nach oben

Drugs

Erschienen in:

01.01.2003 | Adis Drug Evaluation

Pantoprazole

An Update of its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Use in the Management of Acid-Related Disorders

verfasst von: Susan M. Cheer, Amitabh Prakash, Diana Faulds, Harriet M. Lamb

Erschienen in: Drugs | Ausgabe 1/2003

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Summary

Abstract

Pantoprazole (Protonix® ) is an irreversible proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that reduces gastric acid secretion.

In combination with two antimicrobial agents (most commonly metronidazole, clarithromycin or amoxicillin) for 6–14 days, pantoprazole 40mg twice daily produced Helicobacter pylori eradication rates of 71–93.8% (intent-to-treat [ITT] or modified ITT analysis) in patients without known antibacterial resistance. Pantoprazole-containing triple therapy was at least as effective as omeprazole- and similar in efficacy to lansoprazole-containing triple therapy in large trials.

In the treatment of moderate to severe gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), oral pantoprazole 40 mg/day was as effective as other PPIs (omeprazole, omeprazole multiple unit pellet system, lansoprazole and esomeprazole) and significantly more effective than histamine H₂-antagonists. Pantoprazole 20 mg/day provided effective mucosal healing in patients with GORD and mild oesophagitis. Intravenous pantoprazole 40 mg/day can be used in patients who are unable to take oral medication. Oral pantoprazole 20–40 mg/day for up to 24 months prevented relapse in most patients with healed GORD.

According to preliminary data, oral pantoprazole 20 or 40 mg/day was effective t healing and preventing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-relatedulcers, and intravenous pantoprazole was at least as effective as intravenous ranitidine in preventing ulcer rebleeding after endoscopic haemostasis. Oral or intravenous pantoprazole up to 240 mg/day maintained target acid output levels in most patients with hypersecretory conditions, including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Oral and intravenous pantoprazole appear to be well tolerated in patients with acid-related disorders in short- and long-term trials. Tolerability with oral pantoprazole was similar to that with other PPIs or histamine H₂-antagonists in short-term trials. Formal drug interaction studies have not revealed any clinically significant interactions between pantoprazole and other agents.

In conclusion, pantoprazole is an effective agent in the management of acid-related disorders. As a component of triple therapy for H. pylori eradication and as monotherapy for the healing of oesophagitis and maintenance of GORD, pantoprazole has shown similar efficacy to other PPIs and greater efficacy than histamine H₂-antagonists. Limited data suggest that it is also effective in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and in preventing ulcer rebleeding. Pantoprazole is well tolerated with minimal potential for drug interactions. The availability of pantoprazole as both oral and intravenous formulations provides flexibility when the oral route of administration is not appropriate. Thus, pantoprazole is a valuable alternative to other PPIs in the treatment of acid-related disorders.

Overview of Pharmacodynamic Properties

Pantoprazole, a substituted benzimidazole derivative, decreases gastric acid secretion by irreversibly inhibiting the proton pump (H⁺/K⁺-ATPase) in stimulated gastric parietal cells. Like other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), pantoprazole is a prodrug which is activated and accumulates in an acid environment. However, pantoprazole is more stable in neutral to moderately acidic conditions in vitro than omeprazole, lansoprazole or rabeprazole, suggesting that it is less likely to become activated in moderately acidic compartments of the body. In addition, pantoprazole binds specifically in vitro to a region of the proton pump that is crucial for ATPase activity and acid transport; omeprazole, lansoprazole or rabeprazole have additional sites of binding.

Optimal acid inhibition is observed after oral pantoprazole 40 mg/day administered in the morning. Acid inhibition with pantoprazole 40 mg/day is greater than that with ranitidine 300 mg/day or omeprazole 20 mg/day, similar to that with omeprazole 40 mg/day, greater than or similar to that with omeprazole multiple unit pellet system (MUPS) 20 mg/day and lower than or similar to that with lansoprazole 30 mg/day or esomeprazole 40 mg/day after repeated administration.

Oral and intravenous pantoprazole 20 or 40mg once daily inhibit acid secretion to a similar extent. The suppression of acid output with intravenous pantoprazole 80mg was observed within 1 hour and continued for up to ≈21 hours. An intravenous bolus of pantoprazole 80mg, followed by an 8 mg/h infusion for 72 hours increased median intragastric pH to >6 after endoscopic haemostasis in patients with bleeding ulcer.

Overview of Pharmacokinetic Properties

Orally administered pantoprazole is rapidly absorbed and has an absolute oral bioavailability of 77%. Drug absorption is unaffected by the presence of food or antacids. Peak plasma concentrations and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) increased dose-dependently with intravenous pantoprazole 20–80mg.

Pantoprazole is completely metabolised by the hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes with no parent drug being found in the urine. The elimination half-life (t1/2) of pantoprazole is ≈1 hour. Most of the administered drug (≈80%) is excreted in urine as inactive metabolites.

Dosage adjustments are not required in the elderly or in patients with renal impairment (including those undergoing regular haemodialysis). AUC and t1/2 are increased in patients with moderate to severe hepatic cirrhosis. Pantoprazole has not shown clinically significant drug interactions in formal studies.

Therapeutic Use

Oral pantoprazole 40mg twice daily in combination with two antimicrobial agents twice daily (most commonly metronidazole 400 or 500mg, clarithromycin 250 or 500mg or amoxicillin 1g) for 6–14 days eradicated Helicobacter pylori in 71–93.8% (intent-to-treat [ITT] or modified ITT analysis) of patients without any known antibacterial resistance. Triple therapy with pantoprazole 40mg once or twice daily for 5–10 days (ITT, 76.8–100%) was at least as effective as triple therapy containing omeprazole 40 mg/day (67.5–94.0%) and similar in efficacy to triple therapy containing lansoprazole 60 mg/day (73.1 and 80%) in the eradication of H. pylori in randomised trials in patients with peptic ulcer disease or nonulcer dyspepsia.

Pantoprazole 20 or 40 mg/day was more effective than famotidine 40 mg/day, ranitidine 300 mg/day or nizatidine 150mg twice daily, and similar in efficacy to other PPIs (omeprazole 20 or 40 mg/day, omeprazole MUPS 40 mg/day, lansoprazole 30 mg/day or esomeprazole 40 mg/day) in the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Intravenous pantoprazole 40 mg/day was effective in the initial treatment of moderate to severe GORD; it may be used in patients who are unable to take oral medication and then switched to a similar dose of oral pantoprazole when oral intake is possible.

Oral pantoprazole prevented relapse for at least 24 months in most patients with healed GORD. At 12 months, pantoprazole 20 and 40 mg/day were therapeutically equivalent in most trials; these dosages of pantoprazole were as effective as omeprazole 20 mg/day and more effective than ranitidine 150mg once or twice daily in the maintenance of healing. Pantoprazole 20 or 40mg was as effective as on-demand treatment in two studies in patients with GORD.

After 12 weeks, the probability of remaining ulcer free was 72% with pantoprazole compared with 59% with placebo in patients receiving continued NSAID treatment. Preliminary data suggest that pantoprazole 20 or 40 mg/day has significantly greater efficacy than misoprostol 400 μ;g/day and similar efficacy to omeprazole 20 mg/day in the prevention of gastrointestinal lesions (including gastric and duodenal ulcers) in large, 6- or 12-month trials in patients receiving long-term continuous treatment with NSAIDs. Pantoprazole 40 mg/day was effective at healing NSAID-related peptic ulcers, with healing rates with pantoprazole being similar to those with omeprazole 20 mg/day or misoprostol 800 μ;g/day in a randomised trial.

Limited data indicate that, in the prevention of ulcer rebleeding after endoscopic haemostasis, intravenous pantoprazole was at least as effective as intravenous ranitidine.

