Background
Methods
Eligibility criteria
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Papers representing instruments measuring women’s childbirth experience.
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Papers should describe the development or test psychometric properties of an instrument.
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Instruments assessing both pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period are included if one or more dimensions are related to women’s childbirth experiences, and this could be assessed as a separate scale.
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Papers reporting original research, published in peer-reviewed journal.
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Reviews were included to enable us to find original papers.
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Papers published in English or French were included as the researchers could understand these languages.
Search strategy
Instrument | Reason for exclusion |
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Bowers BB: Development of an instrument to measure mothers’ perceptions of professional labor support. Texas Woman’s University; 2001. | Dissertation |
Callahan JL, Hynan MT: Identifying mothers at risk for postnatal emotional distress: further evidence for the validity of the perinatal posttraumatic stress disorder questionnaire. J Perinatol 2002; 22(6):448–454. | Focus on postnatal medical complications of infant in relation to mothers health rather than on childbirth experiences |
Chen CH, Wang SY: Women’s perceptions of caesarean delivery. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 1992; 8(5):241–246. | In Chinese |
Claudia Uribe T, Aixa Contreras M, Luis Villarroel D: Adaptation and validation of the Maternal Welfare Scale in childbirth situations: Second version for integral assistance scenarios. Revista Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 2014; 79(3): 154–160. | In Spanish |
Claudia Uribe T, Aixa Contreras M, Luis Villarroel D, Soledad Hivera M, Paulina Bravo V, Marieta Cornejo A: Maternal wellbeing during childbirth: Development and application of a measurement scale. Revista Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 2008; 73(1):4–10. | In Spanish |
Declercq ER, Sakala C, Corry MP, Applebaum S: Listening to Mothers II: Report of the Second National U.S. Survey of Women’s Childbearing Experiences: Conducted January-February 2006 for Childbirth Connection by Harris Interactive(R) in partnership with Lamaze International. J Perinat Educ 2007; 16(4):9–14. | Not able to distinguish childbirth experience as separate scale from rest of questionnaire. |
De Holanda CSM, Alchieri JC, Morais FRR, De Oliveira Maranhão TM: Strategies for development, follow-up, and assessment of care provided to women in the pregnancy-postnatal cycle. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health 2015; 37(6):388–394. | In Portuguese |
Drummond J, Rickwood D: Childbirth confidence: validating the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory (CBSEI) in an Australian sample. J Adv Nurs 1997; 26(3):613–622 | Measures expectancies of labour |
Denis A, Séjourné N, Callahan S: Étude de validation française de la version courte du Maternal Self-report Inventory. L’Encéphale: Revue de psychiatrie clinique biologique et thérapeutique 2013; 39(3):183–188. | Not able to separate childbirth experience from the rest of the questionnaire. |
Garthus-Niegel S, Storksen HT, Torgersen L, Von Soest T, Eberhard-Gran M: The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire: a factor analytic study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 32(3):160–163. | To assess fear of childbirth during pregnancy |
Harvey S, Rach D, Stainton MC, Jarrell J, Brant R: Evaluation of satisfaction with midwifery care. Midwifery 2002; 18(4):260–267. | Not specifically on the childbirth experience |
Hung CH, Hsu YY, Lee SF: Couples’ satisfaction with health care service during labor and delivery. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1997; 13(4):255–262. | Assess couples’ experience, not able to distinguish women’s experiences. |
Ip WY, Chan D, Chien WT: Chinese version of the Childbirth Self-efficacy Inventory. J Adv Nurs 2005, 51(6):625–633. | Measures expectancies of labour |
Ip WY, Chung TK, Tang CS: The Chinese Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory: the development of a short form. J Clin Nurs 2008; 17(3):333–340. | Measures expectancies of labour |
Janssen PA, Dennis C, Reime B: Development and psychometric testing of the Care in Obstetrics: Measure For Testing Satisfaction (COMFORTS) scale. Research in Nursing & Health 2006, 29(1):51–60 10p. | Not able to distinguish childbirth experience so that it can qualify as a scale of its own |
Khalatbari J, Ghasemabadi E, Ghorbanshirodi S: Effect of early Skin-to-skin contact of mother and newborn on mother’s satisfaction. Life Science Journal 2013; 10(SUPPL.3):423–425. | No psychometric analyses |
Kishi R, McElmurry B, Vonderheid S, Altfeld S, McFarlin B, Tashiro J: Japanese Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Listening to Mothers II Questionnaire. J Perinat Educ 2011; 20(1):14–27. | Not able to distinguish childbirth experience from the rest of the questionnaire. |
Lee ML, Cho JH: [Development of a scale to measure the self concept of cesarean section mothers]. Kanho Hakhoe Chi 1990; 20(2):131–141. | In Korean |
Lowe NK: Maternal confidence for labor: development of the Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory. Res Nurs Health 1993; 16(2):141–149. | Measures expectancies of childbirth |
Mas-Pons R, Barona-Vilar C, Carregui-Vilar S, Ibanez-Gil N, Margaix-Fontestad L, Escriba-Aguir V: [Women’s satisfaction with the experience of childbirth: validation of the Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating Scale]. Gac Sanit 2012; 26(3):236–242. | In Spanish |
Padawer JA, Fagan C, Janoff-Bulman R, Strickland BR, Chorowski M: Women’s psychological adjustment following emergency cesarean versus vaginal delivery. Psychology of Women Quarterly 1988; 12(1):25–34. | Limited testing and description of psychometric properties. The childbirth Perception Questionnaire is further validated by Bertucci et al. (2012) which is included in the review |
Perriman N, Davis D: Measuring maternal satisfaction with maternity care: A systematic integrative review: What is the most appropriate, reliable and valid tool that can be used to measure maternal satisfaction with continuity of maternity care? Women Birth 2016. | Review |
Redshaw M, Martin C, Rowe R, Hockley C: The Oxford Worries about Labour Scale: women’s experience and measurement characteristics of a measure of maternal concern about labour and birth. Psychol Health Med 2009;14(3): 354–366 | Not experiences of childbirth but on worries about childbirth |
Rini EV: The Development and Psychometric Analysis of an Instrument to Measure a Woman’s Experience of Childbirth. West Virginia University; 2014. | Dissertation |
Ross-Davie MC, Cheyne H, Niven C: Measuring the quality and quantity of professional intrapartum support: testing a computerised systematic observation tool in the clinical setting. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013; 13:163. | Not the woman’s perspective |
Rudman A, El-Khouri B, Waldenstrom U: Women’s satisfaction with intrapartum care - a pattern approach. J Adv Nurs 2007, 59(5):474–487. | Compare different dimensions of the childbirth experience to see how they form different patterns of satisfaction |
Salmon P, Miller R, Drew NC: Women’s anticipation and experience of childbirth: the independence of fulfillment, unpleasantness and pain. Br J Med Psychol 1990; 63 (Pt 3):255–259. | Compares antenatal anticipations of childbirth to postnatal experiences of childbirth |
Sapountzi-Krepia D, Raftopoulos V, Tzavelas G, Psychogiou M, Callister LC, Vehvilainen-Julkunen K: Mothers’ experiences of maternity services: internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Greek translation of the Kuopio Instrument for Mothers. Midwifery 2009; 25(6):691–700. | Focus on expectations on childbirth not on experiences |
Sawyer A, Ayers S, Abbott J, Gyte G, Rabe H, Duley L: Measures of satisfaction with care during labour and birth: a comparative review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013; 13:108. | Review |
Sinclair M, O’Boyle C: The Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory: a replication study. J Adv Nurs 1999; 30(6):1416–1423. | Measures expectancies of childbirth |
Stahl K: [Revalidation of a questionnaire assessing women’s satisfaction with maternity care in hospital]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2010; 60(9–10): 358–367. | In German |
Stevens NR, Hamilton NA, Wallston KA: Validation of the multidimensional health locus of control scales for labor and delivery. Res Nurs Health 2011; 34(4):282–296 | Pregnant women’s expectations |
Sweetser L: Satisfaction with childbirth: measurement and causes. Other titles: 1976; 45(4):163–180. | No psychometric analyses |
Takegata M, Haruna M, Matsuzaki M, Shiraishi M, Murayama R, Okano T, Severinsson E: Translation and validation of the Japanese version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire version A. Nurs Health Sci 2013; 15(3):326–332. | Assesses pregnant women’s expectations |
Tanglakmankhong K, Perrin NA, Lowe NK: Childbirth Self-Efficacy Inventory and Childbirth Attitudes Questionnaire: psychometric properties of Thai language versions. J Adv Nurs 2011; 67(1):193–203. | For pregnant women measuring expectations of childbirth |
Tokiwa Y, Kunikiyo K: Literature review on self evaluation of childbirth experience. Kitakanto Medical Journal 2006; 56(4):295–302. | In Japanese |
Zweig S, Kruse J, LeFevre M: Patient satisfaction with obstetric care. J Fam Pract 1986; 23(2):131–136. | No psychometric analyses |
Quality assessment of included instruments
Data extraction and analysis
Results
Instrument | Psycometric properties | Total score | ||||||||||
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Need for the instrument | Face validity | Content validity | Internal consist-ency | Criterion validity | Construct validity | Reprod-ucibility (Agree-ment) | Reproc-ucibility (Reliabi-lity) | Respon-sivness | Floor & ceiling effects | Inter-pretata-bility | ||
The Childbirth Trauma Index [22] | + | 0 | + | - | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 |
The Childbirth Experience Perception Questionnaire [26] | + | + | + | - | + | 0 | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.5 |
The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire [34] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | + | 0 | + | 0 | 7 |
The Survey of Bangladeshi women’s experiences of maternity services [41] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
The Birth Companion Support Questionnaire [42] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
+ | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
The Birth Memories and Recall Questionnaire [30] | + | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
The Support and Control in Birth questionnaire [25] | + | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
A self-administered questionnaire to assess women’s satisfaction with maternity care [43] | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | + | 6 |
The Scale for Measuring Maternal Satisfaction- normal birth [44] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
The Scale for Measuring Maternal Satisfaction -caesarean birth [44] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
The Labor and Delivery Index [45] | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
The Labour Agentry Scale [46] | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 6 |
+ | + | + | + | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.5 | |
The Early Labour Experience Questionnaire [47] | ? | 0 | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | 6.5 |
The Labor and Delivery Satisfaction Index [31] | + | + | + | - | 0 | + | + | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Women’s delivery experience measures [32] | + | ? | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? | 5 |
The maternal satisfaction scale for caesarean section [35] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | 7 |
The Satisfaction with childbirth experience questionnaire [48] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 6 |
Women’s Perception of Control during Childbirth [48] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 6 |
The Childbirth Schema Scale [33] | 0 | 0 | + | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 5 |
Satisfaction with obstetrical care [49] | + | + | ? | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | + | 6.5 |
The Preterm Birth Experience and Satisfaction Scale [50] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | ? | ? | 0 | + | 6.5 |
+ | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | 8 | |
Women’s Satisfaction With Hospital-Based Intrapartum Care Scale [51] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 6 |
Patient Perception Score [52] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 7 |
Pregnancy and maternity care patients experiences questionnaire [38] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 9 |
Women’s view of brith labour satisfaction questionnaire [53] | + | + | + | + | ? | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 6.5 |
The Perceived Control in Childbirth Scale [54] | + | 0 | + | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 6 |
The Satisfaction with Childbirth Scale [54] | + | 0 | + | + | + | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 6 |
The Pregnancy and Childbirth Questionnaire [55] | + | + | + | + | ? | ? | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | 6.5 |
The Childbirth Perception Scale [39] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | + | 7 |
The Scale of Women’s Perception for Supportive Care Given During Labor [56] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 6 |
The Delivery Fear Scale [57] | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 6.5 |
The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire [40] | + | + | + | + | + | + | 0 | + | + | 0 | + | 9 |
+ | + | + | + | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 6 |
Name of Instrument/Acronym | Authors (year) | Country | Aim/motive of instrument | Comments |
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The Childbirth Trauma Index for adolescents/CTI [22] | Anderson (2011) | USA | To determine specific indicators perceived by adolescents as influencing birth trauma. | Developed to aid nurses to assess and direct care to reduce the possibility of a trauma stress response or post-traumatic stress disorder among adolescents postpartum [22]. Further development, adaptation and evaluation of the psychometric properties of this tool would be valuable. |
The Childbirth Experience Perception Scale/CEPS [26] | Bertucci et al. (2012) | Italy | To assess women’s perception of their childbirth experience. | A further development of ‘The childbirth perception questionnaire’ [73]. The original questionnaire was excluded from our review as the original paper does not present testing of psychometric properties. Bertucci et al. [26] are aware of this, but they consider the strengths of the questionnaire outweigh the limitations as it takes a broad view of various aspects into consideration when evaluating the childbirth perceptions. The psychometric properties need to to be further evaluated. The validity of the Childbirth experience perception scale was challenged in a letter to Midwifery journal, and the authors replied defending their position [83, 84]. |
The Childbirth experience questionnaire/CEQ [34] | Dencker et al. (2010). | Sweden | To assess different aspects of first-time women’s perception of their childbirth experience. | Developed to assess different aspects of mothers’ childbirth experiences in order to explore them comprehensively. Suggested \to be used to identify women with negative childbirth experiences and for evaluating quality of care. The development of the instrument is clearly described and primary results of several psychometric properties are presented [34]. The instrument has been validated in the UK [77] and used in research [85]. |
The survey of Bangladeshi women’s experiences of maternity services/SBWEMS [41] | Duff et al. (2001) | UK | To evaluate satisfaction with maternity care in Sylheti-speaking Bangladeshi women. | This cross-cultural instrument was made by cultural adaptation and translation of an existing measure. This paper can be used as a model and inspiration when developing instruments for use in minority ethnic communities [41]. |
The Birth Companion Support Questionnaire/BCSQ [42] | Dunne (2014) | Australia | To measure women’s perceptions of social support provided during labour by at least one lay birth companion. | Presents a first rigorous study of this instrument developed to be used in midwifery research [42]. |
Fawcett & Knauth (1996) Marut & Mercer (1979) | USA | To measure women’s perceptions of their childbirth experiences. | This questionnaire was originally developed and adapted to measure the perception of women who had vaginal or unplanned caesarean births in 1975 [86] and further adapted by Marut and Marcer [24] in 1979. Attempts have been made to adapt and test psychometric properties [87, 88] before Fawcett and Knauth [23] in 1995 adapted the scale further and made an exploratory factor analysis. The scale needs further tests of its psychometric properties. | |
The Birth Memories and Recall Questionnaire/BirthMARQ [30] | Foley et al. (2014) | UK | To examine the relationship between memories of birth and postnatal mood and psychopathology. | Developed to measure characteristics of memories of childbirth and to examine the relationship between memories for birth and mental health including emotional and traumatic memories. With further testing of reliability and validity this questionnaire could become a useful tool both in research as well as in clinical practice [30]. |
The Support and Control in Birth Questionnaire/SCIB [25] | Ford et al. (2009) | UK | To measure support and control in birth. | Focuses on different dimensions of control during childbirth. With further testing of tis psychometric properties it can provide a valid and reliable measure to examine the relationships among support, control, and birth outcomes [25]. It has been culturally validated and translated into Turkish [78]. |
Women’s satisfaction with maternity care/WSMC [43] | Gerbaud et al. (2003) | France | To measure women’s satisfaction concerning maternity care. | This questionnaire is in French and measure women’s satisfaction with care during pregnancy, hospitalisation for birth, and homecoming. It is tested and developed to be used clinically and evaluated care [43]. |
The Scale for Measuring Maternal Satisfaction-normal birth/SMMS-normal birth [44] | Gungor & Beji (2012) | Turkey | To measure maternal satisfaction with birth in order to evaluate women’s experiences in labour and the early postpartum period before hospital discharge. | This is a scale developed in two versions, one for normal birth and one for caesarean birth. The scales are constructed to evaluate both the experience of care and the emotional experience of childbirth as a measure of satisfaction. The evaluation of initial psychometric properties are good and with further testing these scales can become a useful tool [44]. |
The Scale for Measuring Maternal Satisfaction- Caesarean birth/SMMS-caesarean birth [44] | Gungor & Beji (2012) | Turkey | To measure maternal satisfaction with birth in order to evaluate women’s experiences in labour and the early postpartum period before hospital discharge. | See above. |
The Labor and Delivery Index/LADY-X [45] | Gärtner et al. (2015) | The Netherlands | A utility measure for economic evaluations in perinatal studies. | Developed to measure cost effectiveness of perinatal care interventions for use in research and is able to discriminate between groups [45]. The only instrument identified that measures economic evaluations in perinatal studies. |
The Labour Agentry Scale/LAS [46] | Hodnett & Simmons-Tropea (1987) | Canada | An instrument measuring expectancies and experiences of personal control during childbirth. | |
Hollins Martin & Fleming (2011) Hollins Martin et al. (2012) Hollins Martin & Martin (2014) | UK | To measure postnatal women’s birth satisfaction. | The birth satisfaction scale – revised [28] is a further development of the Birth satisfaction scale [27, 29, 97]. The revised version of the scale is a more robust version. They have been used in research [97‐99] and further cultural translation and validation has been made in Greece and the US [79, 80, 100]. | |
The Early Labour Experience Questionnaire/ELEQ [47] | Janssen & Desmarais (2013) | USA | To measure women’s experiences with their early labour care. | |
The Labor and Delivery Satisfaction Index/LADSI [31] | Lomas et al. (1987) | Canada | To assess the caring aspects of childbirth care. | |
Women’s delivery experience measures/MFRM [32] | Mannarini et al. (2013) | Italy | To assess birth experiences after both spontaneous and medically assisted conception. | The statistical analysis was made by using the Rash model with the purpose of defining and validating a latent dimension for birth perception [32]. |
The maternal satisfaction scale for caesarean section/MSS-caesarean section [35] | Morgan et al. (1999) | Canada | To measure maternal satisfaction in women undergoing elective or non-emergent caesarean section under regional anaesthesia. | Developed by anaesthesiologists and two of the dimensions are measuring satisfaction with anaesthetics and side-effects. It has been properly tested for validity and reliability [35]. |
The Satisfaction with childbirth experience questionnaire/SWCBE [48] | Oweis (2009) | Jordan | No aim/purpose of the instrument documented. | Oweis [48] developed two scales in the same study to assess women’s childbirth experiences including expectations, satisfaction and self-control. These two scales need further evaluation of their psychometric properties. |
Women’s Perception of Control during Childbirth/PCCB [48] | Oweis (2009) | Jordan | No aim/purpose of the instrument documented. | See above. |
The Childbirth Schema Scale/CSS [33] | Peirce (1994) | US | To obtain an understanding of schema formation and revision with the known stressor of childbirth. | Developed to gain understanding of the underlying structure of known stressors of childbirth, by comparing the schemas before and after birth [33]. Further development and adaptation of the instrument would strengthen the psychometric properties. |
