmacology: drug actions and reactions. Boston (MA): Little, Brown and Co, 1973: 261–91
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Wade OL, Beeley L. Adverse reactions to drugs. 2nd ed. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd, 1976: Chapter II Wade OL, Beeley L. Adverse reactions to drugs. 2nd ed. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd, 1976: Chapter II
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Rawlins MD, Thompson JW. Pathogenesis of adverse drug reactions. In: Davies DM, editor. Textbook of adverse drug reactions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977: 44 Rawlins MD, Thompson JW. Pathogenesis of adverse drug reactions. In: Davies DM, editor. Textbook of adverse drug reactions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977: 44
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Rawlins MD, Thompson JW. Pathogenesis of adverse drug reactions. In: Davies DM, editor. Textbook of adverse drug reactions. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981: 11 Rawlins MD, Thompson JW. Pathogenesis of adverse drug reactions. In: Davies DM, editor. Textbook of adverse drug reactions. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981: 11
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Grahame-Smith DG, Aronson JK. The Oxford textbook of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984: 134 Grahame-Smith DG, Aronson JK. The Oxford textbook of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984: 134
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoigné R, Jaeger MD, Wymann R, et al. Time pattern of allergic reactions to drugs. Agents Actions Suppl 1990; 29: 39–58PubMedCrossRef Hoigné R, Jaeger MD, Wymann R, et al. Time pattern of allergic reactions to drugs. Agents Actions Suppl 1990; 29: 39–58PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Park BK, Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR. Idiosyncratic drug reactions: a mechanistic evaluation of risk factors. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 34: 377–95PubMedCrossRef Park BK, Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR. Idiosyncratic drug reactions: a mechanistic evaluation of risk factors. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 34: 377–95PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Laurence DR, Bennett PN. Clinical pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 121–2 Laurence DR, Bennett PN. Clinical pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 121–2
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferner R, Mann RD. Drug safety and pharmacovigilance. In: Page C, Curtis MJ, Sutter MC, et al., editors. Integrated pharmacology. 1st ed. London: Mosby, 1997: 83–90 Ferner R, Mann RD. Drug safety and pharmacovigilance. In: Page C, Curtis MJ, Sutter MC, et al., editors. Integrated pharmacology. 1st ed. London: Mosby, 1997: 83–90
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronson JK. Evidence-based medicine and the principles of drug therapy. Chapter 2. In: Haslett C, Chilvers ER, Boon NA, et al., editors. 19th ed. Davidson’s textbook of medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2002 Aronson JK. Evidence-based medicine and the principles of drug therapy. Chapter 2. In: Haslett C, Chilvers ER, Boon NA, et al., editors. 19th ed. Davidson’s textbook of medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2002
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Aronson JK, Ferner RE. Joining the DoTS: classifying adverse drug reactions by dose responsiveness, time course, and susceptibility. BMJ 2003; 327: 1222–5PubMedCrossRef Aronson JK, Ferner RE. Joining the DoTS: classifying adverse drug reactions by dose responsiveness, time course, and susceptibility. BMJ 2003; 327: 1222–5PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Rawlins MD. Clinical pharmacology: adverse reactions to drugs. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 974–6CrossRef Rawlins MD. Clinical pharmacology: adverse reactions to drugs. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 974–6CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Rawlins MD, Thomas SHL. Mechanisms of adverse drug reactions. In: Davies DM, Ferner RE, De Glanville H, editors. Davies’s textbook of adverse drug reactions. 5th ed. London: Chapman & Hall Medical, 1998: 40 Rawlins MD, Thomas SHL. Mechanisms of adverse drug reactions. In: Davies DM, Ferner RE, De Glanville H, editors. Davies’s textbook of adverse drug reactions. 5th ed. London: Chapman & Hall Medical, 1998: 40
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Frenz DA. Interpreting atmospheric pollen counts for use in clinical allergy: allergic symptomology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 86: 150–7PubMedCrossRef Frenz DA. Interpreting atmospheric pollen counts for use in clinical allergy: allergic symptomology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001; 86: 150–7PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Troisi CL, Heiberg DA, Hollinger FB. Normal immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients with Down’s syndrome: a basis for immunization guidelines. JAMA 1985; 254: 3196–9PubMedCrossRef Troisi CL, Heiberg DA, Hollinger FB. Normal immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in patients with Down’s syndrome: a basis for immunization guidelines. JAMA 1985; 254: 3196–9PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedmann PS, Moss C, Shuster S, et al. Quantitative relationships between sensitising dose of DNCB and reactivity in normal subjects. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 53: 709–15PubMed Friedmann PS, Moss C, Shuster S, et al. Quantitative relationships between sensitising dose of DNCB and reactivity in normal subjects. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 53: 709–15PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Cameron HA, Ramsay LE. The lupus syndrome induced by hydralazine: a common complication with low dose treatment. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289: 410–2CrossRef Cameron HA, Ramsay LE. The lupus syndrome induced by hydralazine: a common complication with low dose treatment. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1984; 289: 410–2CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith SE, Rawlins MD. Variability in human drug response. London: Butterworths, 1973 Smith SE, Rawlins MD. Variability in human drug response. London: Butterworths, 1973