High doses of pantoprazole achieved and maintained target acid output levels (<10 mEq/h in patients without gastric surgery or <5 mEq/h in patients with prior acid-reducing surgery) in most patients with hypersecretory conditions in small noncomparative trials. Oral pantoprazole 80–240 mg/day controlled acid output for up to 6 months in 94% of 35 patients with hypersecretory conditions, including Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Intravenous pantoprazole (divided daily doses of 160–240mg) rapidly (within 60 minutes) and effectively controlled gastric acid output over a 24-hour period for up to 7 days, and maintained target gastric acid output (measured on the morning of day 7) when switching from oral PPI therapy, in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Tolerability

Oral pantoprazole 40 mg/day is well tolerated in patients with peptic ulcer disease or GORD receiving treatment for up to 8 weeks. The most frequently reported adverse events (occurring in ≤0.16% of patients) were diarrhoea, nausea, headache or cephalgia, vertigo, gastrointestinal complaints, exanthema or urticaria, meteorism or flatulence, pruritus, and vomiting.

After short-term (≤8-week) administration in randomised clinical trials, oral pantoprazole was as well tolerated as other PPIs (omeprazole 20 mg/day or lansoprazole 30 mg/day) or histamine H₂-antagonists (ranitidine 300 mg/day, famotidine 40 mg/day or nizatidine 300 mg/day).

Pantoprazole 40 mg/day is also well tolerated for longer durations; adverse events reported in pantoprazole 40 mg/day recipients in a 12-month trial were diarrhoea (4.5%), nausea (2.7%), vomiting (2.3%) and dizziness (1.8%).

Intravenous pantoprazole appears to be well tolerated in patients with acid-related disorders; adverse events occurring at >1 % in patients with GORD or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome included abdominal pain, headache, injection site reaction, constipation, dyspepsia, nausea, diarrhoea, insomnia and rhinitis.

Dosage and Administration

Recommended indications and dosage regimens for oral pantoprazole vary between countries. In Europe, the oral formulation is indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcers (recommended dosage 40 mg/day for 2 or 4 weeks, depending of healing) or gastric ulcers (40 mg/day for 4 or 8 weeks, depending on healing) and for the initial treatment of GORD (mild disease, 20 mg/day for 4 or 8 weeks; moderate to severe disease, 40 mg/day for 4 or 8 weeks). Seven-day treatment with pantoprazole 40mg twice daily in combination with twice-daily amoxicillin 1000mg and clarithromycin 500mg, twice-daily metronidazole 500mg and clarithromycin 500mg or twice-daily amoxicillin 1000mg and metronidazole 500mg is recommended in Europe for the eradication of H. pylori. In the US, oral pantoprazole is indicated for the initial and maintenance treatment of erosive oesophagitis associated with GORD, with 40 mg/day for up to 8 weeks (with an additional 8 weeks if required) being used for initial treatment and 40 mg/day being used for maintenance.

In Europe, the intravenous formulation is recommended in those unable to use the oral formulation: the recommended dosage is 40 mg/day in those with duodenal or gastric ulcer or moderate to severe oesophagitis and 80 mg/day (adjusted based on gastric acid secretion) in those with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or other pathological hypersecretory conditions. Intravenous pantoprazole is recommended in the US at dosages of 40 mg/day for 7–10 days in patients with GORD who are unable to use the oral formulation, and at dosages of 80mg every 12 hours (with adjustments if required based on acid output measurements) for the treatment of pathological hypersecretion associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

The dosage of pantoprazole (either formulation) need not be adjusted in elderly patients or in patients with renal impairment. Dosage adjustments are not required in patients with mild to severe hepatic impairment in the US, whereas pantoprazole 20 mg/day or pantoprazole 40mg every other day is recommended in patients with hepatic cirrhosis in Europe.

Sachs G. Proton pump inhibitors and acid-related diseases. Pharmacotherapy 1997; 17(1): 22–37PubMed

Huang J-Q, Hunt RH. Pharmacological and pharmacodynamic essentials of H2-receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors for the practising physician. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2001 Jun; 15(3): 355–70PubMedCrossRef

Fitton A, Wiseman L. Pantoprazole: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in acid-related disorders. Drugs 1996 Mar; 51(3): 460–82PubMedCrossRef

Treiber G, Lambert JR. The impact of Helicobacterpylori eradication on peptic ulcer healing. Am J Gastroenterol 1998 Jul; 93(7): 1080–4PubMedCrossRef

Müssig S, Witzel L, Luhmann R, et al. Morning and evening administration of pantoprazole: a study to compare the effect on 24-hour intragastric pH. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997 Jun; 9(6): 599–602PubMedCrossRef

Reill L, Erhardt F, Fischer R, et al. Effect of oral pantoprazole on 24-hour intragastric pH, serum gastrin profile and drug metabolising enzyme activity in man — a placebo-controlled comparison with ranitidine [abstract no. F252]. Gut 1993; 34 Suppl. 4: S63

Koop H, Kuly S, Flüg M, et al. Comparison of 24-h intragastric pH and 24-h gastrin profiles during therapy with the proton pump inhibitors pantoprazole and omeprazole [abstract no. 1172]. Gut 1994; 35 Suppl. 4: A79

Brunner G, Danz-Neeff H, Athmann C, et al. Comparison of pantoprazole (40 mg sid) versus omeprazole (40 mg sid) on intragastric pH and serum gastrin in healthy volunteers. Gastroenterology 1997 Apr; 112 (Suppl.): A78

Geus WP, Mathôt RA, Mulder PG, et al. Pharmacodynamics and kinetics of omeprazole MUPS 20 mg and pantoprazole 40 mg during repeated oral administration in Helicobacter pylorinegative subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 Aug; 14(8): 1057–64PubMedCrossRef

10.

Ehrlich A, Lücker PW, Wiedemann A, et al. Comparison of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole (40 mg) as compared to omeprazole MUPS (20 mg) after repeated oral dose administration. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1999; 21(1): 47–51PubMedCrossRef

11.

Huang J-Q, Goldwater DR, Thomson ABR, et al. Acid suppression in healthy subjects following lansoprazole or pantoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002 Mar; 16(3): 425–33PubMedCrossRef

12.

Florent C, Forestier S. Twenty-four-hour monitoring of intragastric acidity: comparison between lansoprazole 30mg and pantoprazole 40mg. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997 Feb; 9(2): 195–200PubMedCrossRef

13.

Meyer M, Meier R. Effect of lansoprazole and pantoprazole on gastric acidity in Helicobacter pylori negative volunteers [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1998 Apr 15; 114 (Suppl. Pt 2): A226–7

14.

Tutuian R, Katz PO, Castell DO, et al. A PPI is a PPI is a PPI: lessons from prolonged intragastric pH monitoring [abstract no. 332]. Gastroenterology 2000; 118 (4 Suppl. 2): A17CrossRef

15.

Wilder-Smith C, Rohss K, Lundin C, et al. Esomeprazole (E) 40 mg provides more effective acid control than pantoprazole (P) 40 mg. Gastroenterology 2000 Apr; 118 (Suppl. 2 Pt 1): 22–3CrossRef

16.

Simon B, Mueller P, Gatz G, et al. Equivalent effect of pantoprazole 40 mg o.d. and esomeprazole 40 mg o.d. on intra-esophageal pH in patients with symptomatic GERD [abstract]. Am J Gastroenterol 2001 Sep; 96 Suppl.: S35CrossRef

17.

Hartmann M, Theiss U, Huber R, et al. Twenty-four-hour intragastric pH profiles and pharmacokinetics following single and repeated oral administration of the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole in comparison to omeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996 Jun; 10(3): 359–66PubMedCrossRef

18.

Scholtz HE, Meyer BH, Luus HG. Comparison of the effects of lansoprazole, omeprazole and pantoprazole on 24-hour gastric pH in healthy males [abstract]. S Afr Med J 1995; 85(9): 915

19.

