Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology
Erschienen in: Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 4/2016

03.06.2016 | Review Article

Liver involvement in human immunodeficiency virus infection

verfasst von: Pankaj Puri, Sandeep Kumar

Erschienen in: Indian Journal of Gastroenterology | Ausgabe 4/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The advances in management of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with highly effective anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) have resulted in increased longevity of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. AIDS-related illnesses now account for less than 50 % of the deaths, and liver diseases have emerged as the leading cause of death in patients with HIV infection. Chronic viral hepatitis, drug-related hepatotoxicity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and opportunistic infections are the common liver diseases that are seen in HIV-infected individuals. Because of the shared routes of transmission, co-infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are very common in HIV-infected persons. Hepatitis C is the most common viral hepatitis seen in HIV-infected patients. With the availability of directly acting agents, treatment outcome of HCV is comparable to that seen in non HIV-infected patients. Careful monitoring is required for drug interactions and drug-induced hepatotoxicity and modification of drugs should be done where necessary. The results of liver transplantation in select HIV-infected patients can be comparable with those of HIV-negative patients.
Literatur
1.
2.
3.
4.
Weber R, Sabin CA, Friis Muller N, et al. Liver related deaths in the Human immunodeficiency virus: D: A: D study. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1632–41.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Bica I, McGovern B, Dhar R, et al. Increasing mortality due to end stage liver disease in patients with Human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:492–7.PubMedCrossRef
6.
7.
Weber R, Ruppik M, Rickenbach M, et al. Decreasing mortality and changing patterns of causes of death in the Swiss HIV cohort study. HIV Medicine. 2013;14:195–207.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Whiteside YO, Selik R, An Q, et al. Comparisons of rates of death having any death certificate mention of Heart, Kidney or Liver disease among persons diagnosed with HIV infection with those in general US population, 2009-2011. Open AIDS J. 2015;9:14–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) Study Group, Smith C, Sabin CA, et al. Factors associated with specific cause of death amongst HIV-Positive individuals in the D: A: D Study. AIDS. 2010;24:1537–48.
10.
Kovari H, Sabin CA, Ledergerber B, et al. Antiretroviral drug-related liver mortality among HIV-positive persons in the absence of hepatitis B or C virus coinfection: the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:870–9.
11.
Belloso WH, Orellana LC, Grinsztejn B, et al. Analysis of serious non AIDS events among HIV infected adults at Latin American sites. HIV Med. 2010;11:554–64.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Kovari H, Ledergerber B, Battegay M, et al. Incidence and risk factors for chronic elevation of Alanine aminotransferase levels in HIV infected persons without hepatitis b or c virus coinfection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:502–11.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Crum-Ciaflone N, Collins G, Medina S, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with liver test abnormalities among human immunodeficiency virus infected persons. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:183–91.CrossRef
14.
DallaPiazza M, Amorosa VK, Localio R, Kostman JR, Lo Re V 3rd. Prevalence and risk factors for significant liver fibrosis among HIV monoinfected patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:116.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
Vlahakis SR, Villasis-Keever A, Gomez TS, Bren GD, Paya CV. Human immunovirus induced apoptosis of human hepatocytes via CXCR4. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1455–60.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Tuyama AC, Hong F, Saiman Y, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infects human hepatic stellate cells and promotes collagen I and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression: implications for the pathogenesis of HIV/hepatitis C virus-induced liver fibrosis. Hepatology. 2010;52:612–22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
Bruno R, Galastri S, Sacchi P, et al. gp120 modulates the biology of human hepatic stellate cells: a link between HIV infection and liver fibrogenesis. Gut. 2010;59:513–20.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Safadi R, Ohta M, Alvarez CE, et al. Immune stimulation of hepatic fibrogenesis by CD8 cells and attenuation by transgenic interleukin-10 from hepatocytes. Gastroenterology. 2004;127:870–82.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Graham CS, Curry M, He Q, et al. Comparison of HCV-specific intrahepatic CD4+ T cells in HIV/HCV versus HCV. Hepatology. 2004;40:125–32.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Blackard JT, Komurian-Pradel F, Perret M, et al. Intrahepatic cytokine expression is downregulated during HCV/HIV co-infection. J Med Virol. 2006;78:202–7.PubMedCrossRef