Satisfaction with obstetrical care/SSO [49] | Ramanah (2014) | France Canada Senegal | To measure satisfaction in obstetrical care during labor, delivery and two hours postpartum relevant to the French-speaking context. | This instrument is tested in a French speaking context in Senegal, France and Canada [49]. Further development and evaluation of this instrument would strengthen the validity. |
The Preterm Birth Experience and Satisfaction Scale/P-BESS [50] | Sawyer (2014) | UK | To assess parents (women and their partners) experiences and satisfaction with care during very preterm birth (<32 gestational weeks). | Further testing of psychometric properties in larger sample groups would be recommended as well as assessment of when the most suitable time after birth to administer the questionnaire would be [50]. |
Scheerhagen et al. (2015) van der Kooy et al. (2014). | The Netherlands | To evaluating maternal experiences of perinatal care services, using the eight-domain WHO concept. | This questionnaire is based on the eight-domain World Health Organization’s Responsiveness model. The questionnaire has an antepartum version assessing the experience during pregnancy and a postpartum version assessing women’s experiences during childbirth and postpartum care. It has been properly tested for a broad variety of psychometric properties [36, 37, 105]. It has been used to evaluate and compare care [106]. | |
Women’s Satisfaction With Hospital-Based Intrapartum Care Scale [51] | Shaban (2014) | Jordan | To measure women’s satisfaction with intrapartum care in Jordan, especially to examine how low-risk, healthy laboring women experienced are during labor and birth. | Developed to provide information on women’s experiences with the aim of helping caregivers change practices. Further studies evaluating the psychometric properties would be the next step [51]. |
Patient Perception Score/PPS [52] | Siassakos et al. (2009) | UK | A simple tool to measure maternal satisfaction of operative abdominal and vaginal birth. | This is a short tool adapted from a Patient perception score used in simulation training of obstetric emergency situations and is easy to complete [107]. It aims to capture patient’s perception of operative birth with a focus on perceived communication, respect and safety. This is an easy tool that is suggested by the authors to be used on a regular basis in clinical settings to focus on women’s perceptions and improve care [52]. |
Pregnancy- and maternity-care patients’ experiences questionnaire./PreMaPEQ [38] | Sjetne (2015) | Norway | To measure women’s experiences of pregnancy and maternity care in Norway and other sites having similar health system. | Developed to collect women’s experiences of the maternity health care system in Norway. It has been well tested for a broad variety of psychometric properties and is an acceptable instrument for collecting women’s experiences of maternity care [38]. |
Women’s View of Birth Labour Satisfaction Questionnaire/WOMBLSQ [53] | Smith (2001) | UK | To measure maternal satisfaction with care quality of different models of labour care in the UK. | This questionnaire can be used to compare models or systems of labour and care during birth, giving an overall picture of care received. It would strengthen the reliability and validity if the instrument was further evaluated and adapted [53]. It has been culturally translated and adapted in several countries [108, 109] and used in studies [110]. |
The perceived Control in Childbirth Scale/PCCh [54] | Stevens (2012) | USA | To assess patient perceptions of control of the childbirth environment. | Development of two separate scales in the same paper. A goal of the study was to clarify the theoretical distinctions among similar constructs [54]. |
The Satisfaction with Childbirth Scale/SWCh [54] | Stevens (2012) | USA | To assess global satisfaction with the childbirth experience. | See above. |
The Pregnancy and Childbirth Questionnaire/PCQ [55] | Truijens (2014a) | The Netherlands | To assess quality of care during pregnancy and delivery as perceived by women who recently gave birth. | |
The Childbirth Perception Scale/CPS [39] | Truijens (2014b) | The Netherlands | To assesses the perception of delivery and the first postpartum week. | Developed to compare women’s perception of home and hospital birth [39]. Psychometric properties have been adequate tested but further testing would strengthen validity and reliability. |