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallace MR, Mascola JR, Oldfield EC. Red man syndrome: incidence, etiology and prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 1991; 164: 1180–5PubMedCrossRef Wallace MR, Mascola JR, Oldfield EC. Red man syndrome: incidence, etiology and prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 1991; 164: 1180–5PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Alderman CP. Adverse effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 1996; 30: 55–61PubMed Alderman CP. Adverse effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 1996; 30: 55–61PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Saxon A, Beall GN, Rohr AS, et al. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 204–15PubMed Saxon A, Beall GN, Rohr AS, et al. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 204–15PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Geyman JP, Erickson S. The ampicillin rash as a diagnostic and management problem: case reports and literature review. J Fam Pract 1978; 7: 493–6PubMed Geyman JP, Erickson S. The ampicillin rash as a diagnostic and management problem: case reports and literature review. J Fam Pract 1978; 7: 493–6PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Li KL, Huang HS, Wang PW, et al. Agranulocytosis associated with anti-thyroid drug in patients with Graves’ thyrotoxicosis: report of 11 cases. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi 1991; 14: 168–73PubMed Li KL, Huang HS, Wang PW, et al. Agranulocytosis associated with anti-thyroid drug in patients with Graves’ thyrotoxicosis: report of 11 cases. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi 1991; 14: 168–73PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Zornberg GL, Jick H. Antipsychotic drug use and risk of first-time idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a case-control study. Lancet 2000; 356: 1219–23PubMedCrossRef Zornberg GL, Jick H. Antipsychotic drug use and risk of first-time idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a case-control study. Lancet 2000; 356: 1219–23PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Hektoen L. Allergy or anaphylaxis in experiment and disease. JAMA 1912; 58: 1081–8CrossRef Hektoen L. Allergy or anaphylaxis in experiment and disease. JAMA 1912; 58: 1081–8CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson J, Weiner E, editors. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989 Simpson J, Weiner E, editors. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenheim ML, Moulton R, editors. Sensitivity reactions to drugs. Oxford: Blackwells Scientific Publications, 1958: 4 Rosenheim ML, Moulton R, editors. Sensitivity reactions to drugs. Oxford: Blackwells Scientific Publications, 1958: 4
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoigné RV. Should “idiosyncrasy” be defined as equivalent to “type B” adverse drug reactions? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1997; 6: 213PubMedCrossRef Hoigné RV. Should “idiosyncrasy” be defined as equivalent to “type B” adverse drug reactions? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1997; 6: 213PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 30th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders, 2003 Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 30th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders, 2003
45.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Venulet J. Monitoring adverse reactions to drugs. In: Jucken E, editor. Progress in drug research. Basle: Berghausen Verlag, 1977 Venulet J. Monitoring adverse reactions to drugs. In: Jucken E, editor. Progress in drug research. Basle: Berghausen Verlag, 1977
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Tangrea JA, Adrianza ME, McAdams M. A method for the detection and management of adverse events in clinical trials. Drug Inf J 1991; 25: 63–80CrossRef Tangrea JA, Adrianza ME, McAdams M. A method for the detection and management of adverse events in clinical trials. Drug Inf J 1991; 25: 63–80CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Assenzo JR, Sho VS. Use of statistics in the analysis of side-effect data from clinical trials of psychoactive agents. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1982; 6: 543–50PubMedCrossRef Assenzo JR, Sho VS. Use of statistics in the analysis of side-effect data from clinical trials of psychoactive agents. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1982; 6: 543–50PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Grohmann R, Rütter E, Sassim N, et al. Adverse effects of clozapine. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99: S101–4PubMedCrossRef Grohmann R, Rütter E, Sassim N, et al. Adverse effects of clozapine. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99: S101–4PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organization. Letter MIO/372/2(A). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991 World Health Organization. Letter MIO/372/2(A). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1991