21.
22.
23.
Blanco F, Barreiro P, Ryan P, et al. Risk factors for advanced liver fibrosis in HIV infected individuals: role of antiretroviral drugs and insulin resistance. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18:11–6.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Shintani Y, Fujie H, Miyoshi H, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes: direct involvement of the virus in the development of insulin resistance. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:840–8.PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
Garba ML, Pilcher CD, Bingham AL, Eron J, Frelinger JA. HIV antigens can induce TGF-β1-producing immunoregulatory CD8+ T cells. J Immunol. 2002;168:2247–54.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Costa-Mattioli M, Allavena C, Poirier AS, Billaudel S, Raffi F, Ferre V. Prolonged hepatitis A infection in an HIV-seropositive patient. J Med Virol. 2002;68:7–11.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Ida S, Tachikawa N, Nakajima A, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type infection on acute hepatitis A virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:379–85.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Bodsworth NJ, Cooper DA, Donovan B. The influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the development of the hepatitis B virus carrier state. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:1138–40.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Gilson RJ, Hawkins AE, Beecham MR, et al. Interactions between HIV and hepatitis B virus in homosexual men: effects on the natural history of infection. AIDS. 1997;11:597–606.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Di Martino V, Thevenot T, Colin JF, et al. Influence of HIV infection on the response to interferon therapy and the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:1812–22.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Di M, et al. Liver fibrosis progression in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus coinfected patients. The Multivirc Group. Hepatology. 1999;30:1054–8.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Mohsen AH, Easterbrook PJ, Taylor C, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the progression of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Gut. 2003;52:1035–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
34.
Chaudhry AA, Sulkowski MS, Chander G, Moore RD. Hazardous drinking is associated with an elevated aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index in an urban HIV-infected clinical cohort. HIV Med. 2009;10:133–42.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Guarda LA, Luna MA, Smith JL Jr, Mansell PW, Gyorkey F, Roca AN. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: postmortem findings. Am J Clin Pathol. 1984;81:549–57.PubMedCrossRef
36.
37.
Sherman KE, Rockstroh J, Thomas D. Human immunodeficiency virus and liver disease: An update. Hepatology. 2015;62:1871–82.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Cainelli F. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and the liver. World J Hepatol. 2012;4:91–8.CrossRef
39.
40.
Nuesch R, Ananworanich J, Srasuebkul P, et al. Interruptions of Tenofovir/Emtricitabine based antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV hepatitis B virus co-infection. AIDS. 2008;22:152–4.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Servoss JC, Kitch DW, Andersen JW, Reisler RB, Chung RT, Robbins GK. Predictors of antiretroviral-related hepatotoxicity in the adult AIDS clinical trial group (1989-1999). J Acquir Immune Def Syndr. 2006;43:320–3.CrossRef
42.
Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Elevated liver enzymes following the initiation of antiretroviral therapy. JAMA. 2000;283:2526–7.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Nunez M. Hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals: incidence, mechanism and management. J Hepatol. 2006;44:S132–9.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Rodriguez-Novoa S, Martin-Carbonero L, Barreiro P, et al. Genetic factors influencing atazanavir plasma concentrations and the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia. AIDS. 2007;21:41–6.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Bentué-Ferrer D, Arvieux C, Tribut O, Ruffault A, Bellissant E. Clinical pharmacology, efficacy and safety of atazanavir: a review. Expert Opin Drug Metab. 2009;5:1455–68.CrossRef
46.
Nunez M. Clinical syndromes and consequences of antiretroviral related hepatotoxicity. Hepatology. 2010;52:1143–55.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Surgers L, Lacombe K. Hepatoxicity of new antiretrovirals: A systematic review. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2013;37:126–33.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Lamar ZS, Núnez M. Higher risk of severe drug-induced liver injury among Hispanic HIV-infected patients after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic). 2011;10:183–6.
