Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Seminars in Immunopathology
Erschienen in: Seminars in Immunopathology 1/2014

01.01.2014 | Review

Microbiota and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

verfasst von: Kento Imajo, Masato Yoneda, Yuji Ogawa, Koichiro Wada, Atsushi Nakajima

Erschienen in: Seminars in Immunopathology | Ausgabe 1/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The recent rise in obesity-related diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its strong association with microbiota, has elicited interest in the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies. Experimental models have highlighted several mechanisms connecting microbiota to the development of liver dysfunction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) such as increased energy harvesting from the diet, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, modulation of the intestinal barrier by glucagon-like peptide-2 secretions, activation of innate immunity through the lipopolysaccharide–CD14 axis caused by obesity-induced leptin, periodontitis, and sterile inflammation. The manipulation of microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and periodontitis treatment yields encouraging results for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and NASH, but data in humans is scarce.
Literatur
1.
2.
Qin J, Li R, Raes J et al (2010) A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464:59–65
3.
Angulo P (2002) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 346:1221–1231PubMed
4.
Clark JM, Brancati FL, Diehl AM (2002) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 122:1649–1657PubMed
5.
Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G et al (2003) Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology 37:917–923PubMed
6.
Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH (2003) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD single topic conference. Hepatology 37:1202–1219PubMed
7.
Sanyal AJ, American Gastroenterological Association (2002) AGA technical review on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 123:1705–1725PubMed
8.
Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Afendy M et al (2011) Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 9:524–530PubMed
9.
Day CP (2002) Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): where are we now and where are we going? Gut 50:585–588PubMed
10.
Day CP, Saksena S (2002) Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: definitions and pathogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:377–384
11.
Fan JG, Li F, Cai XB (2007) Effects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on the development of metabolic disorders. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22:1086–1091PubMed
12.
Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R et al (1990) The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology 11:74–80PubMed
13.
Bäckhed F, Ding H, Wang T et al (2004) The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(44):15718–15723PubMedCentralPubMed
14.
Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P et al (2005) Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(31):11070–11075PubMedCentralPubMed
15.
Turnbaugh PJ, Gordon JI (2009) The core gut microbiome, energy balance and obesity. J Physiol 587(17):4153–4158PubMed
16.
Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA et al (2006) An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444(7122):1027–1031PubMed
17.
Day CP (2006) From fat to inflammation. Gastroenterology 130:207–210PubMed
18.
Lalor PF, Faint J, Aarbodem Y et al (2007) The role of cytokines and chemokines in the development of steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 27:173–193PubMed
19.
Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C et al (2006) Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 17:4–12PubMed
20.
Qatanani M, Lazar MA (2007) Mechanisms of obesity associated insulin resistance: many choices on the menu. Genes and Development 21(12):1443–1455PubMed
21.
Hotamisligil GS (2006) Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 444(7121):860–867PubMed
22.
Medzhitov R (2008) Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 454(7203):428–435PubMed
23.
Monteiro R, Azevedo I (2010) Chronic inflammation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2010:pii289645
24.
25.
Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q et al (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112:1821–1830PubMedCentralPubMed
26.
Racanelli V, Rehermann B (2006) The liver as an immunological organ. Hepatology 43:54–62
27.
Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T (2001) Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol 2:675–680PubMed
28.
29.
