nach oben

European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery

Erschienen in:

01.12.2014 | Review Article

Modern resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock: what is on the horizon?

verfasst von: D. T. Martin, M. A. Schreiber

Erschienen in: European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery | Ausgabe 6/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

Mortality rates among the severely injured remain high. The successful treatment of hemorrhagic shock relies on expeditious control of bleeding through surgical ligation, packing, or endovascular techniques. An important secondary concern in hemorrhaging patients is how to respond to the lost blood volume. A single method that is able to adequately address all needs of the exsanguinating patient has not yet been agreed upon, despite a large growth of knowledge regarding the causative factors of traumatic shock.

Methods

A review of relevent literature was performed.

Conclusions

Many different trials are currently underway to discriminate ways to improve outcomes in the severely injured and bleeding patient. This paper will review: (1) recent advances in our understanding of the effects hemorrhagic shock has on the coagulation cascade and vascular endothelium, (2) recent research findings that have changed resuscitation, and (3) resuscitation strategies that are not widely used but under active investigation.

Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, Moser KS, Brennan R, Read RA, et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care. 1995;38(2):185–93.

Evans JA, van Wessem KJ, McDougall D, Lee KA, Lyons T, Balogh ZJ. Epidemiology of traumatic deaths: comprehensive population-based assessment. World J Surg. 2010;34(1):158–63.PubMed

Reitsma S, Slaaf DW, Vink H, van Zandvoort MA, Oude Egbrink MG. The endothelial glycocalyx: composition, functions, and visualization. Pflugers Arch. 2007;454(3):345–59.PubMedCentralPubMed

Weinbaum S, Tarbell JM, Damiano ER. The structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx layer. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2007;9:121–67.PubMed

Becker BF, Chappell D, Bruegger D, Annecke T, Jacob M. Therapeutic strategies targeting the endothelial glycocalyx: acute deficits, but great potential. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;87(2):300–10.PubMed

Levick JR. Capillary filtration-absorption balance reconsidered in light of dynamic extravascular factors. Exp Physiol. 1991;76(6):825–57.PubMed

Weinbaum S. 1997 whitaker distinguished lecture: Models to solve mysteries in biomechanics at the cellular level; a new view of fiber matrix layers. Ann Biomed Eng. 1998;26(4):627–43.PubMed

Michel CC. Starling: the formulation of his hypothesis of microvascular fluid exchange and its significance after 100 years. Exp Physiol. 1997;82(1):1–30.PubMed

Adamson RH, Lenz JF, Zhang X, Adamson GN, Weinbaum S, Curry FE. Oncotic pressures opposing filtration across non-fenestrated rat microvessels. J Physiol. 2004;557(Pt 3):889–907.PubMedCentralPubMed

10.

Hu X, Weinbaum S. A new view of starling’s hypothesis at the microstructural level. Microvasc Res. 1999;58(3):281–304.PubMed

11.

Lipowsky HH. The endothelial glycocalyx as a barrier to leukocyte adhesion and its mediation by extracellular proteases. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40(4):840–8.PubMedCentralPubMed

12.

Torres FI, Torres LN, Sondeen JL, Polykratis IA, Dubick MA. In vivo evaluation of venular glycocalyx during hemorrhagic shock in rats using intravital microscopy. Microvasc Res. 2013;85:128–33.PubMed

13.

Chappell D, Jacob M, Hofmann-Kiefer K, Bruegger D, Rehm M, Conzen P, et al. Hydrocortisone preserves the vascular barrier by protecting the endothelial glycocalyx. Anesthesiology. 2007;107(5):776–84.PubMed

14.

Chappell D, Hofmann-Kiefer K, Jacob M, Rehm M, Briegel J, Welsch U, et al. TNF-alpha induced shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx is prevented by hydrocortisone and antithrombin. Basic Res Cardiol. 2009;104(1):78–89.PubMed

15.

Chappell D, Jacob M, Hofmann-Kiefer K, Rehm M, Welsch U, Conzen P, et al. Antithrombin reduces shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx following ischaemia/reperfusion. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;83(2):388–96.PubMed

16.

Sillesen M, Rasmussen LS, Jin G, Jepsen CH, Imam A, Hwabejire JO, et al. Assessment of coagulopathy, endothelial injury, and inflammation after traumatic brain injury and hemorrhage in a porcine model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76(1):12–20.PubMed

17.

Rehm M, Bruegger D, Christ F, Conzen P, Thiel M, Jacob M, et al. Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing major vascular surgery with global and regional ischemia. Circulation. 2007;116(17):1896–906.PubMed

18.

Johansson PI, Stensballe J, Rasmussen LS, Ostrowski SR. A high admission syndecan-1 level, a marker of endothelial glycocalyx degradation, degradation is associated with inflammation, protein C depletion, fibrinolysis, and increased mortality in trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2011;254(2):194–200.PubMed

19.

Haywood-Watson RJ, Holcomb JB, Gonzalez EA, Peng Z, Pati S, Park PW, et al. Modulation of syndecan-1 shedding after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. PLoS One. 2011;6(8):e23530.PubMedCentralPubMed

20.

Kozar RA, Peng Z, Zhang R, Holcomb JB, Pati S, Park P, et al. Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(6):1289–95.PubMedCentralPubMed

21.

Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Davenport RA. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: mechanism, identification and effect. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(6):680–5.PubMed

22.

Maegele M, Lefering R, Yucel N, Tjardes T, Rixen D, Paffrath T, et al. Early coagulopathy in multiple injury: an analysis from the german trauma registry on 8724 patients. Injury. 2007;38(3):298–304.PubMed

23.

Brohi K, Singh J, Heron M, Coats T. Acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma. 2003;54(6):1127–30.PubMed

24.

Floccard B, Rugeri L, Faure A, Saint Denis M, Boyle EM, Peguet O, et al. Early coagulopathy in trauma patients: An on-scene and hospital admission study. Injury. 2012;43(1):26–32.PubMed

25.

Noel P, Cashen S, Patel B. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: from biology to therapy. Semin Hematol. 2013;50(3):259–69.PubMed

26.

Johansson PI, Ostrowski SR. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: balancing progressive catecholamine induced endothelial activation and damage by fluid phase anticoagulation. Med Hypotheses. 2010;75(6):564–7.PubMed

27.

Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, Matthay MA, Mackersie RC, Pittet JF. Acute traumatic coagulopathy: initiated by hypoperfusion: modulated through the protein C pathway? Ann Surg. 2007;245(5):812–8.PubMedCentralPubMed

28.

Cohen MJ, Kutcher M, Redick B, Nelson M, Call M, Knudson MM, et al. Clinical and mechanistic drivers of acute traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75(1 Suppl 1):S40–7.PubMedCentralPubMed

29.

Johansson PI, Sørensen AM, Perner A, Welling KL, Wanscher M, Larsen CF, et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation or acute coagulopathy of trauma shock early after trauma? An observational study. Crit Care. 2011;15(6):R272.PubMedCentralPubMed

30.

Ostrowski SR, Johansson PI. Endothelial glycocalyx degradation induces endogenous heparinization in patients with severe injury and early traumatic coagulopathy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(1):60–6.PubMed

31.

Rourke C, Curry N, Khan S, Taylor R, Raza I, Davenport R, et al. Fibrinogen levels during trauma hemorrhage, response to replacement therapy, and association with patient outcomes. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(7):1342–51.PubMed

32.

Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Sawyer M, Wohlauer M, Pezold M, Barnett C, et al. Primary fibrinolysis is integral in the pathogenesis of the acute coagulopathy of trauma. Ann Surg. 2010;252(3):434–44.PubMed

33.

Schochl H, Voelckel W, Maegele M, Solomon C. Trauma-associated hyperfibrinolysis. Hamostaseologie. 2012;32(1):22–7.PubMed

34.

Tauber H, Innerhofer P, Breitkopf R, Westermann I, Beer R, El Attal R, et al. Prevalence and impact of abnormal ROTEM(R) assays in severe blunt trauma: results of the ‘diagnosis and treatment of trauma-induced coagulopathy (DIA-TRE-TIC) study’. Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(3):378–87.PubMed

35.

Barros JM, do Nascimento PJ, Marinello JL, Braz LG, Carvalho LR, Vane LA, et al. The effects of 6 % hydroxyethyl starch-hypertonic saline in resuscitation of dogs with hemorrhagic shock. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(2):395–404.PubMed

36.

Zaar M, Lauritzen B, Secher NH, Krantz T, Nielsen HB, Madsen PL, et al. Initial administration of hydroxyethyl starch vs lactated ringer after liver trauma in the pig. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102(2):221–6.PubMed

37.

Ogilvie MP, Pereira BM, McKenney MG, McMahon PJ, Manning RJ, Namias N, et al. First report on safety and efficacy of hetastarch solution for initial fluid resuscitation at a level 1 trauma center. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(5):870–82.PubMed

38.

James MF, Michell WL, Joubert IA, Nicol AJ, Navsaria PH, Gillespie RS. Resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch improves renal function and lactate clearance in penetrating trauma in a randomized controlled study: the FIRST trial (fluids in resuscitation of Severe Trauma). Br J Anaesth. 2011;107(5):693–702.PubMed

39.

Mutter TC, Ruth CA, Dart AB. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD007594.PubMed

40.

Bellmann R, Feistritzer C, Wiedermann CJ. Effect of molecular weight and substitution on tissue uptake of hydroxyethyl starch: a meta-analysis of clinical studies. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2012;51(4):225–36.PubMed

41.

Sirtl C, Laubenthal H, Zumtobel V, Kraft D, Jurecka W. Tissue deposits of hydroxyethyl starch (HES): dose-dependent and time-related. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82(4):510–5.PubMed

42.

Rizoli SB, Kapus A, Fan J, Li YH, Marshall JC, Rotstein OD. Immunomodulatory effects of hypertonic resuscitation on the development of lung inflammation following hemorrhagic shock. J Immunol. 1998;161(11):6288–96.PubMed

43.

Vassar MJ, Perry CA, Gannaway WL, Holcroft JW. 7.5 % sodium chloride/dextran for resuscitation of trauma patients undergoing helicopter transport. Arch Surg. 1991;126(9):1065–72.PubMed

44.

Bulger EM, May S, Kerby JD, Emerson S, Stiell IG, Schreiber MA, et al. Out-of-hospital hypertonic resuscitation after traumatic hypovolemic shock: a randomized, placebo controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2011;253(3):431–41.PubMedCentralPubMed

45.

Bulger EM, May S, Brasel KJ, Schreiber M, Kerby JD, Tisherman SA, et al. Out-of-hospital hypertonic resuscitation following severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;304(13):1455–64.PubMedCentralPubMed

46.

CRASH-2 trial c, Shakur H, Roberts R, Bautista R, Caballero J, Coats T, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9734):23–32.PubMed

47.

CRASH-2 collaborators, Roberts I, Shakur H, Afolabi A, Brohi K, Coats T, et al. The importance of early treatment with tranexamic acid in bleeding trauma patients: An exploratory analysis of the CRASH-2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377(9771):1096–101 1101.e1-2.PubMed

48.

Morrison JJ, Dubose JJ, Rasmussen TE, Midwinter MJ. Military application of tranexamic acid in trauma emergency resuscitation (MATTERs) study. Arch Surg. 2012;147(2):113–9.PubMed

49.

Bickell WH, Wall MJ Jr, Pepe PE, Martin RR, Ginger VF, Allen MK, et al. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(17):1105–9.PubMed

50.

Dutton RP, Mackenzie CF, Scalea TM. Hypotensive resuscitation during active hemorrhage: impact on in-hospital mortality. J Trauma. 2002;52(6):1141–6.PubMed

51.

Morrison CA, Carrick MM, Norman MA, Scott BG, Welsh FJ, Tsai P, et al. Hypotensive resuscitation strategy reduces transfusion requirements and severe postoperative coagulopathy in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma. 2011;70(3):652–63.PubMed

52.

Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Repine T, Beekley AC, Sebesta J, Jenkins D, Wade CE, Holcomb JB. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care. 2007;63(4):805–13.

53.

Holcomb JB, Wade CE, Michalek JE, Chisholm GB, Zarzabal LA, Schreiber MA, et al. Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2008;248(3):447–58.PubMed

54.

Sperry JL, Ochoa JB, Gunn SR, Alarcon LH, Minei JP, Cuschieri J, et al. An FFP:PRBC transfusion ratio >/=1:1.5 is associated with a lower risk of mortality after massive transfusion. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care. 2008;65(5):986–93.

55.

Holcomb JB, Del Junco DJ, Fox EE, Wade CE, Cohen MJ, Schreiber MA, et al. The prospective, observational, multicenter, major trauma transfusion (PROMMTT) study: comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks. Arch Surg. 2012;15:1–10.