49.
Tedaldi EM, Absalon J, Thomas AJ, Shlay JC, van den Berg-Wolf M. Ethnicity, race, and gender. Differences in serious adverse events among participants in an antiretroviral initiation trial: results of CPCRA 058 (FIRST Study). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:441–8.
50.
Sanne I, Mommeja-Marin H, Hinkle J, et al. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine use in HIV-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:825–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Martin AM, Nolan D, James I, et al. Predisposition to nevirapine hypersensitivity associated with HLA-DRB1*0101 and abrogated by low CD4 T-cell counts. AIDS. 2005;19:97–9.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Martin AM, Nolan D, Gaudieri S, et al. Predisposition to abacavir hypersensitivity conferred by HLA-B*5701 and a haplotypic Hsp70-Hom variant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:4180–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Yimer G, Amogne W, Habtewold A, et al. High plasma efavirenz level and CYP2B6*6 are associated with efavirenz-based HAART induced liver injury in the treatment of naïve HIV patients from Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study. Pharmacogenomics J. 2011;12:499–506.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Mallal S, Phillips E, Carosi G, et al. HLAB*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to abacavir. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:568–79.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Acharya C, Dharel N, Sterling RK. Chronic liver disease in human immunodeficiency patient. Clin Liver Dis. 2015;19:1–22.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Weidle PJ, Moore D, Mermin J, et al. Liver enzymes improve over twenty-four months of first line nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor based therapy in rural Uganda. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22:787–95.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Crum-Cianflone N, Dilay A, Collins G, et al. Non alcoholic fatty liver disease among HIV-infected persons. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50:464–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Mohammed SS, Aghdassi E, Salit IE, et al. HIV-positive patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have a lower body mass index and are more physically active than HIV-negative patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45:432–8.PubMedCrossRef
59.
McGovern BH, Ditelberg JS, Taylor LE, et al. Hepatic steatosis is associated with fibrosis, nucleoside analogue use and hepatitis c virus genotype 3 infection in HIV seropositive patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:365–72.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Garcia Jardon M, Bhat VG, Blanco Blanco E, Stepian A. Postmortem findings in HIV/AIDS patients in tertiary care hospital in rural South Africa. Trop Doct. 2010;40:81–4.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Lanjewar DN, Rao RJ, Kulkarni SB, Hira SK. Hepatic pathology in AIDS: a pathological study from Mumbai. India HIV Med. 2004;5:253–7.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Sherman KE, Soriano V, Chung RT. Human immunodeficiency virus and liver disease: conference proceedings. Hepatology. 2010;51:1046–54.
63.
Amin J, Kaye M, Skidmore S, Pillay D, Cooper DA, Dore GJ. HIV and hepatitis C coinfection within the CAESAR study. HIV Med. 2004;5:174–9.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Puoti M, Moioli MC, Travi G, Rossoti R. Burden of liver disease in HIV infected patients. Semin Liver Dis. 2012;32:103–13.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Lum PJ, Ochoa KC, Hahn JA, Page Schafer K, Evans JL, Moss AR. Hepatitis B virus immunization among young injection drug users in San Francisco, Calif: the UFO study. Am J Public Health. 2003;93:919–23.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
Ridolfo AL, Ruscoli S, Antinori S, Balotta C, Galli M. Persisting HIV-1 replication triggered by acute hepatitis A infection. Antivir Ther. 2000;5:15–7.PubMed
67.
Kamar N, Rostaing L, Izopet J. Hepatitis E virus infection in immunosuppressed patients: Natural history and therapy. Semin Liver Dis. 2013;33:62–70.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Jardi R, Crespo M, Homs M, et al. HIV, HEV and cirrhosis: evidence of a possible link from eastern Spain. HIV Med. 2012;13:379–83.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Kenfak-Foguena A, Schöni-Affolter F, Bürgisser P, et al. Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence and chronic infections in patients with HIV. Switzerland Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1074–8.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Renou C, Lafeuillade A, Cadranel JF, et al. Hepatitis E virus in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2010;24:1493–9.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Maylin S, Stephan R, Molina JM, et al. Prevalence of antibodies and RNA genome of hepatitis E virus in a cohort of French immunocompromised. J Clin Virol. 2012;53:346–9.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Kaba M, Richet H, Ravaux I, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Virol. 2011;83:1704–16.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Pischke S, Ho H, Urbanek F, et al. Hepatitis E in HIV-positive patients in a low-endemic country. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17:598–9.PubMedCrossRef