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyboom RHB, Royer RJ. Causality classification at pharmacovigilance centres in the European Community. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1992; 1: 87–97CrossRef Meyboom RHB, Royer RJ. Causality classification at pharmacovigilance centres in the European Community. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1992; 1: 87–97CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Hutchinson TA, Leventhal JM, Kramer MS, et al. An algorithm for the operational assessment of adverse drug reactions. II: Demonstration of reproducibility and validity. JAMA 1979; 242: 633–8PubMedCrossRef Hutchinson TA, Leventhal JM, Kramer MS, et al. An algorithm for the operational assessment of adverse drug reactions. II: Demonstration of reproducibility and validity. JAMA 1979; 242: 633–8PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Leventhal JM, Hutchinson TA, Kramer MS, et al. An algorithm for the operational assessment of adverse drug reactions. III: Results of tests among clinicians. JAMA 1979; 242: 1991–4PubMedCrossRef Leventhal JM, Hutchinson TA, Kramer MS, et al. An algorithm for the operational assessment of adverse drug reactions. III: Results of tests among clinicians. JAMA 1979; 242: 1991–4PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, et al. A method for estimating the probability for adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30: 239–45PubMedCrossRef Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, et al. A method for estimating the probability for adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30: 239–45PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Lanctot KL, Naranjo CA. Comparison of the Bayesian approach and a simple algorithm for assessment of adverse drug events. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 692–8PubMedCrossRef Lanctot KL, Naranjo CA. Comparison of the Bayesian approach and a simple algorithm for assessment of adverse drug events. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 58: 692–8PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Stephens MDB. The diagnosis of adverse medical events associated with drug treatment. Adverse Drug React Acute Poisoning Rev 1987; 1: 1–35 Stephens MDB. The diagnosis of adverse medical events associated with drug treatment. Adverse Drug React Acute Poisoning Rev 1987; 1: 1–35
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyboom RH, Hekster YA, Egberts AC, et al. Causal or casual? The role of causality assessment in pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf 1997; 17: 374–89PubMedCrossRef Meyboom RH, Hekster YA, Egberts AC, et al. Causal or casual? The role of causality assessment in pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf 1997; 17: 374–89PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Bryant GD, Norman GR. Expressions of probability: words and numbers [letter]. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 411PubMed Bryant GD, Norman GR. Expressions of probability: words and numbers [letter]. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 411PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Kong A, Barnett GO, Mosteller F, et al. How medical professionals evaluate expressions of probability. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 740–4PubMedCrossRef Kong A, Barnett GO, Mosteller F, et al. How medical professionals evaluate expressions of probability. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 740–4PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Royal Society Study Group. Risk assessment. London: The Royal Society, 1983 Royal Society Study Group. Risk assessment. London: The Royal Society, 1983
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindquist M, Edwards IR, Bate A, et al. From Association to Alert: a revised approach to international signal analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1999; 8: S15–25PubMedCrossRef Lindquist M, Edwards IR, Bate A, et al. From Association to Alert: a revised approach to international signal analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1999; 8: S15–25PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Bate A, Lindquist M, Edwards IR, et al. A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 54: 315–21PubMedCrossRef Bate A, Lindquist M, Edwards IR, et al. A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998; 54: 315–21PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Orre R, Lansner A, Bate A, et al. Bayesian neural networks with confidence estimations applied to data mining. Comput Stat Data Analysis 2000; 34: 473–93CrossRef Orre R, Lansner A, Bate A, et al. Bayesian neural networks with confidence estimations applied to data mining. Comput Stat Data Analysis 2000; 34: 473–93CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindquist M, Stahl M, Bate A, et al. A retrospective valuation of a data mining approach to aid finding new adverse drug reaction signals in the WHO international database. Drug Saf 2000; 23: 533–42PubMedCrossRef Lindquist M, Stahl M, Bate A, et al. A retrospective valuation of a data mining approach to aid finding new adverse drug reaction signals in the WHO international database. Drug Saf 2000; 23: 533–42PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Venning GR. Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 284: 249–52CrossRef Venning GR. Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1982; 284: 249–52CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Kenney RM. Between never and always. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1097–8PubMed Kenney RM. Between never and always. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1097–8PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Toogood JH. What do we mean by “usually”? [letter]. Lancet 1980; I: 1094CrossRef Toogood JH. What do we mean by “usually”? [letter]. Lancet 1980; I: 1094CrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Roberts DE, Gupta G. How medical professionals evaluate expressions of probability [letter]. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 550 Roberts DE, Gupta G. How medical professionals evaluate expressions of probability [letter]. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 550