Dammann HG, Burkhardt F. Pantoprazole versus omeprazole: influence on meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999 Nov; 11(11): 1277–82PubMedCrossRef

20.

Bornman PC, Radebold K, De Baere HJ, et al. Efficacious long-term maintenance therapy with pantoprazole (PAN) in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome [abstract no. 3114]. Gastroenterology 2001 Apr; 120 Suppl. 1: A613

21.

Désir B, Poitras P. Oral pantoprazole for acid suppression in the treatment of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Can J Gastroenterol 2001 Dec; 15(12): 795–8PubMed

22.

Ramdani A, Mignon M, Samoyeau R, et al. Effects of pantoprazole versus reference PPIs on 24-hour gastric acidity and basal acid output in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2002; 26: 355–9PubMed

23.

Metz DC, Pratha V, Martin P, et al. Oral and intravenous dosage forms of pantoprazole are equivalent in their ability to suppress gastric acid secretion in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 Mar; 95(3): 626–33PubMedCrossRef

24.

Hartmann M, Ehrlich A, Fuder H, et al. Equipotent inhibition of gastric acid secretion by equal doses of oral or intravenous pantoprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998 Oct; 12(10): 1027–32PubMedCrossRef

25.

Pisegna JR, Martin P, McKeand W, et al. Inhibition of pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion by intravenous pantoprazole: a dose-response study. Am J Gastroenterol 1999 Oct; 94(10): 2874–80PubMedCrossRef

26.

Sander P, Stahlheber-Dilg B, Ley L, et al. The pharmacodynamic effects of pantoprazole I.V. vs. ranitidine I.V. after pretreatment with ranitidine P.O. in Helicobacter pylori negative volunteers [abstract]. Endoscopy 2000; 32 Suppl. 1: E45

27.

Koop H, Kuly S, Flüg M, et al. Intragastric pH and serum gastrin during administration of different doses of pantoprazole in healthy subjects. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996 Sep; 8(9): 915–8PubMed

28.

Mössner J, Koop H, Porst H, et al. One-year prophylactic efficacy and safety of pantoprazole in controlling gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in patients with healed reflux oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997 Dec; 11(6): 1087–92PubMedCrossRef

29.

Netzer P, Gut A, Brundler R, et al. Influence of pantoprazole on oesophageal motility, and bile and acid reflux in patients with oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001 Sep; 15(9): 1375–84PubMedCrossRef

30.

Wyeth Laboratories. Protonix (pantoprazole sodium) delayed release tablets. Wyeth Laboratories, 2001

31.

Dammann HG, Bethke T, Burkhardt F, et al. Effects of pantoprazole on endocrine function in healthy male volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994; 8: 549–54PubMedCrossRef

32.

Kromer W, Krüger U, Huber R, et al. Differences in pH-dependent activation rates of substituted benzimidazoles and biological in vitro correlates. Pharmacology 1998 Feb; 56(2): 57–70PubMedCrossRef

33.

Besancon M, Simon A, Sachs G, et al. Sites of reaction of the gastric H,K-ATPase with extracytoplasmic thiol reagents. J Biol Chem 1997 Sep 5; 272(36): 22438–46PubMedCrossRef

34.

Shin JM, Sachs G. Restoration of acid secretion following treatment with proton pump inhibitors. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1588–97PubMedCrossRef

35.

Pantoflickova D, Dorta G, Jornod P, et al. Identification of the characteristics influencing the degree of antisecretory activity of PPIs [abstract no. 5895]. Gastroenterology 2000; 18 (Suppl. 2 Pt 2): 1290CrossRef

36.

Brunner G, Luna P, Hartmann M, et al. Optimizing the intragastric pH as supportive therapy in upper GI bleeding. Yale J Biol Med 1996; 69(3): 225–31PubMed

37.

van Rensburg CJ, Thorpe A, Warren B, et al. Intragastric pH in patients with bleeding peptic ulceration during pantoprazole infusion of 8 mg/hour [abstract no. P079]. Gut 1997 Oct; 41 Suppl. 3: A98

38.

van Rensburg CJ, Thorpe A, Warren B, et al. Intragastric pH in patients with bleeding peptic ulceration during pantoprazole infusion of 8 mg/hour [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1997; 112 (4 Suppl.): A321a

39.

van Rensberg CJ, Thorpe A, Warren B, et al. Intragastric pH during pantoprazole infusion of 6 mg/hour in patients with bleeding peptic ulceration [abstract no. G1505]. Gastroenterology 1999; 116 (4 Pt 2): A344

40.

Suerbaum S, Leying H, Klemm K, et al. Antibacterial activity of pantoprazole and omeprazole against Helicobacter pylori. Eur J Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10: 92–3CrossRef

41.

Richardson P, Hawkey CJ, Stack WA. Proton pump inhibitors: pharmacology and rationale for use in gastrointestinal disorders. Drugs 1998 Sep; 56(3): 307–35PubMedCrossRef

42.

Hanauer G, Hermerschmidt M, Götz E, et al. Potentiating effects of pantoprazole on the effect of antibiotics in the Helicobacter mouse model [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1997 Apr; 112 Suppl.: A139

43.

Muller P, Simon B. Evaluation of the efficacy of the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole against acetylsalicylic acid-induced gastroduodenopathy in comparison to ranitidine/ an endoscopically controlled double-blind study [in German]. Arzneimittelforschung 1998 May; 48(5): 482–5PubMed

44.

Huber R, Hartmann M, Bliesath H, et al. Pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 May; 34(5): 185–94PubMed

45.

Klotz U. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000 Mar; 38(3): 243–70PubMedCrossRef

46.

Radhofer-Welte S. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole in man. Drugs Today 1999; 35(10): 765–72PubMed

47.

Parsons ME. Pantoprazole, a new proton-pump inhibitor, has a precise and predictable profile of activity. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996 Oct; 8 Suppl. 1: S15–20PubMedCrossRef

48.

Welage LS, Karlstadt RG, Burton M.S., et al. Pharmacokinetic comparison of five proton pump inhibitors [abstract no. S1303]. Gastroenterology 2002; 122 Suppl. 1: A–202

49.

Wyeth laboratories. Protonix® I.V. (pantoprazole sodium) for injection [online]. Available from URL: http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2001/20988s3161.pdf [Accessed 2002 Nov 8]

50.

Tanaka M, Ohkubo T, Otani K, et al. Metabolic disposition of pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, in relation to S-mephenytoin 4’-hydroxylation phenotype and genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997 Dec; 62(6): 619–28PubMedCrossRef

51.

Meyer UA. Metabolic interactions of the proton-pump inhibitors lansoprazole, omeprazole and pantoprazole with other drugs. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996 Oct; 8 Suppl. 1: S21–5PubMedCrossRef

52.

Tanaka M, Ohkubo T, Otani K, et al. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, in extensive and poor metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001 Mar; 69(3): 108–13PubMedCrossRef

53.

Heinze H, Fischer R, Pfützer R, et al. Lack of interaction between pantoprazole and ethanol: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers. Clin Drug Invest 2001; 21(5): 345–51CrossRef

54.

Hartmann M, Bliesath H, Huber R, et al. Lack of influence of antacids on the pharmacokinetics of the new gastric H+/K+-ATPase inhibitor pantoprazole. Gastroenterol 1994; 106 Suppl.: A91

55.

Andersson T, Holmberg J, Röhss K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and effect on caffeine metabolism of the proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998 Apr; 45(4): 369–75PubMedCrossRef

56.

Hartmann M, Zech K, Bliesath H, et al. Pantoprazole lacks induction of CYP1A2 activity in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999 Apr; 37(4): 159–64PubMed

57.

Huber R, Bliesath H, Hartmann M, et al. Pantoprazole does not interact with the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998 Oct; 36(10): 521–4PubMed

58.

Ferron GM, Paul JC, Fruncillo RJ, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between oral pantoprazole and cisapride in healthy adults. J Clin Pharmacol 1999 Sep; 39(9): 945–50PubMedCrossRef

59.

