Cancer continues to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the globe [
1,
2] with mortality increases of about 25.0% since the 1990s and estimates as much as ≥ 23 million annually by 2030 [
3,
4]. Most of the cancer patients are either treated with curative or palliative chemotherapy throughout the treatment. While chemotherapy has significantly enhanced survival rates in several cancer forms, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and serious clinical problem that affects many patients receiving cancer treatment.
Based on the particular chemotherapeutic compounds, there can be different types of neuropathies: large and small fiber, sensory and/or motor, demyelinating and axonal, cranial, and autonomic [
5]. Chemotherapy’s effects on the nervous system vary across different types of medications in which drug’s physical and chemical properties, whether used in single or combined doses have a significant role [
6]. The prevalence of CIPN is based on the person, with rates reported ranging from 19% to over 85% [
7] and it is the largest for platinum-based medications (70–100%) followed by taxanes (11–87%), ixabepilone (60–65%), and thalidomide and its analogs (20–60%), (6). Toxicity can occur either with a large single dosage or after combined exposure. The signs observed differ in severity, duration, and range from intense temporary warm stimuli to persistent peripheral nerve changes caused by severe pain and lasting nerve damage. Recent reports placed the prevalence of CIPN at about 68.1% when assessed in the first month following chemotherapy, 60% at third months, and 30% after sixth months [
8]. Chemotherapeutics, such as oxaliplatin and paclitaxel, are major sources of neuropathic pain caused by the medication. CIPN results in impairment in the quality of life of cancer survivors patients and often lead to change in either the drug dosages or combinations especially in patients with acute neuropathy. CIPN is seen as an acceptable, unavoidable complication of chemotherapy by caregivers, and is also necessary to save the life of patients [
9]. In contrast, CIPN was seen by cancer patients as an often difficult chemotherapeutic complication affecting their quality of life [
10]. CIPN put up to delay functional recovery, decrease treatment tolerability causing symptom distress in cancer patient [
9]. Clinical symptoms of CIPN mainly involve sensory axonal neuropathy with occasionally motor and autonomic indulgence affecting predominantly the arm and leg of the patients. Usually, sensory fibers are mostly affected but sometimes cause a sensorimotor pattern by cytostatic agents. Typical symptoms include numbness, paraesthesia, lancinating pain, abnormal gait, and motor weakness. It is important to keep in mind that CIPN will extend beyond antineoplastic therapy for several years and is associated with an elevated risk of falls [
11]. Hence, cancer-related neuropathy is considered a major adverse outcome for cancer patients. No drug can currently be proposed as a gold standard to either prevent CIPN or treat its symptoms, and the only preventive strategy remains to modify the chemotherapeutic drug dose. According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), clinicians may offer duloxetine along with tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentin, or pregabalin to manage CIPN-induced symptoms. However, these agents do not affect motor symptoms or negative sensory symptoms [
12,
13]. Therefore, a curative medication needs to be established that can be used to treat this complication. The review summarises the numerous research groups' attempts to subdue the chemotherapy-induced neuropathy using melittin and reflects on the potential strategies of resolving haemolysis caused by melittin.