Szabo G, Bala S (2010) Alcoholic liver disease and the gut-liver axis. World J Gastroenterol 16:1321–1329PubMed
30.
O’Neill LA, Bowie AG (2007) The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 7:353–364PubMed
31.
Kagan JC, Medzhitov R (2006) Phosphoinositide-mediated adaptor recruitment controls Toll-like receptor signaling. Cell 125:943–955PubMed
32.
Fitzgerald KA, Chen ZJ (2006) Sorting out Toll signals. Cell 125:834–836PubMed
33.
Seki E, Brenner DA (2008) Toll-like receptors and adaptor molecules in liver disease: update. Hepatology 48:322–335PubMed
34.
Bianchi ME (2007) DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger. J Leukoc Biol 81:1–5PubMed
35.
Szabo G, Dolganiuc A, Mandrekar P (2006) Pattern recognition receptors: a contemporary view on liver diseases. Hepatology 44:287–298PubMed
36.
Su GL, Klein RD, Aminlari A et al (2000) Kupffer cell activation by lipopolysaccharide in rats: role for lipopolysaccharide binding protein and toll-like receptor 4. Hepatology 31:932–936PubMed
37.
Yin M, Wheeler MD, Kono H et al (1999) Essential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology 117:942–952PubMed
38.
Santucci L, Fiorucci S, Chiorean M et al (1996) Interleukin 10 reduces lethality and hepatic injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in galactosamine-sensitized mice. Gastroenterology 111:736–744PubMed
39.
Dela Peña A, Leclercq I, Field J et al (2005) NF kappa B activation, rather than TNF, mediates hepatic inflammation in a murine dietary model of steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 129:1663–1674PubMed
40.
Leclercq IA, Farrell GC, Sempoux C et al (2004) Curcumin inhibits NF-kappaB activation and reduces the severity of experimental steatohepatitis in mice. J Hepatol 41:926–934PubMed
41.
Koca SS, Bahcecioglu IH, Poyrazoglu OK et al (2008) The treatment with antibody of TNF-alpha reduces the inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis in the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis induced by methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Inflammation 31:91–98PubMed
42.
Tomita K, Tamiya G, Ando S et al (2006) Tumour necrosis factor alpha signalling through activation of Kupffer cells plays an essential role in liver fibrosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Gut 55:415–424PubMed
43.
Gordon S (2003) Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 3:23–35PubMed
44.
Li Z, Soloski MJ, Diehl AM (2005) Dietary factors alter hepatic innate immune system in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 42:880–885PubMed
45.
Guebre-Xabier M, Yang S, Lin HZ et al (2000) Altered hepatic lymphocyte subpopulations in obesity-related murine fatty livers: potential mechanism for sensitization to liver damage. Hepatology 31:633–640PubMed
46.
Kremer M, Hines IN, Milton RJ et al (2006) Favored T helper 1 response in a mouse model of hepatosteatosis is associated with enhanced T cell-mediated hepatitis. Hepatology 44:216–227PubMed
47.
48.
Savage DC (1977) Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annu Rev Microbiol 31:107–133PubMed
49.
Camp JG, Kanther M, Semova I et al (2009) Patterns and scales in gastrointestinal microbial ecology. Gastroenterology 136:1989–2002PubMed
50.
Mackie RI, Sghir A, Gaskins HR (1999) Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr 69:1035–1045
51.
Toskes PP, Kumar A (1998) Enteric bacterial flora and bacterial overgrowth syndrome. In: Feldman M, Scharschmidt BF, Sleisenger MH (eds) Sleisenger and Fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver disease, 6th edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 1523–1535
52.
Swidsinski A, Loening-Baucke V (Wellesley, 2010) Spatial organization of intestinal microbiota in health and disease. UpToDate online, 18.1
53.
Flint HJ, Bayer EA, Rincon MT et al (2008) Polysaccharide utilization by gut bacteria: potential for new insights from genomic analysis. Nat Rev Microbiol 6(2):121–131PubMed
54.
Xu J et al (2003) A genomic view of the human-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron symbiosis. Science 299(5615):2074–2076PubMed
55.
Sonnenburg JL et al (2005) Glycan foraging in vivo by an intestine-adapted bacterial symbiont. Science 307(5717):1955–1959PubMed
56.
Backhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF et al (2005) Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(31):11070–11075PubMedCentralPubMed
57.
Aronsson L, Huang Y, Parini P et al (2010) Decreased fat storage by Lactobacillus paracasei is associated with increased levels of angiopoietin-like 4 protein (ANGPTL4). PLoS One 5(9):e13087PubMedCentralPubMed
58.
Kim HK et al (2010) Hypothalamic Angptl4/Fiaf is a novel regulator of food intake and body weight. Diabetes 59(11):2772–2780PubMed
59.
Bedogni G, Miglioli L, Masutti F et al (2005) Prevalence of and risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Dionysos nutrition and liver study. Hepatology 42:44–52PubMed