56.

Holcomb JB, del Junco DJ, Fox EE, Wade CE, Cohen MJ, Schreiber MA, et al. The prospective, observational, multicenter, major trauma transfusion (PROMMTT) study: comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks. JAMA Surg. 2013;148(2):127–36.PubMedCentralPubMed

57.

del Junco DJ, Holcomb JB, Fox EE, Brasel KJ, Phelan HA, Bulger EM, et al. Resuscitate early with plasma and platelets or balance blood products gradually: findings from the PROMMTT study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75(1 Suppl 1):S24–30.PubMedCentralPubMed

58.

Kim BD, Zielinski MD, Jenkins DH, Schiller HJ, Berns KS, Zietlow SP. The effects of prehospital plasma on patients with injury: a prehospital plasma resuscitation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(2 Suppl 1):S49–53.PubMed

59.

Inaba K, Branco BC, Rhee P, Blackbourne LH, Holcomb JB, Teixeira PG, et al. Impact of plasma transfusion in trauma patients who do not require massive transfusion. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;210(6):957–65.PubMed

60.

Moore EE, Chin TL, Chapman MC, Gonzalez E, Moore HB, Silliman CC, et al. Plasma first in the field for postinjury hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2014;41(Suppl 1):35–8.PubMed

61.

Sapsford W, Watts S, Cooper G, Kirkman E. Recombinant activated factor VII increases survival time in a model of incompressible arterial hemorrhage in the anesthetized pig. J Trauma. 2007;62(4):868–79.PubMed

62.

Hauser CJ, Boffard K, Dutton R, Bernard GR, Croce MA, Holcomb JB, et al. Results of the CONTROL trial: efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII in the management of refractory traumatic hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2010;69(3):489–500.PubMed

63.

Wade CE, Eastridge BJ, Jones JA, West SA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. Use of recombinant factor VIIa in US military casualties for a five-year period. J Trauma. 2010;69(2):353–9.PubMed

64.

Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernandez-Mondejar E, et al. Management of bleeding and coagulopathy following major trauma: an updated European guideline. Crit Care. 2013;17(2):R76.PubMedCentralPubMed

65.

Stinger HK, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Salinas JM, Wenjun Z, Hess JR, et al. The ratio of fibrinogen to red cells transfused affects survival in casualties receiving massive transfusions at an army combat support hospital. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care. 2008;64((2) (Supplement)):S79–85 Advances in Combat Casualty Care: Clinical Outcomes from the War.

66.

Bruce D, Nokes TJ. Prothrombin complex concentrate (beriplex P/N) in severe bleeding: experience in a large tertiary hospital. Crit Care. 2008;12(4):R105.PubMedCentralPubMed

67.

Toth P, Van Veen JJ, Robinson K, Maclean RM, Hampton KK, Laidlaw S, et al. Real world usage of PCC to “rapidly” correct warfarin induced coagulopathy. Blood Transfus. 2013;11(4):500–5.PubMedCentralPubMed

68.

Grottke O, Braunschweig T, Spronk HM, Esch S, Rieg AD, van Oerle R, et al. Increasing concentrations of prothrombin complex concentrate induce disseminated intravascular coagulation in a pig model of coagulopathy with blunt liver injury. Blood. 2011;118(7):1943–51.PubMed

69.

Schöchl H, Nienaber U, Maegele M, Hochleitner G, Primavesi F, Steitz B, et al. Transfusion in trauma: thromboelastometry-guided coagulation factor concentrate-based therapy versus standard fresh frozen plasma-based therapy. Crit Care. 2011;15(2):R83.PubMedCentralPubMed

70.

Innerhofer P, Westermann I, Tauber H, Breitkopf R, Fries D, Kastenberger T, et al. The exclusive use of coagulation factor concentrates enables reversal of coagulopathy and decreases transfusion rates in patients with major blunt trauma. Injury. 2013;44(2):209–16.PubMed

71.

Lelkens CC, Koning JG, de Kort B, Floot IB, Noorman F. Experiences with frozen blood products in the Netherlands military. Transfus Apher Sci. 2006;34(3):289–98.PubMed

72.

Pati S, Matijevic N, Doursout MF, Ko T, Cao Y, Deng X, et al. Protective effects of fresh frozen plasma on vascular endothelial permeability, coagulation, and resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock are time dependent and diminish between days 0 and 5 after thaw. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care. 2010;69(Suppl 1):S55–63.

