Background
Methods
Study design
Data management
Statistical analyses
Results
Factors associated with anxiety about next period
Anxious about next period | Unadjusted | Model A—variables from levels 1 and 2 | Model B—variables from levels 1, 2 and 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | No. | % | OR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
Level 1 | |||||||||
Resource limitations | |||||||||
Socio-economic status | p = 0.42 | ||||||||
Higher SES | 116 | 71 | 61.2 | 1 | |||||
Lower SES | 106 | 59 | 55.7 | 0.80 | (0.47–1.37) | ||||
Socio-cultural context | |||||||||
School | |||||||||
School A | 1 | 1 | |||||||
School B | 1.14 | (0.61–2.15) | 1.13 | (0.57–2.26) | |||||
Ethnic group | p = 0.18 | ||||||||
Muganda | 102 | 58 | 56.9 | 1 | |||||
Munyankole | 34 | 25 | 73.5 | 2.07 | (0.86–4.97) | ||||
Other | 86 | 47 | 54.7 | 0.91 | (0.51–1.63) | ||||
Religion | p = 0.84 | ||||||||
Roman Catholic | 77 | 48 | 62.3 | 1 | |||||
Anglican | 52 | 28 | 53.8 | 0.72 | (0.35–1.47) | ||||
Other Christian | 54 | 32 | 59.3 | 0.88 | (0.43–1.79) | ||||
Muslim | 38 | 22 | 57.9 | 0.88 | (0.39–2.01) | ||||
Lives with mother | p < 0.01 | p = 0.03 | p = 0.05 | ||||||
Yes | 109 | 53 | 48.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
No | 113 | 77 | 68.1 | 2.25 | (1.30–3.91) | 1.87 | (1.05–3.36) | 1.91 | (1.01–3.60) |
Lives with father | p = 0.65 | ||||||||
Yes | 85 | 37 | 43.5 | 1 | |||||
No | 137 | 55 | 40.1 | 1.14 | (0.66–1.97) | ||||
Level 2 | |||||||||
Behavioural expectations | |||||||||
It is healthy for a girl to run, dance or cycle during her period | p = 0.03 | p < 0.01 | p = 0.07 | ||||||
Agrees | 107 | 55 | 51.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Doesn't agree | 115 | 75 | 65.2 | 1.81 | (1.05–3.12) | 2.27 | (1.26–4.11) | 1.83 | (0.95–3.50) |
Menstrual knowledge | |||||||||
No. menstrual biology questions correcta | p = 0.02 | p < 0.01 | p = 0.01 | ||||||
≤ 7 | 133 | 69 | 51.9 | 0.50 | (0.28–0.88) | 0.46 | (0.25–0.85) | 0.44 | (0.23–0.84) |
8/9 | 89 | 61 | 68.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
No. menstrual cycle questions correctb | p = 0.92 | ||||||||
0/1 | 79 | 46 | 58.2 | 1 | |||||
2/3 | 143 | 84 | 58.7 | 1.03 | (0.59–1.80) | ||||
No. effective pain management methods knownc | p = 0.24 | ||||||||
0–1 methods | 99 | 58 | 58.6 | 1.42 | (0.73–2.74) | ||||
2–3 methods | 64 | 42 | 65.6 | 1.87 | (0.90–3.87) | ||||
4+ methods | 59 | 30 | 50.8 | 1 | |||||
Painkillers cause problems having children | p = 0.80 | ||||||||
Disagrees | 126 | 73 | 57.9 | 1 | |||||
Doesn't disagree | 96 | 57 | 59.4 | 1.07 | (0.62–1.84) | ||||
When a girl has her period she is unclean | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | p = 0.04 | ||||||
Disagrees | 116 | 57 | 49.1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Doesn't disagree | 106 | 73 | 68.9 | 2.32 | (1.34–4.02) | 2.50 | (1.38–4.51) | 1.97 | (1.04–3.73) |
Sanitary pads can cause sickness or infection | p = 0.31 | ||||||||
Disagrees | 141 | 79 | 56.0 | 1 | |||||
Doesn't disagree | 81 | 51 | 63.0 | 1.34 | (0.76–2.35) | ||||
Level 3 | |||||||||
Menstrual practices | |||||||||
Only used manufactured materials at LMPd | p = 0.14 | ||||||||
Yes | 162 | 90 | 55.6 | 1 | |||||
No | 60 | 40 | 66.7 | 1.59 | (0.85–2.96) | ||||
Individual menstrual factors | |||||||||
Blood leaked through clothes in LMP | p = 0.57 | ||||||||
No | 82 | 50 | 61 | 1 | |||||
Yes | 74 | 48 | 64.9 | 0.83 | (0.43–1.59) | ||||
Pain during LMP | p = 0.65 | ||||||||
No | 57 | 32 | 56.1 | 1 | |||||
Yes | 165 | 98 | 59.4 | 0.87 | (0.47–1.60) | ||||
Menstrual confidence | |||||||||
During my period I feel less self-confident than during other days | p < 0.01 | ||||||||
Disagrees | 51 | 21 | 41.2 | 1 | |||||
Doesn't disagree | 171 | 109 | 63.7 | 2.50 | (1.31–4.76) | ||||
During my period I avoid physical activity (e.g. walking, running) | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | |||||||
Disagrees | 110 | 50 | 45.5 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Doesn't disagree | 112 | 80 | 71.4 | 3.04 | (1.74–5.32) | 2.49 | (1.33–4.65) | ||
I prefer staying at home during my period rather than going to school | p < 0.01 | ||||||||
Disagrees | 167 | 89 | 53.3 | 1 | |||||
Doesn't disagree | 55 | 41 | 74.5 | 2.64 | (1.33–5.23) | ||||
I feel comfortable to talk to other girls at school about my period | p = 0.07 | p = 0.11 | |||||||
Agrees | 103 | 54 | 52.4 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Doesn't agree | 119 | 76 | 63.9 | 1.67 | (0.97–2.89) | 1.68 | (0.89–3.17) | ||
If I had a problem with managing my period, I would talk to another girl about it | p = 0.93 | ||||||||
Agrees | 163 | 96 | 58.9 | 1 | |||||
Doesn't agree | 59 | 34 | 57.6 | 0.97 | (0.53–1.79) | ||||
Boys/girls tease me about my period | p < 0.01 | p = 0.01 | |||||||
Disagrees | 171 | 90 | 52.6 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Doesn't disagree | 51 | 40 | 78.4 | 3.25 | (1.56–6.77) | 2.89 | (1.28–6.54) | ||
Menstrual shame and distress | |||||||||
I worry about being teased during my period | p < 0.01 | p = 0.01 | |||||||
Disagrees | 95 | 43 | 45.3 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Doesn't disagree | 127 | 87 | 68.5 | 2.62 | (1.51–4.54) | 2.27 | (1.21–4.27) |
Menstrual characteristics during follow-up
Summary of sample for diary data
Duration of menstrual periods and menstrual cycles
Menstrual flow and menstrual pain
Menstrual patterns and school attendance
Total number of days | Not attending full school daya | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) not attending full school days | Unadjusted OR (95%CI) | Adjusted OR (95%CI)b | ||
Pain | ||||
No | 194 | 16 (8.3%) | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 249 | 54 (21.7%) | 4.22 (1.88–9.51) | 3.82 (1.66–8.77) |
First day of menstrual period | ||||
No | 327 | 46 (14.1%) | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 116 | 24 (20.7%) | 1.83 (0.97–3.45) | 1.48 (0.72–3.06) |
Flow | ||||
Light | 183 | 27 (14.8%) | 1 | 1 |
Medium | 197 | 33 (16.8%) | 1.06 (0.54–2.06) | 1.05 (0.49–2.24) |
Heavy | 63 | 10 (15.9%) | 1.30 (0.49–3.43) | 1.06 (0.37–3.02) |