60.
Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G et al (2001) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 50:1844–1850PubMed
61.
Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli-Labate AM et al (1999) Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 107:450–455PubMed
62.
Jimba S, Nakagami T, Takahashi M et al (2005) Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with impaired glucose metabolism in Japanese adults. Diabet Med 22:1141–1145PubMed
63.
Gupte P, Amarapurkar D, Agal S et al (2004) Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 19:854–858PubMed
64.
Arase Y, Suzuki F, Ikeda K et al (2009) Multivariate analysis of risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol 44(10):1064–1070PubMed
65.
Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Mathiesen UL et al (2006) Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology 44:865–873PubMed
66.
Younossi ZM, Gramlich T, Matteoni CA et al (2004) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:262–265PubMed
67.
Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R et al (2010) Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Hepatol 53:713–718PubMed
68.
Bugianesi E, McCullough AJ, Marchesini G (2005) Insulin resistance: a metabolic pathway to chronic liver disease. Hepatology 42:987–1000PubMed
69.
Charlton M, Sreekumar R, Rasmussen D, Lindor K, Nair KS (2002) Apolipoprotein synthesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 35:898–904PubMed
70.
Bugianesi E, Gastaldelli A, Vanni E et al (2005) Insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: sites and mechanisms. Diabetologia 48:634–642PubMed
71.
Virkamaki A, Ueki K, Kahn CR (1999) Protein–protein interaction in insulin signaling and the molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 103:931–943PubMedCentralPubMed
72.
White MF (2002) IRS proteins and the common path to diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283:413–422
73.
Rother KI, Imai Y, Caruso M et al (1998) Evidence that IRS-2 phosphorylation is required for insulin action in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 273:17491–17497PubMed
74.
Saltiel A, Kahn CR (2001) Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 414:799–806PubMed
75.
Herschkovitz A, Liu YF, Ilan E et al (2007) Common inhibitory serine sites phosphorylated by IRS-1 kinases, triggered by insulin and inducers of insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 282:18018–18127PubMed
76.
Gao Z, Hwang D, Bataille F et al (2002) Serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 by inhibitor kappa B kinase complex. J Biol Chem 277:48115–48121PubMed
77.
Lee YH, Giraud J, Davis RJ, White MF (2003) c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mediates feedback inhibition of the insulin signaling cascade. J Biol Chem 278:2896–2902PubMed
78.
Greene MW, Ruhoff MS, Roth RA et al (2006) PKC delta-mediated IRS-1 Ser24 phosphorylation negatively regulates IRS-1 function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 349:976–986PubMed
79.
Liu HY, Collins QF, Xiong Y et al (2007) Prolonged treatment of primary hepatocytes with oleate induces insulin resistance through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 282:14205–14212PubMed
80.
Turnbaugh PJ, Backhed F, Fulton L et al (2008) Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 3(4):213–223PubMedCentralPubMed
81.
Dethlefsen L, Huse S, Sogin ML et al (2008) The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing. PLoS Biol 6(11):e280PubMedCentralPubMed
82.
Fleissner CK, Huebel N, Abd El-Bary MM et al (2010) Absence of intestinal microbiota does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity. Br J Nutr 104(6):919–929PubMed
83.
Ley RE, Turnbaugh PJ, Klein S et al (2006) Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444(7122):1022–1023PubMed
84.
Graessler J, Qin Y, Zhong H et al (2013) Metagenomic sequencing of the human gut microbiome before and after bariatric surgery in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: correlation with inflammatory and metabolic parameters. Pharmacogenomics J 13(6):514–22
85.
Zhang H et al (2009) Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(7):2365–2370PubMedCentralPubMed
86.
Armougom F, Henry M, Vialettes B et al (2009) Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in Lactobacillus in obese patients and methanogens in anorexic patients. PLoS One 4(9):e7125PubMedCentralPubMed
87.
Santacruz A et al (2010) Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women. Br J Nutr 104(1):83–92PubMed
88.
Grover M, Kanazawa M, Palsson OS et al (2008) Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: association with colon motility, bowel symptoms, and psychological distress. Neurogastroenterol Motil 20:998–1008PubMed
89.