73.

Glassberg E, Nadler R, Gendler S, Abramovich A, Spinella PC, Gerhardt RT, et al. Freeze-dried plasma at the point of injury: from concept to doctrine. Shock. 2013;40(6):444–50.PubMed

74.

Lee TH, Van PY, Spoerke NJ, Hamilton GJ, Cho SD, Watson K, et al. The use of lyophilized plasma in a severe multi-injury pig model. Transfusion. 2013;53(Suppl 1):72S–9S.PubMed

75.

Wataha K, Menge T, Deng X, Shah A, Bode A, Holcomb JB, et al. Spray-dried plasma and fresh frozen plasma modulate permeability and inflammation in vitro in vascular endothelial cells. Transfusion. 2013;53(Suppl 1):80S–90S.PubMed

76.

Martinaud C, Ausset S, Deshayes AV, Cauet A, Demazeau N, Sailliol A. Use of freeze-dried plasma in french intensive care unit in Afghanistan. J Trauma. 2011;71(6):1761–4 discussion 1764–5.PubMed

77.

Spoerke N, Zink K, Cho SD, Differding J, Muller P, Karahan A, et al. Lyophilized plasma for resuscitation in a swine model of severe injury. Arch Surg. 2009;144(9):829–34.PubMed

78.

Sailliol A, Martinaud C, Cap AP, Civadier C, Clavier B, Deshayes AV, et al. The evolving role of lyophilized plasma in remote damage control resuscitation in the French armed forces health service. Transfusion. 2013;53(Suppl 1):65S–71S.PubMed

79.

Kauvar DS, Holcomb JB, Norris GC, Hess JR. Fresh whole blood transfusion: a controversial military practice. J Trauma. 2006;61(1):181–4.PubMed

80.

Nessen SC, Eastridge BJ, Cronk D, Craig RM, Berseus O, Ellison R, et al. Fresh whole blood use by forward surgical teams in Afghanistan is associated with improved survival compared to component therapy without platelets. Transfusion. 2013;53(Suppl 1):107S–13S.PubMed

81.

Spinella PC, Perkins JG, Grathwohl KW, Beekley AC, Holcomb JB. Warm fresh whole blood is independently associated with improved survival for patients with combat-related traumatic injuries. J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care. 2009;66(4 Suppl):S69–76.

82.

Perkins JG, Cap AP, Spinella PC, Shorr AF, Beekley AC, Grathwohl KW, et al. Comparison of platelet transfusion as fresh whole blood versus apheresis platelets for massively transfused combat trauma patients (CME). Transfusion. 2011;51(2):242–52.PubMed

83.

Cotton BA, Podbielski J, Camp E, Welch T, del Junco D, Bai Y, et al. A randomized controlled pilot trial of modified whole blood versus component therapy in severely injured patients requiring large volume transfusions. Ann Surg. 2013;258(4):527–32 discussion 532–3.PubMed

84.

Strandenes G, Berseus O, Cap AP, Hervig T, Reade M, Prat N, et al. Low titer group O whole blood in emergency situations. Shock. 2014;41(Suppl 1):70–5.PubMed

85.

Snyder EL, Whitley P, Kingsbury T, Miripol J, Tormey CA. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a whole blood platelet-sparing leukoreduction filtration system. Transfusion. 2010;50(10):2145–51.PubMed

86.

Murdock AD, Berseus O, Hervig T, Strandenes G, Lunde TH. Whole blood: the future of traumatic hemorrhagic shock resuscitation. Shock. 2014;41:62–9.PubMed

87.

Holmes CL, Landry DW, Granton JT. Science review: vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 1—receptor physiology. Crit Care. 2003;7(6):427–34.PubMedCentralPubMed

88.

Holmes CL, Landry DW, Granton JT. Science review: vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 2—clinical physiology. Crit Care. 2004;8(1):15–23.PubMedCentralPubMed

89.

Anand T, Skinner R. Arginine vasopressin: the future of pressure-support resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Res. 2012;178(1):321–9.PubMed

90.

Cohn SM, DeRosa M, McCarthy J, Song J, White C, Louden C, et al. Characterizing vasopressin and other vasoactive mediators released during resuscitation of trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75(4):620–8.PubMed

91.