Gugler R, Hartmann M, Rudi J, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction of pantoprazole with diazepam in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996 Aug; 42(2): 249–52PubMedCrossRef

60.

Bliesath H, Huber R, Steinijans VW, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between pantoprazole and diclofenac. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 Apr; 34 4 Suppl. 1: S76–80PubMed

61.

Hartmann M, Huber R, Bliesath H, et al. Lack of interaction between pantoprazole and digoxin at therapeutic doses in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 May; 34 Suppl. 1: S67–71PubMed

62.

Middle MV, Müller FO, Schall R, et al. Effect of pantoprazole on ovulation suppression by a low-dose hormonal contraceptive. Clin Drug Invest 1995; 9: 54–6CrossRef

63.

Walter-Sack IE, Bliesath H, Stötzer F, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between pantoprazole and glibenclamide in humans. Clin Drug Invest 1998; 15(3): 253–60CrossRef

64.

Koch HJ, Hartmann M, Bliesath H, et al. Pantoprazole has no influence on steady state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoprolol in healthy volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 Oct; 34(10): 420–3PubMed

65.

Hartmann M, Schulz HU, Krupp S, et al. Pantoprazole lacks interaction with the NSAID naproxen in man [abstract]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000 Sep; 56: A17

66.

Schulz H-U, Hartmann M, Krupp S, et al. Pantoprazole lacks interaction with the NSAID naproxen [abstract no. 5952]. Gastroenterology 2000 Apr; 118 (Suppl. 2 Pt 2): A1304CrossRef

67.

Bliesath H, Huber R, Steinijans VW, et al. Pantoprazole does not interact with nifedipine in man under steady-state conditions. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 May; 34 Suppl. 1: S81–5PubMed

68.

De Mey C, Meineke I, Steinijans VW, et al. Pantoprazole lacks interaction with antipyrine in man, either by inhibition or induction. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 May; 34 Suppl. 1: S58–66

69.

Ehrlich A, Fuder H, Hartmann M, et al. Lack of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interaction between pantoprazole and phenprocoumon in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 51(3–4): 277–81PubMedCrossRef

70.

Middle MV, Müller FO, Schall R, et al. No influence of pantoprazole on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 May; 34 Suppl. 1: S72–5PubMed

71.

Bliesath H, Hartmann M, Maier J, et al. Lack-of-interaction between pantoprazole and piroxicam in man. Gut 2000 Dec; 47 Suppl. III: A85

72.

Hartmann M, Bliesath H, Maier J, et al. Pantoprazole lacks interaction with the NSAID piroxicam in man [abstract]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000 Sep; 56: A16

73.

Schulz H-U, Hartmann M, Steinijans VW, et al. Lack of influence of pantoprazole on the disposition kinetics of theophylline in man. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 May; 34 Suppl. 1: S51–7PubMed

74.

Dilger K, Zheng Z, Klotz U. Lack of drug interaction between omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and theophylline. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999 Sep; 48(3): 438–44PubMedCrossRef

75.

Pan WJ, Goldwater DR, Zhang Y, et al. Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between lansoprazole or pantoprazole and theophylline. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 Mar; 14(3): 345–52PubMedCrossRef

76.

Duursema L, Müller FO, Schall R, et al. Lack of effect of pantoprazole on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin. Br J Clin Pharmac 1995; 39: 700–3CrossRef

77.

Lorf T, Ramadori G, Ringe B, et al. The effect of pantoprazole on tacrolimus and cyclosporin A blood concentration in transplant recipients [letter]. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000 Aug; 56(5): 439–40PubMedCrossRef

78.

Lorf T, Ramadori G, Ringe B, et al. Pantoprazole does not affect cyclosporin A blood concentration in kidney-transplant patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000 Jan; 55(10): 733–5PubMedCrossRef

79.

Andersson T, Cederberg C, Heggelund A., et al. The pharmacokinetics of single and repeated once daily doses of 10, 20 and 40mg omeprazole as enteric coated granules. Drug Invest 1991; 3: 45–52CrossRef

80.

Scott LJ, Dunn CJ, Mallarkey G, et al. Esomeprazole: a review of its use in the management of acid-related disorders in the US. Drugs 2002; 62(7): 1091–118PubMedCrossRef

81.

Andersson T. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and interactions of acid pump inhibitors: focus on omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996 Jul; 31(1): 9–28PubMedCrossRef

82.

Bliesath H, Huber R, Hartmann M, et al. Dose linearity of the pharmacokinetics of the new H⁺/K⁺-ATPase inhibitor pantoprazole after single intravenous administration [abstract]. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 May; 34 Suppl. 1: S18–24PubMed

83.

Kliem V, Bahlmann J, Hartmann M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole in patients with end-stage renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998 May; 13(5): 1189–93PubMedCrossRef

84.

Danz-Neeff H, Brunner G. Comparative kinetic studies with the three proton pump inhibitors omeprazole, lansoprazole and pantoprazole in patients with complete liver cirrhosis [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1996; 110 Suppl.: A90

85.

Ferron GM, Preston RA, Noveck RJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of pantoprazole in patients with moderate and severe hepatic dysfunction. Clin Ther 2001 Aug; 23(8): 1180–92PubMedCrossRef

86.

Altana Pharma AG. Summary of product characteristics (SPC) pantoprazole 20 mg tablet [online]. Available from URL: http://www.altanapharma.com [Accessed 2002 Nov 8]

87.

Altana Pharma AG. Summary of product characteristics (SPC) — tablet — H.p. — eradication [online]. Available from URL: http://www.altanapharma.com [Accessed 2002 Nov 8]

88.

Chen T-S, Chang F-Y, Ng W-W, et al. The efficacy of the third pump inhibitor pantoprazole in the short-term treatment of Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46(28): 2372–8PubMed

89.

Hahn EG, Scholten T. Efficacy and tolerability of pantoprazole versusranitidine and famotidine in patients with acute duodenal ulcers: multicentre, open, randomised, controlled studies. In: Domschke W, editor. International clinical practice series: the German phase IV pantoprazole programme. Kent: Wells Medical, 1997: 13–8

90.

Rodrigo M, Sáinz R, Hernández JM, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of pantoprazole versus ranitidine in patients with acute duodenal ulcer: Spanish multicenter study [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1998 Apr 15; 114 (Suppl. Pt 2): A269CrossRef

91.

Scheirle A, Fric P, Juhász L, et al. Clinical superiority of pantoprazole vs ranitidine in patients with florid duodenal ulcers [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1997; 112 (4 Suppl.): A281

92.

Bosseckert H. Efficacy and tolerability of pantoprazole versus ranitidine in patients with acute gastric ulcers: multicentre, open, randomised, controlled study. In: Domschke W, editor. International clinical practice series: the german phase IV pantoprazole programme. Kent: Wells Medical, 1997: 19–22

93.

Hunt RH, Smaill FM, Fallone CA, et al. Implications of antibiotic resistance in the management of Helicobacterpyloriinfection: Canadian Helicobacterstudy group. Can J Gastroenterol 2000; 14(10): 862–8PubMed

94.

Alarcón T, Domingo D, López-Brea M. Antibiotic resistance problems with Helicobacterpylori. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 12(1): 19–26PubMedCrossRef

95.

Sachs G, Shin JM, Munson K, et al. Review article: the control of gastric acid and Helicobacterpylorieradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14(11): 1383–401PubMedCrossRef

96.

European Helicobacter pylori Study Group (EHPSG). Current European concepts in the management of Helicobacterpylori. The Maastrict Consensus Report. Gut 1997; 41: 8–13CrossRef

97.

Lee J, O’ Morain C. Who should be treated for Helicobacter pyloriinfection? A review of consensus conferences and guidelines. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: S99–106PubMedCrossRef

98.