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Marion MN, Simon P. Signification des adverbes utilises pour indiquer la frequence des effets secondaries d’un medicament. Therapie 1984; 39: 4762–3 Marion MN, Simon P. Signification des adverbes utilises pour indiquer la frequence des effets secondaries d’un medicament. Therapie 1984; 39: 4762–3
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Mapes REA. Verbal and numerical estimates of probability in therapeutic contexts. Soc Sci Med 1979; 13A: 277–82PubMed Mapes REA. Verbal and numerical estimates of probability in therapeutic contexts. Soc Sci Med 1979; 13A: 277–82PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Calman KC. Cancer: science and society and the communication of risk. BMJ 1996; 313: 799–802PubMedCrossRef Calman KC. Cancer: science and society and the communication of risk. BMJ 1996; 313: 799–802PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood SM, Coulson R. Adverse Drug Reactions On-line Information Tracking (ADROIT). Pharm Med 1993; 7: 203–13 Wood SM, Coulson R. Adverse Drug Reactions On-line Information Tracking (ADROIT). Pharm Med 1993; 7: 203–13
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown EG. Effects of coding dictionary on signal generation: a consideration of use of MedDRA compared with WHO-ART. Drug Saf 2002; 25: 445–52PubMedCrossRef Brown EG. Effects of coding dictionary on signal generation: a consideration of use of MedDRA compared with WHO-ART. Drug Saf 2002; 25: 445–52PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang AY, Sable JH, Spackman KA. The SNOMED clinical terms development process: refinement and analysis of content. Proc AMIA Symp 2002: 9 Wang AY, Sable JH, Spackman KA. The SNOMED clinical terms development process: refinement and analysis of content. Proc AMIA Symp 2002: 9
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. Basic requirements for the use of terms for reporting adverse drug reactions. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1992; 1: 39’45 Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. Basic requirements for the use of terms for reporting adverse drug reactions. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1992; 1: 39’45
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Bankowski Z, Bruppacher R, Crusius I, Gallagher J, Kremer G, Venulet J, editors. Reporting adverse drug reactions: definitions of terms and criteria for their use. Geneva: CIOMS, 1999 Bankowski Z, Bruppacher R, Crusius I, Gallagher J, Kremer G, Venulet J, editors. Reporting adverse drug reactions: definitions of terms and criteria for their use. Geneva: CIOMS, 1999
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown EG, Wood L, Wood S. The medical dictionary for regulatory activities (MedDRA). Drug Saf 1999; 20: 109–17PubMedCrossRef Brown EG, Wood L, Wood S. The medical dictionary for regulatory activities (MedDRA). Drug Saf 1999; 20: 109–17PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Johansson SG, Hourihane JO, Bousquet J, et al. A revised nomenclature for allergy: an EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy 2001; 56: 813–24PubMedCrossRef Johansson SG, Hourihane JO, Bousquet J, et al. A revised nomenclature for allergy: an EAACI position statement from the EAACI nomenclature task force. Allergy 2001; 56: 813–24PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Herxheimer A. Benefit, risk and harm. Aust Presc 2001; 24: 18 Herxheimer A. Benefit, risk and harm. Aust Presc 2001; 24: 18
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandercock P, Berge E, Dennis M, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementation of thrombolytic and neuroprotective therapy for acute ischaemic stroke in the NHS. Health Technol Assess 2002; 6: 1–112PubMed Sandercock P, Berge E, Dennis M, et al. A systematic review of the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementation of thrombolytic and neuroprotective therapy for acute ischaemic stroke in the NHS. Health Technol Assess 2002; 6: 1–112PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Hunink MG, Bult JR, de Vries J, et al. Uncertainty in decision models analyzing cost-effectiveness: the joint distribution of incremental costs and effectiveness evaluated with a nonparametric bootstrap method. Med Decis Making 1998; 18: 337–46PubMedCrossRef Hunink MG, Bult JR, de Vries J, et al. Uncertainty in decision models analyzing cost-effectiveness: the joint distribution of incremental costs and effectiveness evaluated with a nonparametric bootstrap method. Med Decis Making 1998; 18: 337–46PubMedCrossRef
88.
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Mazzotta P, Magee LA. A risk-benefit assessment of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Drugs 2000; 59: 781–800PubMedCrossRef Mazzotta P, Magee LA. A risk-benefit assessment of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Drugs 2000; 59: 781–800PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Delamothe T. Reporting adverse drug reactions. BMJ 1992; 304: 465 Delamothe T. Reporting adverse drug reactions. BMJ 1992; 304: 465
Metadaten
Titel
Clarification of Terminology in Drug Safety
verfasst von
Dr Jeffrey K. Aronson
Robin E. Ferner
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2005
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Drug Safety / Ausgabe 10/2005
Print ISSN: 0114-5916
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1942
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200528100-00003

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 10/2005

Drug Safety 10/2005 Zur Ausgabe