Westermann I, Dünser MW, Haas T, Jochberger S, Luckner G, Mayr VD, et al. Endogenous vasopressin and copeptin response in multiple trauma patients. Shock. 2007;28(6):644–9.PubMed

92.

Morales D, Madigan J, Cullinane S, Chen J, Heath M, Oz M, et al. Reversal by vasopressin of intractable hypotension in the late phase of hemorrhagic shock. Circulation. 1999;100(3):226–9.PubMed

93.

Stadlbauer KH, Wagner-Berger HG, Krismer AC, Voelckel WG, Konigsrainer A, Lindner KH, et al. Vasopressin improves survival in a porcine model of abdominal vascular injury. Crit Care. 2007;11(4):R81.PubMedCentralPubMed

94.

Voelckel WG, Raedler C, Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Krismer AC, Schmittinger CA, et al. Arginine vasopressin, but not epinephrine, improves survival in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock after liver trauma in pigs. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(4):1160–5.PubMed

95.

Stadlbauer K, Wagner-Berger HG, Raedler C, Voelckel WG, Wenzel V, Krismer AC, et al. Vasopressin, but not fluid resuscitation, enhances survival in a liver trauma model with uncontrolled and otherwise lethal hemorrhagic shock in pigs. Anesthesiology. 2003;98(3):699–704.PubMed

96.

Johnson KB, Pearce FJ, Jeffreys N, McJames SW, Cluff M. Impact of vasopressin on hemodynamic and metabolic function in the decompensatory phase of hemorrhagic shock. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006;20(2):167–72.PubMed

97.

Sperry JL, Minei JP, Frankel HL, West MA, Harbrecht BG, Moore EE, et al. Early use of vasopressors after injury: caution before constriction. J Trauma. 2008;64(1):9–14.PubMed

98.

Plurad DS, Talving P, Lam L, Inaba K, Green D, Demetriades D. Early vasopressor use in critical injury is associated with mortality independent from volume status. J Trauma. 2011;71(3):565–70.PubMed

99.

Cohn SM, McCarthy J, Stewart RM, Jonas RB, Dent D, Michalek JE. Impact of low-dose vasopressin on trauma outcome: prospective randomized study. World J Surg. 2011;35(2):430–9.PubMed

100.

Marti-Carvajal AJ, Sola I, Gluud C, Lathyris D, Cardona AF. Human recombinant protein C for severe sepsis and septic shock in adult and paediatric patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12:CD004388.PubMed

101.

Wilson JX, Wu F. Vitamin C in sepsis. Subcell Biochem. 2012;56:67–83.PubMed

102.

Schorah CJ, Downing C, Piripitsi A, Gallivan L, Al-Hazaa AH, Sanderson MJ, et al. Total vitamin C, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid concentrations in plasma of critically ill patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(5):760–5.PubMed

103.

Tanaka H, Matsuda T, Miyagantani Y, Yukioka T, Matsuda H, Shimazaki S. Reduction of resuscitation fluid volumes in severely burned patients using ascorbic acid administration: a randomized, prospective study. Arch Surg. 2000;135(3):326–31.PubMed

104.

Collier BR, Giladi A, Dossett LA, Dyer L, Fleming SB, Cotton BA. Impact of high-dose antioxidants on outcomes in acutely injured patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2008;32(4):384–8.PubMed

105.

Giladi AM, Dossett LA, Fleming SB, Abumrad NN, Cotton BA. High-dose antioxidant administration is associated with a reduction in post-injury complications in critically ill trauma patients. Injury. 2011;42(1):78–82.PubMed

106.

Nathens AB, Neff MJ, Jurkovich GJ, Klotz P, Farver K, Ruzinski JT, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of antioxidant supplementation in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg. 2002;236(6):814–22.PubMedCentralPubMed

107.

Van PY, Hamilton GJ, Kremenevskiy IV, Sambasivan C, Spoerke NJ, Differding JA, et al. Lyophilized plasma reconstituted with ascorbic acid suppresses inflammation and oxidative DNA damage. J Trauma. 2011;71(1):20–4 discussion 24–5.PubMed

108.

Xiao W, Mindrinos MN, Seok J, Cuschieri J, Cuenca AG, Gao H, et al. A genomic storm in critically injured humans. J Exp Med. 2011;208(13):2581–90.PubMedCentralPubMed

109.