74.
75.
Merchante N, Parra-Sánchez M, Rivero-Juárez A, et al. High prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus in HIV-infected patients with unexplained liver disease. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2015;33:532–5.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Kuniholm MH, Ong E, Hogema BM, et al. Acute and Chronic Hepatitis E Virus Infection in HIV-Infected United States Women. Hepatology. 2015;63:712–20.CrossRef
77.
van Welzen BJ, Verduyn Lunel FM, Meindertsma F, Hoepelman AI, Arends JE. Hepatitis E virus as a causative agent of unexplained liver enzyme elevations in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60:e65–7.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Dalton HR, Fellows HJ, Stableforth W, et al. The role of hepatitis E virus testing in drug-induced liver injury. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:1429–35.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Alter MJ. Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection. J Hepatol. 2006; 44: 1 Suppl :S6-S9.
80.
Francisci D, Baldelli F, Papili R, Stagni G, Pauluzzi S. Prevalence of HBV, HCV, HDV markers in HIV-positive patients. Eur J Epidemiol. 1995;11:123–6.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Gordon SC, Reddy KR, Gould EE, et al. The spectrum of liver disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Hepatol. 1986;2:475–84.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Lebovics E, Dworkin BM, Heier SK, Rosenthal WS. The hepatobiliary manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988;83:1–7.PubMed
83.
Shire NJ, Rouster SD, Rajicic N, Sherman KE. Occult hepatitis B in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;36:869–75.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Kellerman SE, Hanson DL, McNaghten AD, Fleming PL. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and incidence of acute hepatitis B infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:571–7.
85.
Thio CL. Hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. Hepatology. 2010;49:S138–45.CrossRef
86.
87.
Vallet-Pichard A, Pol S. Hepatitis viruses and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: pathogenesis and treatment. J Hepatol. 2004;41:156–66.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Hadler SC, Judson FN, O'Malley PM, et al. Outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men and its relation to prior human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:454–9.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Greub G, Ledergerber B, Battegay M, et al. Clinical progression, survival, and immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus coinfection: The Swiss HIV cohort study. Lancet. 2000;356:1800–5.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Horvath J, Raffanti SP. Clinical aspects of the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;18:339–47.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Lazizi Y, Grangeot-Keros L, Delfraissy JF, et al. Reappearance of hepatitis B virus in immune patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis. 1988;158:666–7.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Fang JW, Wright TL, Lau JY. Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis in patient with HIV and hepatitis B. Lancet. 1993;342:1175.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Puoti M, Spinetti A, Ghezzi A, et al. Mortality for liver disease in patients with HIV infection: a cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;24:211–7.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R Jr, et al. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet. 2002;360:1921–6.
95.
Bonacini M, Louie S, Bzowej N, Wohl AR. Survival in patients with HIV infection and viral hepatitis B or C: a cohort study. AIDS. 2004;18:2039–45.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Buti M, Jardi R, Allende H, et al. Chronic delta hepatitis: Is the prognosis worse when associated with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections? J Med Virol. 1996;49:66–9.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Alberti A, Clumeck N, Collins S, et al. Short statement of the first European consensus conference on the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C in HIV-coinfected patients. J Hepatol. 2005;42:615–24.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Cotler SJ, Jensen DM. Treatment of hepatitis C virus and HIV coinfections. Clin Liver Dis. 2001;5:1045–61.
99.
Thomas DL. Hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Hepatology. 2002;36 5 Suppl 1:S201–9.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Puri P, Anand AC, Saraswat VA, et al. Consensus Statement of HCV Task force of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL). Part I: Status Report of HCV Infection in India. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4:104–14.CrossRef
101.
Nagmoti MB, Patil CS, Jyoti MN, Mutnal MB, Mallapur MD. Prevalence of hepatitis C infection in HIV-seropositive individuals in and around Belgaum, south India. Int J STD AIDS. 2012;23:e14–5.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Sonth SB, Satyhanarayana MS, Mariraj J, Krishna S. Sero-prevalence of anti-HCV in HIV infected patients. J Commun Dis. 2011;43:151–4.PubMed
103.
Chandra N, Joshi N, Raju YS, Kumar A, Teja VD. Hepatitis B and/or C co-infection in HIV infected patients: a study in a tertiary care centre from South India. Indian J Med Res. 2013;138:950–4.PubMedPubMedCentral
104.
Solomon SS, Mehta SH, Srikrishnan AK, Solomon S, McFall AM, Laeyendecker O. Burden of hepatitis C virus disease and access to hepatitis C virus services in people who inject drugs in India: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:36–45.PubMedCrossRef
105.
Ray Saraswati L, Sama A, Sebastian MP, et al. HIV, Hepatitis B and C among people who inject drugs: high prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis C RNA positive infections observed in Delhi, India. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:726.
106.
Devi KhS, Singh NB, Singh HL, Singh YM. Coinfection by human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users. J Indian Med Assoc. 2009;107:144, 146–7.
107.
Solomon SS, Srikrishnan AK, Mehta SH, et al. High prevalence of HIV, HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection, and risk behaviors among injection drug users in Chennai, India: a cause for concern. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49:327–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
108.
Smit C, van den BC, Geskus R, Berkhout B, Coutinho R, Prins M. Risk of hepatitis-related mortality increased among hepatitis C virus/HIV-coinfected drug users compared with drug users infected only with hepatitis C virus: a 20-year prospective study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008; 47:221–5.
109.
Pineda JA, Garcia-Garcia JA, Guilar-Guisado M, et al. Clinical progression of hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy. Hepatology. 2007;46:622–30.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Di Martino D, Rufat P, Boyer N, et al. The influence of HIV on chronic hepatitis C infection in injection drug users: a long-term retrospective study. Hepatology. 2001;34:1193–9.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Thomas DL, Shih JW, Alter HJ, et al. Effect of HIV on hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users. J Infect Dis. 1996;174:690–5.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Soto B, Sanchez-Quijano A, Rodrigo L, et al. HIV infection modifies the natural history of chronic parenterally acquired hepatitis C with an unusually rapid progression to cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1997;26:1–5.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Pol S, Lamorthe B, Trinh Thi N, et al. Retrospective analysis of the impact of HIV infection and alcohol use on chronic hepatitis C in a large cohort of drug users. J Hepatol. 1998;28:945–50.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Darby SC, Ewart DW, Giangarande PL, et al. Mortality from liver cancer and liver disease in haemophilic men and boys in UK given blood products contaminated with hepatitis C. Lancet. 1997;350:1425–31.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zylberberg H, Pol S. Reciprocal interactions between HIV and hepatitis C virus infections. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23:1117–25.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Poles MA, Dieterich DT. Infections of the liver in HIV infected patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14:741–59.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Graham CS, Baden LR, Yu E, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the course of hepatitis C virus infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:562–9.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Bonnard P, Lescure FX, Amiel C, et al. Documented rapid course of hepatic fibrosis between two biopsies in patients coinfected by HIV and HCV despite high CD4 cell count. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14:806–11.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Pineda JA, Romero-Gomez M, Diaz-Garcia F, et al. HIV coinfection shortens the survival of patients with hepatitis C virus-related decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2005;41:779–89.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Arends JE, Lieveld FI, Boeijen LL, et al. Natural history and treatment of HCV/HIV coinfection: Is it time to change paradigms? J Hepatol. 2015;63:1254–62.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Hoffmann CJ, Hoffmann JD, Kensler C, et al. Tuberculosis and hepatic steatosis are prevalent liver pathology findings among HIV infected patients in South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2015;10, e0117813.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
122.
Devarbhavi H, Sebastian T, Seetharamu SM, Karanth D. HIV/AIDS cholangiopathy: Clinical spectrum, cholangiographic features and outcome in 30 patients. J Gastronterol Hepatol. 2010;25:1656–60.CrossRef
123.
Bjornsson E. Drug induced liver injury: Hy’s rule revisited. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79:521–8.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Soriano V, Puoti M, Garcia-Gasco P, et al. Antiretroviral drugs and liver injury. AIDS. 2008;22:1–13.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Sukowski MS. Management of hepatic complications in HIV infected persons. J Infect Dis. 2008;197 Suppl 3:S279–93.CrossRef
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
Ratclifee L, Beadsworth MB, Pennell A, Phillips P, Vilar FJ. Managing hepatitis B/HIV co-infected: adding Entacavir to Truvada (Tenofovir diisoproxil/Emtricitabine) experienced patients. AIDS. 2011;25:1051–6.CrossRef
131.
Carrat F, Bani-Sadr F, Pol S, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b vs. standard interferon alfa-2b, plus ribavirin, for chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:2839–48.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Torriani FJ, Rodriguez-Torres M, Rockstroh JK, et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:438–50.PubMedCrossRef
133.
134.
European Association for Study of Liver. EASL recommendations of treatment of hepatitis C 2015. J Hepatol. 2015;63:199–236.CrossRef
135.
Bifano M, Hwang C, Oosterhuis B, et al. Assessment of pharmacokinetic interactions of the HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitor daclatasvir with antiretroviral agents: ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, efavirenz and tenofovir. Antivir Ther. 2013;18:931–40.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Wyles DL, Ruane PJ, Sulkowski MS, et al. Daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir for HCV in patients coinfected with HIV-1. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:714–25.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Osinusi A, Townsend K, Kohli A, et al. Virologic response following combined Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir administration in patients With HCV genotype 1 and HIV co-infection. JAMA. 2015;313:1232–9.PubMedCrossRef
138.
139.
140.
Molina JM, Orkin C, Iser DM, et al. Sofosbuvir plus ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis C virus in patients co-infected with HIV (PHOTON-2): a multicentre, open-label, non-randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2015;385:1098–106.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Fleischer R, Boxwell D, Sherman KE. Nucleoside analogues and mitochondrial toxicity. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:e79–80.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Alvarez D, Dieterich DT, Brau N, Moores L, Ball L, Sulkowski MS. Zidovudine use but not weight-based ribavirin dosing impacts anaemia during HCV treatment in HIV-infected persons. J Viral Hepat. 2006;13:683–9.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Ragni MV, Belle SH, Im K, et al. Survival of human immunodeficiency virus infected liver transplant recipients. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1412–20.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Miro JM, Stock P, Teicher E, Duclos-Vallee JC, Terrault N, Rimola A. Outcome and management of HCV/HIV co-infection pre- and post-liver transplantation. A 2015 update. J Hepatol. 2015;62:701–11.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Metadaten
Titel
Liver involvement in human immunodeficiency virus infection
verfasst von
Pankaj Puri
Sandeep Kumar
Publikationsdatum
03.06.2016
Verlag
Springer India
Erschienen in
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology / Ausgabe 4/2016
Print ISSN: 0254-8860
Elektronische ISSN: 0975-0711
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-016-0666-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2016

Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 4/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Case Series

IgG4-associated sclerosing cholangitis masquerading as hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Short Report

Causes of liver disease and its outcome in HIV-infected individuals

IMAGE

Paraquat tongue

Original Article

Self-expanding plastic stent for esophageal leaks and fistulae

Original Article

Frequency of colonic adenomatous polyps in a tertiary hospital in Mumbai

Short Report

Self-expanding metal stenting for obstructing left colon cancer: A district hospital experience

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

25.04.2024 Hypotonie Nachrichten

Wenn unter einer medikamentösen Hochdrucktherapie der diastolische Blutdruck in den Keller geht, steigt das Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse: Darauf deutet eine Sekundäranalyse der SPRINT-Studie hin.

Bei schweren Reaktionen auf Insektenstiche empfiehlt sich eine spezifische Immuntherapie

25.04.2024 Allergien und Intoleranzreaktionen Nachrichten

Insektenstiche sind bei Erwachsenen die häufigsten Auslöser einer Anaphylaxie. Einen wirksamen Schutz vor schweren anaphylaktischen Reaktionen bietet die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie. Jedoch kommt sie noch viel zu selten zum Einsatz.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise