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Experimental Brain Research

Erschienen in:

01.06.2016 | Research Article

Looking away: distractor influences on saccadic trajectory and endpoint in prosaccade and antisaccade tasks

verfasst von: Kaitlin E. W. Laidlaw, Mona J. H. Zhu, Alan Kingstone

Erschienen in: Experimental Brain Research | Ausgabe 6/2016

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Abstract

Successful target selection often occurs concurrently with distractor inhibition. A better understanding of the former thus requires a thorough study of the competition that arises between target and distractor representations. In the present study, we explore whether the presence of a distractor influences saccade processing via interfering with visual target and/or saccade goal representations. To do this, we asked participants to make either pro- or antisaccade eye movements to a target and measured the change in their saccade trajectory and landing position (collectively referred to as deviation) in response to distractors placed near or far from the saccade goal. The use of an antisaccade paradigm may help to distinguish between stimulus- and goal-related distractor interference, as unlike with prosaccades, these two features are dissociated in space when making a goal-directed antisaccade response away from a visual target stimulus. The present results demonstrate that for both pro- and antisaccades, distractors near the saccade goal elicited the strongest competition, as indicated by greater saccade trajectory deviation and landing position error. Though distractors far from the saccade goal elicited, on average, greater deviation away in antisaccades than in prosaccades, a time-course analysis revealed a significant effect of far-from-goal distractors in prosaccades as well. Considered together, the present findings support the view that goal-related representations most strongly influence the saccade metrics tested, though stimulus-related representations may play a smaller role in determining distractor-based interference effects on saccade execution under certain circumstances. Further, the results highlight the advantage of considering temporal changes in distractor-based interference.

It has been observed in other trajectory tasks that distractor influences are greater for vertical than for horizontal saccades (Laidlaw and Kingstone 2010; Van der Stigchel and Theeuwes 2008). This was also the case in the present study, with larger effects observed for vertical than for horizontal saccades. For antisaccades, all trajectory effects were still significant for both vertical and horizontal saccades (ps < .05) and saccade direction did not interact with distractor location (p > .05). For prosaccades, trajectories were greater when distractors were close to the saccade goal than when they were further away, but only for vertical saccades (p < .05; horizontal p = .05 uncorrected).

It is known that SRTs can influence the direction and magnitude of trajectory curvature, such that faster SRTs result in curvature towards the distractor and slower SRTs result in curvature away from it (McSorley et al. 2006). SRT may also affect the accuracy of a saccade's endpoint, such that saccades land closer to a distractor location with faster SRTs, and slower SRTs result in saccades that land further away from the distractor (McSorley et al. 2009a). To equate SRTs for near and far-from-goal distractors for both pro- and anti-saccades, all trajectory and saccade endpoint accuracy measures were run again with a truncated data set (antisaccade: excluded fastest 10 % of far-from-goal trials, slowest 10 % from near-from-goal distractor trials; pro-saccade: excluded fastest 20 % of near-goal trials, slowest 20 % of far from goal distractor trials). Performing the trajectory and saccade endpoint accuracy analyses with this trimmed data did not produce a meaningful change to the results that are reported using untrimmed data. Note that due to the substantial differences in SRT across pro- and antisaccade trials, trimming the data to equalize average SRT across these trial types was not appropriate.

Tudge and Schubert (2015) compared several measures of trajectory deviation and found nearly all measures to correlate well with each other. Using factor analysis, they also determined that these measures cluster into three main components: early, intra-saccade, and late. Larger effect sizes were most often revealed in the late measures. Notably, early deviation measures appeared to be more sensitive to changes in distractor position. However, in the present results, our manipulation of distractor distance (i.e. near vs. far from goal) influenced both intra-saccade (our measure of trajectory curvature) and late deviation measures (endpoint accuracy). It is possible that similar but larger differences may have emerged from using early trajectory measures, such as initial direction.

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Titel: Looking away: distractor influences on saccadic trajectory and endpoint in prosaccade and antisaccade tasks
verfasst von: Kaitlin E. W. Laidlaw
Mona J. H. Zhu
Alan Kingstone
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2016
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Experimental Brain Research / Ausgabe 6/2016
Print ISSN: 0014-4819
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1106
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-016-4551-6

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