Lam SK, Talley NJ. Helicobacter Pylori Consensus: report of the 1997 Asia Pacific Consensus Conference on the management of Helicobacterpyloriinfection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998 Jan; 13: 1–12PubMedCrossRef

99.

Adamek RJ, Bethke TD. Cure of Helicobacterpyloriinfection and healing of duodenal ulcer: comparison of pantoprazole-based one-week modified triple therapy versustwo-week dual therapy. International Pantoprazole HP Study Group. Am J Gastroenterol 1998 Oct; 93(10): 1919–24

100.

Adamek RJ, Szymanski C, Pfaffenbach B, et al. Short-term triple treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection with pantoprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole [in German]. Dtsch Med Wochenscher 1995; 120: 358–60CrossRef

101.

Labenz J, Peitz U, Tillenburg B, et al. Short-term triple therapy with pantoprazole, clarithromycin and metronidazole to eradicate Helicobacter pylori. Leber Magen Darn 1995;25: 122–7

102.

Perri F, Festa V, Clemente R, et al. Rifabutin-based’ rescue therapy’ for Helicobacterpyloriinfected patients after failure of standard regimens. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 Mar; 14(3): 311–6PubMedCrossRef

103.

Pazzi P, Scagliarini R, Gamberini S, et al. Short-term low-dose pantoprazole-based triple therapy for cure of Helicobacter pyloriinfection in duodenal ulcer patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998 Aug; 12(8): 731–4PubMedCrossRef

104.

Adamek RJ, Pfaffenbach B, Szymanski C. Cure of H. pylori infection using a 7-day triple therapy combining pantoprazole with two antibiotics. Helicobacter 1998 Sep; 3(3): 206–11PubMedCrossRef

105.

Eisig JN, Boaventura S, Chehter EZ, et al. One week treatment with pantoprazole, metronidazole and clarithromycin for Helicobacterpylorieradication in duodenal ulcer patients [abstract no. 5639]. Gastroenterology 2000 Apr; 118 (Suppl. 2 Pt 2): 1231CrossRef

106.

Glaser J, Hein J, Daikeler R, et al. Short-term triple therapy with pantoprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori infection [in German]. Med Klin 1998 Feb 15; 93(2): 65–9CrossRef

107.

Triantafyllou G, Raptis N, Petraki C, et al. A short term (weekly) low cost triple therapy (pantoprazole — tetracycline — metronidazole) for H. pylori eradication and cure of peptic ulcer disease. Preliminary positive results. Gastroenterology 1997; 112 (4 Suppl.): A1403

108.

Jarosz M, Dzieniszewski J, Dabrowska-Ufniarz E. Eradication of H. pyloriusing one-week therapy combining PPI with antibiotics and vitamin C [abstract]. Gut 2001 Sep; 49 Suppl. II: 69

109.

Takáts A, Boga B, Gerö G, et al. Efficacy of one week triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori (with pantoprazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin or tinidazole) [abstract]. Z Gastroenterol 1998 May; 36: 448

110.

Ramirez-Barba EJ, Zarate AR, Di Silvio M, et al. Eradication index of Helicobacterpyloriwith pantoprazole (PANTO) + clarithromycin (CLA) + amoxicillin (AMO) for ten days: an open, monocentric study: preliminary report [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1998 Apr 15; 114 (Suppl. Pt 2): A264

111.

Otero W, Gutierrez O, Quintero F, et al. Triple therapy with pantoprazole, amoxicyllin and clarithromycin (P.A.C. 10) to eradicate H. pylori. Gastroenterology 2000 Apr; 118 (Suppl. 2 Pt 2): 1289CrossRef

112.

Dehesa M, Larisch J, Dibildox M, et al. Comparación de dos esquimus basados en pantoprazol para erradicación de Helicabacterpylorien pacientes con úlcera duodenal activa [in Spanish]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 1998; 63(2): 66–71PubMed

113.

Luna P, del Castillo G, Farias R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a seven-day triple scheme with pantoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for eradication of helicobacterpylori[abstract]. Gastroenterology 1997; 112 Suppl. 4: A202

114.

Working Party of the European Helicobacter pylori Study Group. Guidelines for clinical trials in Helicobacterpylori infection. Gut 1997 Sep; 41 Suppl. 2: S1–9CrossRef

115.

Louw JA, van Rensburg CJ, Hanslo D, et al. Two-week course of pantoprazole combined with 1 week of amoxycillin and clarithromycin is effective in Helicobacterpylorieradication and duodenal ulcer healing. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998 Jun; 12(6): 545–50PubMedCrossRef

116.

Adamek RJ, Szymanski C, Pfaffenbach B. Pantoprazole versus omeprazole in one-week low-dose triple therapy for cure of H. pyloriinfection [letter]. Am J Gastroenterol 1997 Oct; 92(10): 1949–50PubMed

117.

Cammarota G, Papa A, Cianci R, et al. Three-day antibiotic therapy with azithromycin and tinidazole plus lansoprazole or pantoprazole to cure Helicobacterpyloriinfection: a pilot study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999 Mar; 11(3): 247–50PubMedCrossRef

118.

Borody TJ, Pearce L, Bampton PA, et al. Eradication of H. pyloriusing pantoprazole quad therapy in routine consultant practice [abstract]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998 Nov; 13 Suppl.: 140

119.

Bardhan KD, Dillon J, Axon AT, et al. Triple therapy for Helicobacterpylorieradication: a comparison of pantoprazole once versus twice daily. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 Jan; 14(1): 59–67PubMedCrossRef

120.

Lamouliatte H, Samoyeau R, De Mascarel A, et al. Double vs. single dose of pantoprazole in combination with clarithromycin and amoxycillin for 7 days, in eradication of Helicobacterpyloriin patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Aquitaine Gastro Association. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999 Nov; 13(11): 1523–30PubMedCrossRef

121.

Dammann H-G, Fölsch UR, Hahn EG, et al. Eradication of H. pyloriwith pantoprazole, clarithromycin, and metronidazole in duodenal ulcer patients: a head-to-head comparison between two regimens of different duration. Helicobacter 2000 Mar; 5(1): 41–51PubMedCrossRef

122.

Meier R, Wettstein A, Drewe J, et al. Fish oil (Eicosapen) is less effective than metronidazole, in combination with pantoprazole and clarithromycin, for Helicobacterpylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001 Jun; 15(6): 851–5PubMedCrossRef

123.

Catalano F, Branciforte G, Catanzaro R, et al. Comparative treatment of Helicobacterpylori-positive duodenal ulcer using pantoprazole at low and high doses versus omeprazole in triple therapy. Helicobacter 1999 Sep; 4(3): 178–84PubMedCrossRef

124.

Rinaldi V, Zullo A, De Francesco V, et al. Helicobacterpylori eradication with proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies and re-treatment with ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999 Feb; 13(2): 163–8PubMedCrossRef

125.

Domínguez-Martin A, Domínguez-Muñoz A, Muñoz S, et al. Efficacy of six days triple therapy with pantoprazole plus clarithromycin and amoxycillin versus omeprazole plus clarithromycin and amoxycillin for H. pylorieradication [abstract no. G0438]. Gastroenterology 1998 Apr 15; 114 (Suppl. Pt 2): 107CrossRef

126.

Adamek RJ, Szymanski C, Pfaffenbach B. Pantoprazole suppresses Helicobacterpyloriwithout affecting cure. Helicobacter 1999 Dec; 4(4): 266–71PubMedCrossRef

127.

Gisbert JP, Carpio D, Marcos S, et al. One-week therapy with pantoprazole versus ranitidine bismuth citrate plus two antibiotics for Helicobacterpylorieradication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 May; 12(5): 489–95PubMedCrossRef

128.

Frevel M, Daake H, Janisch HD, et al. Eradication of Helicobacterpyloriwith pantoprazole and two antibiotics: a comparison of two short-term regimens. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 Sep; 14(9): 1151–7PubMedCrossRef

129.

Vcev A, Stimac D, Ivandi A, et al. Pantoprazole, amoxycillin and either azithromycin or clarithromycin for eradication of Helicobacterpyloriin duodenal ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 Jan; 14(1): 69–72PubMedCrossRef

130.

Catalano F, Catanzaro R, Branciforte G, et al. Five-day triple therapy in Helicobacterpylori-positive duodenal ulcer: an eighteen-month follow-up. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000 Sep; 31(2): 130–6PubMedCrossRef

131.

Ellenrieder V, Fensterer H, Waurick M, et al. Influence of clarithromycin dosage on pantoprazole combined triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacterpylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998 Jul; 12(7): 613–8PubMedCrossRef

132.

Malfertheiner P, Kirchner T, Kist M, et al. BAGUS: Byk Advanced Gastric Ulcer Study pantoprazole for_H. pylorieradication and healing in patients with gastric ulcer [abstract]. Gut 2000 Oct; 47 Suppl. 1: A100

133.

Battaglia G, Benedetti E, Bottona E, et al. Pantoprazole in eradication of peptic ulcer H pylori(HP)positive patients: a multicentre randomized prospective study by GISU (interdisciplinary ulcer study group) [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1999 Apr; 116 (Pt 2): A121

134.

Dehesa M, Larisch J, Dibildox M, et al. Comparison of three 7-day pantoprazole-based Helicobacterpylorieradication regimens in a Mexican population with high metronidazole resistance. Clin Drug Invest 2002; 22(2): 75–85CrossRef

135.

Katicic M, Presecki V, Marusic M, et al. Eradication of H. pyloriinfection with five different 7-days drug regimens [abstract no. ExhB3148]. Digestion 1998; 59 Suppl. 3: 415

136.

Pilotto A, Leandro G, Franceschi M, et al. The effect of antibiotic resistance on the outcome of three 1-week triple therapies against Helicobacterpylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999 May; 13(5): 667–73PubMedCrossRef

137.

Bardhan KD, Morton D, Slater DN, et al. Pantoprazole-based 10-day triple therapy is effective in Helicobacterpylorieradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998 Feb; 12(2): 185–9PubMedCrossRef

138.

Labenz J, Tillenburg B, Weismüler J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a one-week triple therapy consisting of pantoprazole, clarithromycin and amoxycillin for cure of Helicobacterpyloriinfection in patients with duodenal ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997 Feb; 11(1): 95–100PubMedCrossRef

139.

Pilotto A, Leandro G, Franceschi M, et al. Rapid improvement of symptomatology with pantoprazole, amoxycillin and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori-positive duodenal ulcer patients. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46(25): 245–51PubMed

140.

Goh K, Parasakthi N, Cheah P, et al. Efficacy of a 1-week pantoprazole triple therapy in eradicating He licobacter pylori in Asian patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 Aug; 15(8): 910–4PubMedCrossRef

141.

Dajani AI, Awad S, Ukabam S, et al. One-week triple regime therapy consisting of pantoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin for cure ofHelicobacterpylori-associated upper gastrointestinal diseases. Digestion 1999; 60(3): 298–304PubMedCrossRef

142.

Broutet N, Marais A, Lamouliatte H, et al. cagAStatus and eradication treatment outcome of anti-Helicobacterpyloritriple therapies in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. J Clin Microbiol 2001 Apr; 39(4): 1319–22PubMedCrossRef

143.

Bochenek WJ, Yamaoka Y, Osato M, et al. Why are cure rates with PPI triple therapy relatively low in the United States? Gastroenterology 2001 Apr; 120 Suppl. 1: 586

144.

DiPalma JA. Management of severe gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 32(1): 19–26PubMedCrossRef

145.

Lee JM, O’Morain CA. Trends in the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Postgrad Med J 1998 Mar; 74: 145–50PubMedCrossRef

146.

Galmiche JP, Letessier E, Scarpignato C. Treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in adults. BMJ 1998; 316(7146): 1720–3PubMedCrossRef

147.

Eissele R, Gatz G, Hole U. Equivalent efficacy of pantoprazole 40 mg and esomeprazole 40 mg in patients with GERD [abstract no. 137]. Can J Gastroenterol 2002; 16 Suppl. A: 95A

148.

Bancu LV. Comparison between standard doses of omeprazole and pantoprazole in the treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) [abstract]. Gut 2002; 51 Suppl. III: A164

149.

Lacevic N, Bratovic I, Vukobrat-Bijedic Z. Clinical efficacy of pantoprazole 20 mg and omeprazole 20 mg in treatment of mild esophageal reflux disease [abstract]. Gut 2002; 51 Suppl. III: A166

150.

Vicari F, Belin J, Marek L. Pantoprazole 40 mg versus omeprazole 20 mg in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis: results of a French multicentric double-blind comparative trial [abstract no. G1324]. Gastroenterology 1998 Apr 15; 114 (Suppl. Pt 2): A324

151.

Koerner T, Schuetze R, Van Leendert R, et al. Comparable efficacy of pantoprazole 40mg vs. omeprazole MUPS 40mg in patients with GERD II/III [abstract]. Gut 2002; 51 Suppl. III: A166

152.

Pilotto A, Franceschi M, Leandro G, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of proton pump inhibitors in the short term treatment of esophagitis in elderly patients [abstract]. Gut 2002; 51 Suppl. III: A167

153.

Duvnjak M, Supanc V, Troskot B, et al. Efficacy of pantoprazole compared with ranitidine in the treatment of reflux-oesophagitis: a double-blind parallel and longitudinal comparative study [abstract no. P.38]. Gut 2000 Dec; 47 Suppl. III: A60

154.

Menchén P, Martín L, Munox-Navas M, et al. Safety and clinical efficacy of pantoprazole 40 mg in prevention of relapse of reflux esophagitis. Spanish multicenter study [abstract no. 5820]. Gastroenterology 2000 Apr; 118 (Suppl. 2 Pt 2): A1274

155.

Fumagalli I, Klein M, Fischer R. Comparison of intravenous with oral pantoprazole in symptom relief and healing of reflux esophagitis [abstract no. G 0515. Gastroenterology 1998 Apr 15; 114 (Suppl. Pt 2): A126CrossRef

156.

Kovacs TOG, DeVault K, Metz D, et al. Pantoprazole prevents relapse of healed erosive esophagitis more effectively than ranitidine in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients [abstract no. 53]. Am J Gastroenterol 1999 Sep; 94(9): 2590

157.

Lauritsen K, Jaup B, Carling L, et al. Comparable efficacy of pantoprazole and omeprazole to prevent relapse in patients with GERD [abstract no. P39]. Gut 2000 Dec; 47 Suppl. III: A60

158.

Bochenek WJ, Northington RS, Miska D, et al. Pantoprazole prevents relapse of healed erosive esophagitis in patients more effectively than ranitidine, regardless of baseline symptomatology [abstract no. 320]. Gastroenterology 2000 Apr; 118 (Suppl. 2 Pt 1): A14CrossRef

159.

Richter JE, Bochenek W. Oral pantoprazole for erosive esophagitis: a placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Pantoprazole US GERD Study Group. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 Nov; 95(11): 3071–80

160.

Bardhan KD, Van Rensburg C. Comparable clinical efficacy and tolerability of 20 mg pantoprazole and 20 mg omeprazole in patients with grade I reflux oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001 Oct; 15(10): 1585–91PubMedCrossRef

161.

Vcev A, Stimac D, Vceva A, et al. Pantoprazole versus omeprazole in the treatment of reflux esophagitis. Acta Med Croatica 1999; 53(2): 79–82PubMed

162.

Dupas J-L, Houcke P, Samoyeau R. Pantoprazole versus lansoprazole in French patients with reflux esophagitis. French Collaborative Pantoprazole Study Group. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2001 Mar; 25(3): 245–50

163.