Lin HC (2004) Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a framework for understanding irritable bowel syndrome. JAMA 292:852–858PubMed
90.
Lupascu A, Gabrielli M, Lauritano EC et al (2005) Hydrogen glucose breath test to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a prevalence case–control study in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22:1157–1160PubMed
91.
Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC (2000) Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 95:3503–3506PubMed
92.
Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC (2003) Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 98:412–419PubMed
93.
Pimentel M, Mayer AG, Park S, Chow EJ, Hasan A, Kong Y (2003) Methane production during lactulose breath test is associated with gastrointestinal disease presentation. Dig Dis Sci 48:86–92PubMed
94.
Pimentel M, Wallace D, Hallegua D, Chow E, Kong Y, Park S, Lin HC (2004) A link between irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia may be related to findings on lactulose breath testing. Ann Rheum Dis 63:450–452PubMed
95.
Sabaté JM, Jouët P, Harnois F, Mechler C, Msika S, Grossin M, Coffin B (2008) High prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with morbid obesity: a contributor to severe hepatic steatosis. Obes Surg 18:371–377PubMed
96.
Scarpellini E, Giorgio V, Gabrielli M, Lauritano EC, Pantanella A, Fundarò C, Gasbarrini A (2009) Prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children with irritable bowel syndrome: a case–control study. J Pediatr 155:416–420PubMed
97.
Wigg AJ, Roberts-Thomson IC, Dymock RB et al (2001) The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal permeability, endotoxaemia, and tumour necrosis factor alpha in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Gut 48:206–211PubMed
98.
Wu WC, Zhao W, Li S (2008) Small intestinal bacteria overgrowth decreases small intestinal motility in the NASH rats. World J Gastroenterol 14(2):313–317PubMed
99.
Nazim M, Stamp G, Hodgson HJ (1989) Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis associated with small intestinal diverticulosis and bacterial overgrowth. Hepatogastroenterology 36:349–351PubMed
100.
Zhao LF, Jia JM, Han DW (2004) The role of enterogenous endotoxemia in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Zhonghua Ganzangbing Zazhi 12:632PubMed
101.
Sajjad A, Mottershead M, Syn WK et al (2005) Ciprofloxacin suppresses bacterial overgrowth, increases fasting insulin but does not correct low acylated ghrelin concentration in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22:291–299PubMed
102.
Bjarnason I, Takeuchi K, Bjarnason A et al (2004) The G.U.T. of gut. Scand J Gastroenterol 39:807–815PubMed
103.
Zeuzem S (2000) Gut–liver axis. Int J Colorectal Dis 15:59–82PubMed
104.
Dumas ME, Barton RH, Toye A et al (2006) Metabolic profiling reveals a contribution of gut microbiota to fatty liver phenotype in insulin-resistant mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:12511–12516PubMedCentralPubMed
105.
Solga SF, Diehl AM (2003) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: lumen-liver interactions and possible role for probiotics. J Hepatol 38:681–687PubMed
106.
Farhadi A, Gundlapalli S, Shaikh M et al (2008) Susceptibility to gut leakiness: a possible mechanism for endotoxaemia in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Liver Int 28:1026–1033PubMed
107.
Brun P, Castagliuolo I, Leo VD et al (2007) Increased intestinal permeability in obese mice: new evidence in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. American Journal of Physiology 292(2):518–525
108.
Miele L, Valenza V, La Torre G et al (2009) Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 49(6):1877–1887PubMed
109.
Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C et al (2008) Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes 57(6):1470–1481PubMed
110.
Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA et al (2007) Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 56(7):1761–1772PubMed
111.
Sharma R, Young C, Neu J (2010) Molecular modulation of intestinal epithelial barrier: contribution of microbiota. J Biomed Biotechnol. doi:10.​1155/​2010/​305879
112.
Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T et al (2009) Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability. Gut 58:1091–1103PubMedCentralPubMed
113.
Ghoshal S, Witta J, Zhong J et al (2009) Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides. J Lipid Res 50:90–97PubMed
114.
Chitturi S, Farrell GC (2001) Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 21:27–41PubMed
115.
Harte AL, da Silva NF, Creely SJ et al (2010) Elevated endotoxin levels in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Inflamm (Lond) 7:15
116.
