There has been important progress in identifying interventions to reduce mortality from the major causes of child deaths, but gaps remain. For pneumonia, the newly-implemented vaccine for pneumococcal disease holds potential for sizable impact, but fails to protect against prevalent serotypes in some LMICs [
11]. Antibiotic treatment of bacterial pneumonia is highly efficacious, but may be compromised by increasing resistance of bacteria to inexpensive antibiotics [
12]. There is no available treatment or vaccines for important viral causes of lower respiratory illness, such as Respiratory Syncytial Virus. For diarrhea, rotavirus is the most important cause of severe childhood diarrhea globally, but the vaccine that is currently implemented appears to provide only about 50% protection in low-income countries [
6]. Oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution and zinc are effective treatments, but coverage remains too low [
3]. For malaria, early results suggest that the currently available vaccine may offer only modest protection of young children in highly endemic areas [
13,
14]. Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets that extend the period of protection from 6 to 12 months to three years or longer have been scaled up in the majority of countries where
Plasmodium falciparum is a major cause of child deaths, but the duration of protection varies by product and remains under investigation [
15,
16]. Moreover, resistance to anti-malarial drugs is emerging [
13,
17]. One important advance is the development and scaling up of rapid diagnostic tests to allow better targeting of treatment for both malaria and pneumonia.
Preventing neonatal and maternal deaths is challenging, especially where access to health facilities is limited. Chlorhexidine, which is an antiseptic and disinfectant agent, applied to the umbilical cord at birth reduces deaths related to neonatal infection and is ready for implementation [
18]. However, preventing intrapartum complications, such as obstructed labor and hemorrhage, two leading causes of maternal deaths, managing babies that are born very early, and treating neonatal sepsis, all require good practices at the time of labor and delivery and preferably access to health facilities.