Dammann HG, von Kleist DH. Efficacy and tolerability of pantoprazole versusranitidine and famotidine in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: multicentre, open, randomised, controlled studies. In: Domschke W, editor. International clinical practice series: the German phase IV pantoprazole programme. Kent: Wells Medical Limited, 1997: 23–9

164.

Dettmer A, Vogt R, Sielaff F, et al. Pantoprazole 20 mg is effective for relief of symptoms and healing of lesions in mild reflux oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998 Sep; 12(9): 865–72PubMedCrossRef

165.

Meneghelli UG, Boaventura S, Moraes-Filho JPP, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pantoprazole versus ranitidine in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis and the influence of Helicobacterpyloriinfection on healing rate. Dis Esophagus 2002; 15: 50–6PubMedCrossRef

166.

Ramírez-Barba EJ, Dibildox M, Bernai F, et al. Low-dose pantoprazole (20mg) is effective for treatment of mild reflux oesophagitis. Mexican Pantoprazole Study Group. Clin Drug Invest 1999; 18(6): 445–51CrossRef

167.

van Zyl JH, Grundling H.de.K, van Rensburg CJ, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of 20 mg pantoprazole versus 300 mg ranitidine in patients with mild reflux-oesophagitis: a randomized, double-blind, parallel, and multicentre study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 Feb; 12(2): 197–202PubMedCrossRef

168.

Plein K, Schneider A, Fischer R, et al. Efficacy and safety of sequential intravenous and oral treatment of pantoprazole in reflux esophagitis (in German]. Leber Magen Darm 2000; 30(4): 164–8

169.

Wurzer H, Schutze K, Bethke T, et al. Efficacy and safety of pantoprazole in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease using an intravenous-oral regimen. Austrian Intravenous Pantoprazole Study Group. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46: 1809–15

170.

Scholten T, Hole U, Gatz G. Similar reduction of symptom load within 4 weeks of treatment with pantoprazole 40 mg or esomeprazole 40 mg in patients with moderate to severe GERD [abstract]. Can J Gastroenterol 2002; 16 Suppl. A: 138

171.

van Rensburg CJ, Honiball PJ, Grundling HDeK, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of pantoprazole 40 mg versus 80 mg in patients with reflux oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996 Jun; 10(3): 397–401PubMedCrossRef

172.

Mössner J, Hölscher AH, Herz R, et al. A double-blind study of pantoprazole and omeprazole in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis: a multicentre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9: 321–6PubMedCrossRef

173.

Kaspari S, Biedermann A, Mey J. Comparison of pantoprazole 20 mg to ranitidine 150 mg b.i.d. in the treatment of mild gastroesophageal reflux disease. Digestion 2001; 63(3): 163–70

174.

Armstrong D, Paré P, Pericak D, et al. Symptom relief in gastroesophageal reflux disease: a randomized, controlled comparison of pantoprazole and nizatidine in a mixed patient population with erosive esophagitis or endoscopy-negative reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96(10): 2849–57PubMed

175.

Gallo S, Dibildox M, Moguel A, et al. Clinical superiority of pantoprazole over ranitidine in the treatment of reflux esophagitis grade II and III. A prospective, double-blind, double-placebo study. Mexican clinical experience. Mexican Pantoprazole Study Group [in Spanish]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 1998; 63(1): 11–6PubMed

176.

Holtmann G, Cain C, Malfertheiner P. Gastric Helicobacter pyloriinfection accelerates healing of reflux esophagitis during treatment with the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole. Gastroenterology 1999 Jul; 117(1): 11–6PubMedCrossRef

177.

Kovacs TOG, Doherty E, Northington RS, et al. The effect of Helicobacter pylori on symptoms and healing of erosive esophagitis during pantoprazole therapy [absract]. Gastroenterolgy 2000; 118 (4 Suppl. 2): A1261

178.

Calleja J, Sebastian J, Suarez M, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with erosive esophagitis is associated with rapid heartburn relief and lack of relapse during treatment with pantoprazole [abstract no. P.A.025]. J Gastroenterol Heapatol 2002; 17 Suppl.: A216CrossRef

179.

Pulanic R, Premuzic M, Brkic T. Efficacy and tolerability of standard doses of ranitidine, omeprasole and pantoprasole in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) [abstract no. P.A.071]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17 Suppl.: A788

180.

Pilotto A, Franceschi M, Di Mario F, et al. Comparison of omeprazole, pantoprazole and pabeprazole in the treatment of severe esophagitis in elderly patients. Gut 2002; 51 (Suppl. III): A24

181.

Mulder CJJ, Westerveld BD, Smit JM, et al. A comparison of omeprazole MUPS 20 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg and pantoprazole 40 mg in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis: a multicenter trial [abstract]. Euro J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11(12): A74CrossRef

182.

Schölten T, Gatz G, Sander P. Pantoprazole 40mg (Panto) relieves primary reflux symptoms more rapidly than omeprazole MUPS 20mg (Ome) in patients with severe GERD symptomatology [abstract]. Gastroenterology 2000 Apr; 118 (Suppl. 2. Pt 2): A1303CrossRef

183.

Holtmann G, Kaspari S, Bayer H, et al. Superiority of pantoprazole (20 mg o.d) to omeprazole MUPS (10 mg o.d.) in patients with mild gastro-esophageal reflux disease [abstract no. P.450]. Gut 2000 Dec; 47 Suppl. III: A60

184.

Baldi F, Crotta S, Penagini R. Guidelines for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a position statement of the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists (AIGO), Italian Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (SIED), and Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE). Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998 Feb; 30: 107–12PubMed

185.

DeVault KR, Castell DO. Updated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 1999 Jun; 94: 1434–42

186.

Escourrou J, Deprez P, Saggioro A, et al. Maintenance therapy with pantoprazole 20 mg prevents relapse of reflux oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999 Nov; 13(11): 1481–91PubMedCrossRef

187.

Plein K, Hotz J, Wurzer H, et al. Pantoprazole 20 mg is an effective maintenance therapy for patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 Apr; 12(4): 425–32PubMedCrossRef

188.

Adamek RJ, Behrendt J, Wenzel C. Relapse prevention in reflux oesophagitis with regard to Helicobacterpyloristatus: a double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial to compare the efficacy of pantoprazole versus ranitidine. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001 Jul; 13(7): 811–7PubMedCrossRef

189.

Van Rensburg CJ, Honiball PJ, Van Zyl JH, et al. Safety and efficacy of pantoprazole 40 mg daily as relapse prophylaxis in patients with healed reflux oesophagitis a 2-year follow-up. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999 Aug; 13(8): 1023–8PubMedCrossRef

190.

Barrison I, Haboubi NY, Edwards AM. Direct comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of pantoprazole 20mg with omeprazole 10mg as relapse prophylaxis for patients with healed reflux oesophagitis [abstract no. 2240]. Gastroenterology 2001 Apr; 120 (5 Suppl. 1): A439

191.

Scholten T, Gatz G, Sander P, et al. On-demand therapy with pantoprazole 20 mg as effective strategy for long-term treatment in patients with mild GERD [abstract]. Gut 2002; 51 Suppl III: A169

192.

Scholten T, Dekkers CPM, Schütze K, et al. On-demand therapy with pantoprazole 20 mg as effective long-term management of reflux disease in patients with mild GERD: the Orion trial [abstract]. Gut 2002; 51 Suppl. III: A165

193.

Brown GJE, Yeomans ND. Prevention of the gastrointestinal adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: the role of proton pump inhibitors. Drug Saf 1999; 21(6): 503–12PubMedCrossRef

194.

Chan FKL, Sung JJY. Role of acid suppressants in prophylaxis of NSAID damage. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 15(3): 4133–445CrossRef

195.

Bianchi Porro G, Lazzaroni M, Imbesi V, et al. Efficacy of pantoprazole in the prevention of peptic ulcers, induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study. Dig Liver Dis 2000 Apr; 32(3): 201–8PubMedCrossRef

196.

Buchner M, Carro GP, Dietrich K, et al. Comparison of 20 mg pantoprazole s.i.d. and 200 μ;g misoprostol b.i.d. in the prevention of the development of gastrointestinal lesions in rheumatic patients with continuous NSAID intake. Gastroenterology 2001 Apr; 120 Suppl. 1: 596

197.

Olteanu D, Balan C, Andronescu A, et al. Efficacy of pantoprazole as compared to omeprazole and misoprostol in NSAID associated gastric ulcer [abstract]. Gut 2000 Dec; 47 Suppl. III: A82

198.

Regula J, Deckers CPM, Raps D, et al. Comparison of 20 mg and 40 mg pantoprazole vs. 20 mg omeprazole in the prevention of the development of gastrointestinal lesions in rheumatic patients with continuous NSAID intake [abstract no. 1229]. Gut 2001; 49 Suppl. III

199.

Pilotto A, Di Mario F, Franceschi M, et al. Pantoprazole versus one-week Helicobacterpylorieradication therapy for the prevention of acute NSAID-related gastroduodenal damage in elderly subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 Aug; 14(8): 1077–82PubMedCrossRef

200.

Duvnjak M, Supanc V, Troskot B, et al. Comparison of intravenous pantoprazole with intravenous ranitidine in prevention of rebleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers [abstract no. 2379]. Gut 2001; 49 Suppl. III

201.

Fried R, Beglinger C, Meier R, et al. Comparison of intravenous pantoprazole with intravenous ranitidine in peptic ulcer bleeding [abstract no. P0104]. Gut 1999 Nov; 45 (Spec. issue V): A100

202.

Schönekäs H, Ahrens H, Pannewick U, et al. Comparison of two doses of intravenous pantoprazole in peptic ulcer bleeding [abstract no. P0121]. Gastroenterology 1999 Apr; 116 (Suppl. V Pt 2): A104

203.

Wyeth Laboratories. Protonix (pantoprazole sodium) delayed-release tablets approved for long-term treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome [online]. Available from URL: http://www.wyeth.com/news/pressed_and_released/pr05_03_2002.html [Accessed 2002 Jul 15]

204.

Metz DC, Forsmark C, Lew EA, et al. Replacement of oral proton pump inhibitors with intravenous pantoprazole to effectively control gastric acid hypersecretion in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2001 Dec; 96(12): 3274–80PubMedCrossRef

205.

Lew EA, Pisegna JR, Starr JA, et al. Intravenous pantoprazole rapidly controls gastric acid hypersecretion in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterology 2000 Apr; 118(4): 696–704PubMedCrossRef

206.

Hahn EG, Erlangen H, Bosseckert J, et al. Tolerability and safety profile of pantoprazole based on 100.134 patients, Results of a German post marketing surveillance (PMS) program [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1997 Apr; 112 (4 Suppl.): A138

207.

Corinaldesi R, Valentini M, Belaïche J, et al. Pantoprazole and omeprazole in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis: a European multicenter study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9: 667–71PubMedCrossRef

208.

Scholten T, Hahn EG, Bosseckert H, et al. Clinical tolerability of pantoprazole compared with ranitidine and famotidine. In: Domschke W, editor. International clinical practice series: the German phase IV pantoprazole programme. Kent: Wells Medical Limited, 1997: 31–6

209.

Bishop A, Romanska H, Polak J, et al. Effect of long-term maintenance with pantoprazole on serum gastrin and histology parameters in severe acid-peptic disease [abstract no. G0303]. Gastroenterology 1998 Apr 15; 114 (Suppl. Pt 2): A75CrossRef

210.

Brunner G. Clinical safety and route of administration of pantoprazole. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 33: 46

211.

Athmann C, Mander I, Brunner G, et al. Histology and safety parameters during long-term maintenance with pantoprazole in severe acid-peptic disease [abstract no. G0243]. Gastroenterology 1998 Apr 15; 114 (Suppl. Pt 2): A60CrossRef

212.

Brunner GHG, Athmann C, Harke U. PPI maintenance therapy in patients with liver cirrhosis [abstract no. Wl 180]. Gastroenterology 2002; 122 Suppl. 1: 582

213.

Bateman DN, Aziz EE. Gastrointestinal disorders. Davies DM, Fern RE, de Glanville H. Davie’s textbook of adverse drug reactions. 5th ed. London: Chapman and Hall Medical, 1998: 259–74

214.

Altana Pharma AG. Summary of product characteristics (SPC)-i.v. [online]. Available from URL: http://www.altanapharma.com [Accessed 2002 Nov 8]

215.

Matheson AJ, Jarvis B. Lansoprazole: an update of its place in the management of acid-related disorders. Drugs 2001; 61(12): 1801–33PubMedCrossRef

216.

Carswell CI, Goa KL. Rabeprazole: an update of its use in acid-related disorders. Drugs 2001; 61(15): 2327–56PubMedCrossRef

217.

Langtry HD, Wilde MI. Omeprazole: a review of its use in Helicobacter pylori infection, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcers induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Drugs 1998 Sep; 56(3): 447–86PubMedCrossRef

218.

Bardhan KD. Pantoprazole: a new proton pump inhibitor in the management of upper gastrointestinal disease. Drugs Today 1999; 35(10): 773–808PubMed

219.

Schoenfeld P, Kimmey MB, Scheiman J, et al. Review article: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated gastrointestinal complications guidelines for prevention and treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13(10): 1273–85PubMedCrossRef

220.

Dajani EZ, Klamut MJ. Novel therapeutic approaches to gastric and duodenal ulcers: an update. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000 Jul; 9(7): 1537–44PubMedCrossRef

221.

Hunt RH, Fallone CA, Thomson AB. Canadian Helicobacter pylori Consensus Conference Update: infections in adults. Canadian Helicobacter Study Group. Can J Gastroenterol 1999 Apr; 13(3): 213–7

222.

Howden CW, Hunt RH. Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1998 Dec; 93: 2330–8PubMedCrossRef

223.

Vaz Coelho LG, León-Barúa R, Quigley EMM. Latin-American consensus conference on Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95(10): 2688–91

224.

Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O’Morain C, et al. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection — the Maastricht 2 — Consensus Report. Alimant Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 167–80CrossRef

225.

Lanza FL. A guideline for the treatment and prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93(11): 2037–46PubMedCrossRef

226.

Hoffman JS, Cave DR. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2001; 17(1): 30–4PubMedCrossRef

227.

Arora AS, Castell DO. Medical therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76(1): 102–6PubMedCrossRef

228.

Jensen RT. Management of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Intern Med 1998; 243(6): 477–88PubMedCrossRef

229.

Pisegna JR. The effect of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and neuropeptide-secreting tumors on the stomach. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 1999 Dec; 1(6): 511–7PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Pantoprazole
An Update of its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Use in the Management of Acid-Related Disorders
verfasst von: Susan M. Cheer
Amitabh Prakash
Diana Faulds
Harriet M. Lamb
Publikationsdatum: 01.01.2003
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Drugs / Ausgabe 1/2003
Print ISSN: 0012-6667
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1950
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200363010-00006

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Pantoprazole

An Update of its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Use in the Management of Acid-Related Disorders

Summary

Abstract

Overview of Pharmacodynamic Properties

Overview of Pharmacokinetic Properties

Therapeutic Use

Tolerability

Dosage and Administration

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Springer Medizin

Summary

Abstract

Overview of Pharmacodynamic Properties

Overview of Pharmacokinetic Properties

Therapeutic Use

Tolerability

Dosage and Administration

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2003

Nesiritide

The Second Generation of COX-2 Inhibitors

Responsible Prescribing of Opioids for the Management of Chronic Pain

Intestinal Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Micronised Purified Flavonoid Fraction