The Scale of Women’s Perception for Supportive Care Given During Labor [56] | Uludag & Mete (2015). | Turkey | To determine women’s perception of supportive care given during labor. | Developed to see how women perceive care received from nurses to evaluate quality of care [56]. Further evaluation and adaptation of the psychometric properties would strengthen validity and reliability. |
Delivery Fear Scale/DFS [57] | Wijma et al. (2002) | Sweden | To measure fear during the process of labor. | |
The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire/W-DEQ [40] | Wijma et al. (1998) | Sweden | To measure fear of childbirth during pregnancy and after childbirth. | Consists of two versions; one to be used during pregnancy (version A) and one to be used after childbirth (version B) [40]. It has been used extensively [60‐66] and cultural validation and translations have been made in several countries [67‐69]. It is commonly used for measuring fear of childbirth, and it is properly developed with good psychometric properties. |
Wool, C. (2015a). Wool, C. (2015b). | US | To measure parental satisfaction and quality indicators in parents electing to continue a pregnancy after learning of a life-limiting fetal diagnosis. |
Name of Instrument/Acronym | Items | Dimensions/subscales | Response | Timeframe to answer the questionnaire | Quest-ionnaire available |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
The Childbirth Trauma Index for Adolescents/CTI [22] | 14-items | No | 4- point Likert scale and rating of birth experience between 0 and 10 | 1–3 days postpartum | No |
The Childbirth Experience Perception Scale/CEPS [26] | 24-items | 3 subscales; Labour and Delivery Perception, Control Perception, and Change Perception. | 6-point Likert scale | 24–48 h postpartum | No |
The Childbirth experience questionnaire/CEQ [34] | 22-items | 4 dimensions; Own capacity, Professional support, Perceived safety, and Participant | 4- point Likert scale and VAS | 1 month postpartum | Yes |
The survey of Bangladeshi women’s experiences of maternity services/SBWEMS [41] | 72- items | 3 subscales; Ante- (33 items), Peri- (15 items), Post-natal (24 items) | Yes/No, Likert scales and Multiple choice options | 2 month postpartum | Yes |
the Birth Companion Support Questionnaire/BCSQ [42] | 17-items | 2 subscales; Emotional support, tangible support | 4-point Likert scale | On postnatal ward before discharge | No |
25-items | 5 subscales; Labor Experience, Delivery Experience, Delivery Outcome, Partner Participation, and Awareness | 5-point Likert scale | 1–2 days after birth | No | |
The Birth Memories and Recall Questionnaire/BirthMARQ [30] | 23-itmes | 6 dimensions; Emotional memory, centrality of memory to identity, Coherence, Reliving, Involuntary recall, and Sensory memory | 7-point Likert scale | Within 1 year after giving birth | Yes |
The Support and Control in Birth Questionnaire/SCIB [25] | 33-items | 3 subscales; Internal control (10 items), external control (11 items), Support (12 items) | 5-point Likert scale | On average, 1 year after birth | Yes |
Women’s satisfaction with maternity care/WSMC [43] | 44-items | 11 dimensions | Likert scales and Multiple choice options | 2 month postpartum | Yes |
The Scale for Measuring Maternal Satisfaction-normal birth/SMMS-normal birth [44] | 43-items | 10 subscales; perception of health professionals, nursing/midwifery care in labour, comforting, information and involvement in decision making, meeting baby, postpartum care, hospital room, hospital facilities, respect for privacy, meeting expectations | 5-point Likert scale | Within 24 h | No |
The Scale for Measuring Maternal Satisfaction- Caesarean birth/SMMS-caesarean birth [44] | 42-items | 10 subscales; perception of health professionals, preparation for caesarean, comforting, information and involvement in decision making, meeting baby, postpartum care, hospital room, hospital facilities, respect for privacy, meeting expectations | 5-point Likert scale | Within 72 h | No |
The Labor and Delivery Index/LADY-X [45] | 7-items | 7 domains; Availability, Information, Needs, Emotional support, Worries, Safety, time to first contact with baby | 3-point Likert scale | 6–8 weeks postpartum | Yes |
The Labour Agentry Scale/LAS [46] | 29-items | No | 7-point Likert scale | Within 72 h postpartum | No |
10-items | 3 subscales: Quality of care provision (4 items), women’s personal attributes (2 items), stress experienced during labour (4 items). | 5-point Likert scale | Within 10 days postpartum | Yes | |