Kudo H, Takahara T, Yata Y et al (2009) Lipopolysaccharide triggered TNF-alpha-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in a murine non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model. J Hepatol 51:168–175PubMed
117.
Loguercio C, De Simone T, D’Auria MV et al (2004) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicentre clinical study by the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver. Dig Liver Dis 36:398–405PubMed
118.
Triger DR, Boyer TD, Levin J (1978) Portal and systemic bacteraemia and endotoxaemia in liver disease. Gut 19:935–939PubMed
119.
Jacob AI, Goldberg PK, Bloom N et al (1977) Endotoxin and bacteria in portal blood. Gastroenterology 72:1268–1270PubMed
120.
Imajo K, Fujita K, Yoneda M et al (2012) Hyperresponsivity to low-dose endotoxin during progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is regulated by leptin-mediated signaling. Cell Metab 16:44–54PubMed
121.
Huang H, Liu T, Rose JL et al (2007) Sensitivity of mice to lipopolysaccharide is increased by a high saturated fat and cholesterol diet. J Inflamm (Lond) 12(4):22
122.
Roncon-Albuquerque R Jr, Moreira-Rodrigues M, Faria B et al (2008) Attenuation of the cardiovascular and metabolic complications of obesity in CD14 knockout mice. Life Sci 83:502–510PubMed
123.
Delude RL, Savedra R Jr, Zhao H et al (1995) CD14 enhances cellular responses to endotoxin without imparting ligand-specific recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:9288–9292PubMedCentralPubMed
124.
Ferrero E, Jiao D, Tsuberi BZ et al (1993) Transgenic mice expressing human CD14 are hypersensitive to lipopolysaccharide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:2380–2384PubMedCentralPubMed
125.
Haziot A, Ferrero E, Lin XY, Stewart CL, Goyert SM (1995) CD14-deficient mice are exquisitely insensitive to the effects of LPS. Prog Clin Biol Res 392:349–351PubMed
126.
Su GL (2002) Lipopolysaccharides in liver injury: molecular mechanisms of Kupffer cell activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 283:256–265
127.
Wright SD, Ramos RA, Tobias PS et al (1990) CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Science 249:1431–1433PubMed
128.
Brun P, Castagliuolo I, Floreani AR et al (2006) Increased risk of NASH in patients carrying the C(2159)T polymorphism in the CD14 gene promoter region. Gut 55:1212PubMed
129.
Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML et al (1996) Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 334:292–295PubMed
130.
Halaas JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffei M et al (1995) Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 269:543–546PubMed
131.
Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN et al (2005) Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 43:5721–5732PubMedCentralPubMed
132.
Paster BJ, Boches SK, Galvin JL et al (2001) Bacterial diversity in human subgingival plaque. J Bacteriol 183:3770–3783PubMedCentralPubMed
133.
Seymour GJ, Ford PJ, Cullinan MP et al (2007) Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease. Clin Microbiol Infect 13(suppl 4):3–10PubMed
134.
Genco RJ, Grossi SG, Ho A et al (2005) A proposed model linking inflammation to obesity, diabetes, and periodontal infections. J Periodontol 76:2075–2084PubMed
135.
Beck JD, Offenbacher S (2005) Systemic effects of periodontitis: epidemiology of periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 76:2089–2100PubMed
136.
Joshipura KJ, Rimm EB, Douglass CW et al (1996) Poor oral health and coronary heart disease. J Dent Res 75:1631–1636PubMed
137.
Joshipura KJ, Hung HC, Rimm EB et al (2003) Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and incidence of ischemic stroke. Stroke 34:47–52PubMed
138.
Nakano K, Hokamura K, Taniguchi N et al (2011) The collagen-binding protein of Streptococcus mutans is involved in haemorrhagic stroke. Nat Commun 27(2):485
139.
Offenbacher S, Jared HL, O’Reilly PG et al (1998) Potential pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis associated pregnancy complications. Ann Periodontol 3:233–250PubMed
140.
Kojima A, Nakano K, Wada K et al (2012) Infection of specific strains of Streptococcus mutans, oral bacteria, confers a risk of ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 2:332PubMedCentralPubMed
141.
Awano S, Ansai T, Takata Y et al (2008) Oral health and mortality risk from pneumonia in the elderly. J Dent Res 87:334–339PubMed
142.
Loe H (1993) Periodontal disease: the sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 16:329–334PubMed
143.
Nelson RG, Shlossman M, Budding L et al (1990) Periodontal disease and NIDDM in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 13:836–840PubMed
144.
Rodrigues RM, Goncalves C, Souto R et al (2004) Antibiotic resistance profile of the subgingival microbiota following systemic or local tetracycline therapy. Journal of clinical periodontology 31:420–427PubMed
145.
