Background
Methods
Study population
Biochemical investigation
Angiography and collateral grading
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Overall | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor collateralization (n = 505) | Good collateralization (n = 779) | P value | Poor collateralization (n = 323) | Good collateralization (n = 383) | P value | Poor collateralization (n = 182) | Good collateralization (n = 396) | P value | |
Female, n (%) | 137 (27.1) | 120 (15.4) | < 0.001 | 97 (30.0) | 75 (19.6) | 0.001 | 40 (22.0) | 45 (11.4) | 0.001 |
Age | 66.7 ± 10.2 | 62.6 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 | 66.9 ± 10.4 | 63.4 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 | 66.2 ± 10.0 | 61.8 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2 ± 3.1 | 25.3 ± 3.2 | 0.330 | 25.2 ± 3.0 | 25.5 ± 3.3 | 0.358 | 25.0 ± 3.1 | 25.2 ± 3.1 | 0.483 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 313 (62.0) | 562 (72.1) | < 0.001 | 202 (62.5) | 285 (74.4) | 0.001 | 111 (61.0) | 277 (69.9) | 0.033 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 323 (64.0) | 383 (49.2) | < 0.001 | 323 (100.0) | 383 (100.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 137 (27.1) | 110 (14.1) | < 0.001 | 101 (31.3) | 76 (19.8) | < 0.001 | 36 (19.8) | 34 (8.6) | < 0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | 214 (42.4) | 238 (30.6) | < 0.001 | 137 (42.4) | 116 (30.3) | 0.001 | 77 (42.3) | 122 (30.8) | 0.007 |
Prior MI, n (%) | 150 (29.7) | 187 (24.0) | 0.023 | 91 (28.2) | 87 (22.7) | 0.096 | 59 (32.4) | 100 (25.3) | 0.073 |
Severity of CAD, n (%) | 0.801 | 0.439 | 0.384 | ||||||
1-vessel | 88 (17.4) | 139 (17.8) | 0.848 | 46 (14.2) | 65 (17.0) | 0.321 | 42 (23.1) | 74 (18.7) | 0.221 |
2-vessel | 152 (30.1) | 221 (28.4) | 0.505 | 94 (29.1) | 98 (25.6) | 0.296 | 58 (31.9) | 123 (31.1) | 0.846 |
3-vessel | 265 (52.5) | 419 (53.8) | 0.645 | 183 (56.7) | 220 (57.4) | 0.834 | 82 (45.1) | 199 (50.3) | 0.246 |
Multi-vessel | 417 (82.6) | 640 (82.2) | 0.848 | 277 (85.6) | 318 (83.0) | 0.321 | 140 (76.9) | 322 (81.3) | 0.221 |
SBP, mmHg | 136.8 ± 22.3 | 138.1 ± 20.6 | 0.283 | 137.6 ± 22.5 | 140.2 ± 19.8 | 0.107 | 135.5 ± 22.0 | 136.2 ± 21.1 | 0.699 |
DBP, mmHg | 78.0 ± 12.9 | 82.3 ± 12.4 | < 0.001 | 78.2 ± 13.2 | 83.2 ± 12.4 | < 0.001 | 77.7 ± 12.2 | 81.6 ± 12.3 | < 0.001 |
FBG, mmol/L | 6.09 ± 2.38 | 5.83 ± 2.02 | 0.044 | 6.69 ± 2.74 | 6.61 ± 2.54 | 0.693 | 5.03 ± 0.76 | 5.08 ± 0.81 | 0.477 |
HbA1c, % | 6.62 ± 1.27 | 6.46 ± 1.35 | 0.027 | 7.07 ± 1.37 | 7.09 ± 1.58 | 0.899 | 5.83 ± 0.36 | 5.85 ± 0.66 | 0.697 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.74 ± 0.94 | 1.76 ± 1.11 | 0.786 | 1.86 ± 1.06 | 1.83 ± 1.18 | 0.715 | 1.52 ± 0.61 | 1.69 ± 1.04 | 0.053 |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.00 ± 1.02 | 4.64 ± 1.08 | < 0.001 | 5.10 ± 1.00 | 4.77 ± 1.12 | < 0.001 | 4.82 ± 1.03 | 4.51 ± 1.02 | 0.001 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.22 ± 0.81 | 2.94 ± 0.83 | < 0.001 | 3.27 ± 0.79 | 3.01 ± 0.88 | < 0.001 | 3.11 ± 0.84 | 2.87 ± 0.77 | 0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 0.98 ± 0.24 | 1.01 ± 0.25 | 0.098 | 0.98 ± 0.25 | 0.99 ± 0.24 | 0.304 | 0.99 ± 0.24 | 1.02 ± 0.26 | 0.314 |