Cuenca AG, Gentile LF, Lopez MC, Ungaro R, Liu H, Xiao W, et al. Development of a genomic metric that can be rapidly used to predict clinical outcome in severely injured trauma patients. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(5):1175–85.PubMed

110.

Granger A, Abdullah I, Huebner F, Stout A, Wang T, Huebner T, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibition reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. FASEB J. 2008;22(10):3549–60.PubMedCentralPubMed

111.

Haberland M, Montgomery RL, Olson EN. The many roles of histone deacetylases in development and physiology: implications for disease and therapy. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10(1):32–42.PubMedCentralPubMed

112.

Li Y, Alam HB. Modulation of acetylation: creating a pro-survival and anti-inflammatory phenotype in lethal hemorrhagic and septic shock. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2011;2011:523481.PubMedCentralPubMed

113.

Shults C, Sailhamer EA, Li Y, Liu B, Tabbara M, Butt MU, et al. Surviving blood loss without fluid resuscitation. J Trauma. 2008;64(3):629–38 discussion 638–40.PubMed

114.

Hwabejire JO, Lu J, Liu B, Li Y, Halaweish I, Alam HB. Valproic acid for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock: a dose-optimization study. J Surg Res. 2014;186(1):363–70.PubMed

115.

Alam HB, Shuja F, Butt MU, Duggan M, Li Y, Zacharias N, et al. Surviving blood loss without blood transfusion in a swine poly-trauma model. Surgery. 2009;146(2):325–33.PubMed

116.

Causey MW, Miller S, Hoffer Z, Hempel J, Stallings JD, Jin G, et al. Beneficial effects of histone deacetylase inhibition with severe hemorrhage andischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res. 2013;184(1):533–40.PubMed

117.

Causey MW, Salgar S, Singh N, Martin M, Stallings JD. Valproic acid reversed pathologic endothelial cell gene expression profile associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury in a swine hemorrhagic shock model. J Vasc Surg. 2012;55(4):1096.e51–1103.e51.

118.

Jin G, Duggan M, Imam A, Demoya MA, Sillesen M, Hwabejire J, et al. Pharmacologic resuscitation for hemorrhagic shock combined with traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(6):1461–70.PubMed

119.

Imam AM, Jin G, Duggan M, Sillesen M, Hwabejire JO, Jepsen CH, et al. Synergistic effects of fresh frozen plasma and valproic acid treatment in a combined model of traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic shock. Surgery. 2013;154(2):388–96.PubMed

120.

Nelson DW, Porta CR, McVay DP, Salgar SK, Martin MJ. Effects of histone deacetylase inhibition on 24-hour survival and end-organ injury in a porcine trauma model: a prospective, randomized trial. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75(6):1031–9.PubMed

Titel: Modern resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock: what is on the horizon?
verfasst von: D. T. Martin
M. A. Schreiber
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2014
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery / Ausgabe 6/2014
Print ISSN: 1863-9933
Elektronische ISSN: 1863-9941
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-014-0416-5

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen.
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Arthroskopie kann Knieprothese nicht hinauszögern

25.04.2024 Gonarthrose Nachrichten

Ein arthroskopischer Eingriff bei Kniearthrose macht im Hinblick darauf, ob und wann ein Gelenkersatz fällig wird, offenbar keinen Unterschied.

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

25.04.2024 Hypertonie Nachrichten

Beginnen ältere Männer im Pflegeheim eine Antihypertensiva-Therapie, dann ist die Frakturrate in den folgenden 30 Tagen mehr als verdoppelt. Besonders häufig stürzen Demenzkranke und Männer, die erstmals Blutdrucksenker nehmen. Dafür spricht eine Analyse unter US-Veteranen.

Ärztliche Empathie hilft gegen Rückenschmerzen

23.04.2024 Leitsymptom Rückenschmerzen Nachrichten

Personen mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen, die von einfühlsamen Ärzten und Ärztinnen betreut werden, berichten über weniger Beschwerden und eine bessere Lebensqualität.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Conclusions

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2014

Bullhorn and bullfighting injuries

Electrical burn injuries of 246 patients treated at the University Clinical Center of Kosovo during the period 2005–2010

Endovascular therapy in trauma

Trauma risk perception related to alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine intake

Comparison of upper limb amputees and lower limb amputees: a psychosocial perspective