van Winkelhoff AJ, Herrera D, Winkel EG et al (1999) Antibiotic resistance in the subgingival microflora in patients with adult periodontitis. A comparative survey between Spain and the Netherlands. Nederlands tijdschrift voor tandheelkunde 106:290–294PubMed
146.
D’Aiuto F, Parkar M, Andreaou G et al (2004) Periodontitis and atherogenesis: causal association or simple coincidence? J Clin Periodontol 31:402–411PubMed
147.
Sconyer JR, Crawford JJ, Moriarty JD (1973) Relationship of bacteremia to tooth brushing in patients with periodontitis. J Am Dent Assoc 87:616–622
148.
Caroll GC, Sebor RJ (1980) Dental flossing and its relationship to transient bacteremia. J Periodontol 51:691–692
149.
Forner L, Larsen T, Kilian M et al (2006) Incidence of bacteremia after chewing, tooth brushing and scaling in individuals with periodontal inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 33:401–407PubMed
150.
Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S (2003) Associations between periodontal disease and risk for atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 8:38–53PubMed
151.
Beck J, Garcia R, Heiss G et al (1996) Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 67:1123–1137PubMed
152.
Offenbacher S, Madianos PN, Champagne CM et al (1999) Periodontitis-atherosclerosis syndrome: an expanded model of pathogenesis. J Periodontal Res 34:346–352PubMed
153.
Santos TR, Foss-Freitas MC, Nogueira-Filho GR (2010) Impact of periodontitis on the diabetes-related inflammatory status. J Can Dent Assoc 76:35
154.
Ojima M, Takeda M, Yoshioka H et al (2005) Relationship of periodontal bacterium genotypic variations with periodontitis in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 28:433–434PubMed
155.
Yoneda M, Naka S, Nakano K et al (2012) Involvement of a periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis on the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 12:16PubMedCentralPubMed
156.
Nathan C (2006) Neutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Immunol 6:173–182PubMed
157.
Christoffersson G, Henriksnas J, Johansson L et al (2010) Clinical and experimental pancreatic islet transplantation to striated muscle: establishment of a vascular system similar to that in native islets. Diabetes 59:2569–2578PubMed
158.
Soehnlein O, Lindbom L (2010) Phagocyte partnership during the onset and resolution of inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 10:427–439PubMed
159.
Thompson MR, Kaminski JJ, Kurt-Jones EA et al (2011) Pattern recognition receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection. Viruses 3:920–940PubMedCentralPubMed
160.
Gao B, Seki E, Brenner DA et al (2011) Innate immunity in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 300:516–525
161.
Brenner DA, Seki E, Taura K et al (2010) Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-induced fibrosis: Toll-like receptors, reactive oxygen species and Jun N-terminal kinase. Hepatol Res 41:683–686
162.
163.
164.
165.
Matzinger P (1994) Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol 12:991–1045PubMed
166.
Rock KL, Latz E, Ontiveros F et al (2010) The sterile inflammatory response. Annu Rev Immunol 28:321–342PubMed
167.
Jaeschke H (2006) Mechanisms of liver injury. II. Mechanisms of neutrophil-induced liver cell injury during hepatic ischemia–reperfusion and other acute inflammatory conditions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 290(6):1083–1088
168.
Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I et al (1998) Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 282:2085–2088PubMed
169.
Park JS, Gamboni-Robertson F, He Q et al (2006) High mobility group box 1 protein interacts with multiple Toll-like receptors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290:917–924
170.
Thomas JO, Travers AA (2001) HMG1 and 2, and related architectural DNA-binding proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 26(3):167–174PubMed
171.
Kim JH, Kim SJ, Lee IS et al (2009) Bacterial endotoxin induces the release of high mobility group box 1 via the IFN-beta signaling pathway. J Immunol 182:2458–2466PubMed
172.
Tsung A, Klune JR, Zhang X et al (2007) HMGB1 release induced by liver ischemia involves toll-like receptor 4 dependent reactive oxygen species production and calcium-mediated signaling. J Exp Med 204(12):2913–2923PubMedCentralPubMed
173.
Bell CW, Jiang W, Reich CF et al (2006) The extracellular release of HMGB1 during apoptotic cell death. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 291(6):1318–1325
174.
Scaffidi P, Misteli T, Bianchi ME (2002) Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature 18(6894):191–195
175.
Rafter J, Bennett M, Caderni G et al (2007) Dietary synbiotics reduce cancer risk factors in polypectomized and colon cancer patients. Am J Clin Nutr 85(2):488–496PubMed
176.