Non-HDL-C, mmol/L | 4.02 ± 1.04 | 3.64 ± 1.08 | < 0.001 | 4.12 ± 1.02 | 3.78 ± 1.11 | < 0.001 | 3.82 ± 1.04 | 3.50 ± 1.03 | < 0.001 |
Lp(a), mg/dL | 23.82 (12.42–44.10) | 16.87 (9.28–32.2) | < 0.001 | 23.76 (12.97–43.48) | 16.87 (9.30–31.72) | < 0.001 | 24.09 (12.42–45.17) | 16.78 (8.56–32.34) | 0.001 |
BUN, mmol/L | 5.8 ± 1.9 | 5.8 ± 2.0 | 0.730 | 6.0 ± 2.0 | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 0.558 | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 5.7 ± 2.0 | 0.465 |
Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 88 ± 25 | 84 ± 29 | 0.007 | 90 ± 28 | 84 ± 30 | 0.003 | 86 ± 18 | 85 ± 28 | 0.723 |
Uric acid, μmol/L | 342 ± 85 | 340 ± 90 | 0.707 | 340 ± 87 | 330 ± 89 | 0.129 | 344 ± 81 | 349 ± 90 | < 0.001 |
GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 75.4 ± 17.7 | 83.7 ± 19.4 | < 0.001 | 74.1 ± 18.6 | 83.2 ± 19.5 | < 0.001 | 77.7 ± 15.9 | 84.2 ± 19.3 | 0.530 |
hsCRP, mmol/L | 4.28 (1.61–7.68) | 2.72 (1.12–4.85) | < 0.001 | 4.52 (1.74–7.89) | 2.86 (1.32–5.07) | < 0.001 | 3.20 (1.43–6.90) | 2.50 (0.86–4.51) | < 0.001 |
LVEF, % | 57.4 ± 8.4 | 61 ± 8.2 | < 0.001 | 57.0 ± 8.4 | 60.6 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 | 58.1 ± 8.3 | 61.4 ± 8.7 | < 0.001 |
Medication, n (%) | |||||||||
Antiplatelet | 374 (74.1) | 552 (70.9) | 0.212 | 236 (73.1) | 274 (71.5) | 0.652 | 138 (75.8) | 278 (70.2) | 0.162 |
ACE inhibitors/ ARBs | 312 (61.8) | 476 (61.1) | 0.807 | 194 (60.1) | 235 (61.4) | 0.725 | 118 (64.8) | 241 (60.9) | 0.360 |
β-blockers | 244 (48.3) | 379 (48.7) | 0.907 | 152 (47.1) | 171 (44.6) | 0.522 | 92 (50.5) | 208 (52.5) | 0.659 |
CCBs | 152 (30.1) | 208 (26.7) | 0.185 | 101 (68.7) | 107 (27.9) | 0.333 | 51 (28.0) | 101 (25.5) | 0.591 |
Diuretics | 61 (12.1) | 81 (10.4) | 0.348 | 39 (12.1) | 42 (11.0) | 0.645 | 22 (12.1) | 39 (9.8) | 0.416 |
Nitrates | 270 (53.5) | 427 (54.8) | 0.636 | 182 (56.3) | 230 (60.1) | 0.320 | 88 (48.4) | 197 (49.7) | 0.755 |
Statins | 324 (64.2) | 515 (66.1) | 0.473 | 188 (58.2) | 226 (59.0) | 0.829 | 136 (74.7) | 289 (73.0) | 0.659 |
Lp(a) and lipid profile
Tertiles of lipid profile | Overall (n = 1284) | Diabetes (n = 706) | Non-diabetes (n = 578) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | n | Poor/good | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | P value | Poor/good | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | P value | Poor/good | Adjusted OR (95% CI)a | P value | |
Lp(a) | Per tertile, mg/dL | 1.394 (1.192–1.629) | < 0.001* | 1.366 (1.108–1.684) | 0.003* | 1.432 (1.119–1.831) | 0.004* | ||||
T1 < 12.66 | 426 | 128/298 | 1 | – | 80/147 | 1 | – | 48/151 | 1 | – | |
12.66 ≤ T2 < 30.23 | 449 | 176/273 | 1.170 (0.861–1.591) | 0.316 | 117/134 | 1.282 (0.854–1.926) | 0.231 | 59/139 | 1.040 (0.640–1.688) | 0.875 | |
T3 ≥ 30.23 | 409 | 201/208 | 1.929 (1.413–2.633) | < 0.001 | 126/102 | 1.863 (1.227–2.830) | 0.004 | 75/106 | 2.010 (1.236–3.269) | 0.005 | |
Total cholesterol | Per tertile, mmol/L | 1.791 (1.475–2.174) | < 0.001* | 1.814 (1.393–2.361) | < 0.001* | 1.820 (1.358–2.440) | < 0.001* | ||||
T1 < 4.26 | 420 | 123/297 | 1 | – | 66/129 | 1 | – | 57/168 | 1 | – | |
4.26 ≤ T2 < 5.35 | 441 | 170/271 | 1.612 (1.168–2.224) | 0.004 | 109/129 | 1.993 (1.251–3.173) | 0.004 | 61/142 | 1.357 (0.854–2.158) | 0.196 | |
T3 ≥ 5.35 | 423 | 212/211 | 3.221 (2.186–4.747) | < 0.001 | 148/125 | 3.337 (1.962–5.674) | < 0.001 | 64/86 | 3.663 (2.010–6.675) | < 0.001 | |
LDL-C | Per tertile, mmol/L | 1.748 (1.441–2.122) | < 0.001* | 1.830 (1.407–2.381) | < 0.001* | 1.699 (1.270–2.274) | < 0.001* | ||||
T1 < 2.58 | 401 | 115/286 | 1 | – | 61/138 | 1 | – | 54/148 | 1 | – | |
2.58 ≤ T2 < 3.36 | 431 | 171/260 | 1.620 (1.164–2.255) | 0.004 | 116/115 | 2.426 (1.518–3.879) | < 0.001 | 55/145 | 1.052 (0.648–1.709) | 0.837 | |
T3 ≥ 3.36 | 452 | 219/233 | 3.048 (2.070–4.488) | < 0.001 | 146/130 | 3.509 (2.064–5.964) | < 0.001 | 73/103 | 3.092 (1.724–5.548) | < 0.001 | |
Non-HDL-C | Per tertile, mmol/L | 1.828 (1.498–2.230) | < 0.001* | 1.810 (1.386–2.364) | < 0.001* | 1.912 (1.407–2.597) | < 0.001* | ||||
T1 < 3.30 | 436 | 131/305 | 1 | – | 71/131 | 1 | – | 60/174 | 1 | – | |
3.30 ≤ T2 < 4.38 | 441 | 167/274 | 1.540 (1.122–2.113) | 0.008 | 104/133 | 1.683 (1.073–2.639) | 0.023 | 63/141 | 1.407 (0.891–2.222) | 0.143 | |
T3 ≥ 4.38 | 407 | 207/200 | 3.422 (2.293–5.108) | < 0.001 | 148/119 | 3.263 (1.911–5.571) | < 0.001 | 59/81 | 4.260 (2.245–8.086) | < 0.001 | |
HDL-C | Per tertile, mmol/L | 0.907 (0.775–1.060) | 0.220* | 0.846 (0.686–1.045) | 0.121* | 0.994 (0.780–1.267) | 0.960* | ||||
T1 < 0.86 | 388 | 172/216 | 1 | – | 117/112 | 1 | – | 55/104 | 1 | – | |
0.86 ≤ T2 < 1.04 | 437 | 161/276 | 0.809 (0.596–1.098) | 0.174 | 101/133 | 0.808 (0.540–1.210) | 0.302 | 60/143 | 0.834 (0.514–1.354) | 0.463 | |
T3 ≥ 1.04 | 459 | 172/287 | 0.820 (0.600–1.121) | 0.214 | 105/138 | 0.717 (0.471–1.093) | 0.122 | 67/149 | 0.975 (0.602–1.579) | 0.918 | |
Triglyceride | Per tertile, mmol/L | 1.075 (0.914–1.266) | 0.383* | 1.092 (0.880–1.352) | 0.428* | 1.055 (0.816–1.365) | 0.683* | ||||
T1 < 1.28 | 436 | 158/278 | 1 | – | 96/122 | 1 | – | 62/156 | 1 | – | |
1.28 ≤ T2 < 1.84 | 448 | 175/273 | 1.109 (0.822–1.497) | 0.498 | 99/135 | 0.947 (0.625–1.434) | 0.796 | 76/138 | 1.311 (0.840–2.046) | 0.232 | |
T3 ≥ 1.84 | 400 | 172/228 | 1.155 (0.833–1.600) | 0.387 | 128/126 | 1.183 (0.771–1.817) | 0.442 | 44/102 | 1.072 (0.633–1.814) | 0.796 |