The Early Labour Experience Questionnaire/ELEQ [47] | 22-items | 3 subscales: Emotional Well-Being (8), Emotional Distress (8), Perception of Nursing Care (6) | 5-point Likert scale | During postpartum stay at hospital | Yes |
The Labor and Delivery Satisfaction Index/LADSI [31] | 38-items | No | 6-point Likert scale | 2 days postpartum and 4.6 weeks postpartum | Yes |
Women’s delivery experience measures/MFRM [32] | 31-items | 7 dimensions | 4-point Likert scale | 24–48 h postpartum | No |
The maternal satisfaction scale for caesarean section/MSS-caesarean section [35] | 22-items | 3 subscales: Anaesthetic (6 items), Side-effects (6 items), Atmosphere (10 items) | 7-point Likert scale | Not reported | Yes |
The Satisfaction with childbirth experience questionnaire/SWCBE [48] | 32-items | No | 5-point Likert scale | Not reported | Yes |
Women’s Perception of Control during Childbirth/PCCB [48] | 23-items | No | 5-point Likert scale | Not reported | Yes |
The Childbirth Schema Scale/CSS [33] | 16-item pairs | 3 factors: Emotions of outcome (6 items), Sensation of the work of childbirth (4 items), Time (3 items), Preparation for control (3 items) | 7-point Likert scale | 1 month before and 2 weeks after birth | No |
Satisfaction with obstetrical care/SSO [49] | 49- items | 5 dimensions: Nurse (14), doctor (14), anaesthetist (5), environment (9), global satisfaction (7) | 10-point Likert scale | 48 h postpartum | Yes |
The Preterm Birth Experience and Satisfaction Scale/P-BESS [50] | 17-items | 3 dimensions: Staff professionalism and empathy, Information and explanations, Confidence in staff | 5-point Likert scale | Up to 12 months postpartum | No |
The Responsivness in Perinatal and Obstetric Health Care Questionnaire/ReproQ [36] | 40-items | 8 domains: Dignity, Autonomy, Confidentiality, Communication, Prompt attention, Social consideration, Basic amenities, Choice and continuity. | Not reported | 6 weeks postpartum | Yes |
Women’s Satisfaction With Hospital-Based Intrapartum Care Scale [51] | 14-items | 3 dimensions: Interpersonal care (5 items), Information and decision making (4 items), Physical birth environment (5 items) | Not reported | 2 months postpartum | No |
Patient Perception Score/PPS [52] | 3-items | 3 items; communication, respect and safety | 5-point Likert scale | Within 24 h of birth | yes |
Pregnancy- and maternity-care patients’ experiences questionnaire./PreMaPEQ [38] | 145-items in total | 4 parts in the questionnaire. One of these is Birth and have 3 subscales: Personal relationships in the delivery ward, Resources and organisation in the delivery ward, Attention to partner in the delivery ward. | 5 point Likert scal for single items and index scores were transformed linearly to a scale of 0–100. | From 17 weeks after birth | Yes |
Women’s View of Birth Labour Satisfaction Questionnaire/WOMBLSQ [53] | Not reported | 10 dimensions in addition to general satisfaction | Not reported | Within 10 days of birth | No |
The perceived Control in Childbirth Scale/PCCh [54] | 12- items | No | 6-point Likert scale | Prior to discharge | Yes |
The Satisfaction with Childbirth Scale/SWCh [54] | 7-items | No | 7-point Likert scale | Prior to discharge | Yes |
The Pregnancy and Childbirth Questionnaire/PCQ [55] | 25-items | Two scales: 18-items referring to pregnancy, 7-items referring to personal treatment during delivery. | 5-point Likert scale | Within 6 weeks of birth | No |
The Childbirth Perception Scale/CPS [39] | 12-items | 2 dimensions; Perception of delivery (6-items), perception of first postpartum week (6-items) | 4-point Likert scale | 7 days postpartum | Yes |
The Scale of Women’s Perception for Supportive Care Given During Labor [56] | 33-items | 3 subdimensions: Comfortable Behaviours (15-items), Education (8-items), Disturbing Behaviours (10 items) | 4-point Likert scale | Not reported | No |
The Delivery Fear Scale/DFS [57] | 10-items | No | 10-point scale | During any moment of labor and delivery | Yes |
The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire/W-DEQ [40] | 29-items | No | 6-point Likert scale | Within 2 h of birth and 5 weeks after birth | Yes |
Intra-partum scale: 37 items Post-natal scale include an addit-ional 7 items | 3 scales: The Prenatal, The Intrapartum, The Postnatal Scale 8 domains: Structure and processes of care, physical aspects of care, psychological and psychiatric aspects of care, social aspects of care, spiritual, religious, and existential aspects of care, cultural aspects of care, care of the imminently dying patient, and ethical and legal aspects of care. | 7-point Likert scale | Not reported | No |