Esposito E, Iacono A, Bianco G et al (2009) Probiotics reduce the inflammatory response induced by a high-fat diet in the liver of young rats. J Nutr 139:905–911PubMed
177.
Loguercio C, Federico A, Tuccillo C et al (2005) Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases. J Clin Gastroenterol 39:540–543PubMed
178.
Loguercio C, De Simone T, Federico A et al (2002) Gut-liver axis: a new point of attack to treat chronic liver damage? Am J Gastroenterol 97:2144–6
179.
Lirussi F, Mastropasqua E, Orando S, Orlando R (2007) Probiotics for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or steatohepatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1, CD005165PubMed
180.
Socha P, Horvath A, Vajro P et al (2009) Pharmacological interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults and in children: a systematic review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 48:587–596PubMed
181.
Aller R, De Luis DA, Izaola O et al (2011) Effect of a probiotic on liver aminotransferases in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 9:1090–1095
182.
Vajro P, Mandato C, Licenziati MR et al (2011) Effects of Lactobacillus rhamousus strain GG in pediatric obesity-related liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 52:740–743PubMed
183.
Roberfroid M, Gibson GR, Hoyles L et al (2010) Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits. Br J Nutr 104(2):1–63
184.
Parnell JA, Reimer RA (2012) Prebiotic fiber modulation of the gut microbiota improves risk factors for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Gut Microbes 1:29–34
185.
Antoniades CG, Berry PA, Davies ET et al (2006) Reduced monocyte HLA-DR expression: a novel biomarker of disease severity and outcome in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. Hepatology 44(1):34–43PubMed
186.
Leber B, Spindelboeck W, Stadlbauer V (2012) Infectious complications of acute and chronic liver disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 33:80–95PubMed
187.
Lichtman SN, Keku J, Schwab JH et al (1991) Hepatic injury associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in rats is prevented by metronidazole and tetracycline. Gastroenterology 100(2):513–519PubMed
188.
Drenick EJ (1982) Hepatic steatosis after intestinal bypass. Prevention and reversal by metronidazole, irrespective of protein calorie malnutrition. Gastroenterology 82:535–548PubMed
189.
Vanderhoof JA, Tuma DJ, Antonson DL et al (1982) Effect of antibiotics in the prevention of jejunoileal bypass-induced liver dysfunction. Digestion 23(1):9–15PubMed
190.
Bergheim I, Weber S, Vos M et al (2008) Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: role of endotoxin. J Hepatol 48(6):983–992PubMed
191.
Ryan ME (2005) Nonsurgical approaches for the treatment of periodontal diseases. Dent Clinics North Am 49:611–636
192.
Deporter DA (1988) Periodontal disease part II: overview of treatment modalities. Can Fam Physician 34:1391–1392PubMedCentralPubMed
193.
194.
Krayer JW, Leite RS, Kirkwood KL (2010) Non-surgical chemotherapeutic treatment strategies for the management of periodontal diseases. Dent Clin North Am 54:13–33PubMedCentralPubMed
195.
Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K et al (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348:1625–1638PubMed
196.
Polesel J, Zucchetto A, Montella M et al (2009) The impact of obesity and diabetes mellitus on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Oncol 20:353–357PubMed
197.
Hashimoto E, Yatsuji S, Tobari M et al (2009) Hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol 44:89–95PubMed
198.
Paradis V, Zalinski S, Chelbi E et al (2009) Hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with metabolic syndrome often develop without significant liver fibrosis: a pathological analysis. Hepatology 49:851–859PubMed
199.
Lam CM, Chan AOO, Ho P et al (2004) Different presentation of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of 1863 young and old patients: implications for screening. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19:771–777PubMed
200.
Wolk A, Gridley G, Svensson M et al (2001) A prospective study of obesity and cancer risk (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 12:13–21PubMed
201.
Yoshimoto S, Loo TM, Atarashi K et al (2013) Obesity-induced gut microbial metabolite promotes liver cancer through senescence secretome. Nature 499:97–101PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Microbiota and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
verfasst von
Kento Imajo
Masato Yoneda
Yuji Ogawa
Koichiro Wada
Atsushi Nakajima
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Seminars in Immunopathology / Ausgabe 1/2014
Print ISSN: 1863-2297
Elektronische ISSN: 1863-2300
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-013-0404-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2014

Seminars in Immunopathology 1/2014 Zur Ausgabe

Review

Functional crosstalk of PGC-1 coactivators and inflammation in skeletal muscle pathophysiology

Review

CEACAM1 loss links inflammation to insulin resistance in obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Review

Impacts of the apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) on obesity-associated inflammatory diseases

Review

Gut microbiome and metabolic diseases

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome: variations on the theme of inflammation

Review

Immunological aspects of atherosclerosis

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Echinokokkose medikamentös behandeln oder operieren?

06.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Therapie von Echinokokkosen sollte immer in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen. Eine symptomlose Echinokokkose kann – egal ob von Hunde- oder Fuchsbandwurm ausgelöst – konservativ erfolgen. Wenn eine Op. nötig ist, kann es sinnvoll sein, vorher Zysten zu leeren und zu desinfizieren. 

Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie läuft

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

Proximale Humerusfraktur: Auch 100-Jährige operieren?

01.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Mit dem demographischen Wandel versorgt auch die Chirurgie immer mehr betagte Menschen. Von Entwicklungen wie Fast-Track können auch ältere Menschen profitieren und bei proximaler Humerusfraktur können selbst manche 100-Jährige noch sicher operiert werden.

Die „Zehn Gebote“ des Endokarditis-Managements

30.04.2024 Endokarditis Leitlinie kompakt

Worauf kommt es beim Management von Personen mit infektiöser Endokarditis an? Eine Kardiologin und ein Kardiologe fassen die zehn wichtigsten Punkte der neuen ESC-Leitlinie zusammen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise