nach oben

Breast Cancer Research

Erschienen in:

01.12.2000 | Review

Molecular biology of breast cancer metastasis Genetic regulation of human breast carcinoma metastasis

verfasst von: Danny R Welch, Patricia S Steeg, Carrie W Rinker-Schaeffer

Erschienen in: Breast Cancer Research | Ausgabe 6/2000

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The present is an overview of recent data that describes the genetic underpinnings of the suppression of cancer metastasis. Despite the explosion of new information about the genetics of cancer, only six human genes have thus far been shown to suppress metastasis functionally. Not all have been shown to be functional in breast carcinoma. Several additional genes inhibit various steps of the metastatic cascade, but do not necessarily block metastasis when tested using in vivo assays. The implications of this are discussed. Two recently discovered metastasis suppressor genes block proliferation of tumor cells at a secondary site, offering a new target for therapeutic intervention.

American Cancer Society : Cancer statistics 1998. CA Cancer J Clin. 1998, 48: 1-63.

Boyd D: Invasion and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev . 1996, 15: 77-89.CrossRefPubMed

Price JT, Bonovich MT, Kohn EC: The biochemistry of cancer dissemination. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1997, 32: 175-253. This is an up-to-date, thorough review describing the multitude of molecules that are implicated in the metastatic process.CrossRefPubMed

Ruoslahti E: How cancer spreads. Sci Am. 1996, 275: 72-77.CrossRefPubMed

Welch DR: Technical considerations for studying cancer metastasis in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1997, 15: 272-306. 10.1023/A:1018477516367.CrossRefPubMed

Zetter BR: Angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Annu Rev Med. 1998, 49: 407-424. 10.1146/annurev.med.49.1.407.CrossRefPubMed

Chambers AF: The metastatic process: basic research and clinical implications. Oncol Res. 1999, 11: 161-168.PubMed

Paget S: The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. Lancet. 1889, 1: 571-573. The first systematic comparison of the distribution of metastasis in human cancer, this paper was the first to formally recognize the integral relationship between tumor and host cells in the process of metastasis.CrossRef

Nicolson GL: Cancer metastasis: tumor cell and host organ properties important in metastasis to secondary sites. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988, 948: 175-224. 10.1016/0304-419X(88)90010-8.PubMed

10.

Nicolson GL: Paracrine and autocrine growth mechanisms in tumor metastasis to specific sites with particular emphasis on brain and lung metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1993, 12: 235-343.CrossRef

11.

Nicolson GL: Cancer progression and growth: relationship of paracrine and autocrine growth mechanisms to organ preference of metastasis. Exp Cell Res. 1993, 204: 171-180. 10.1006/excr.1993.1022.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Zetter BR: Cellular basis of site-specific tumor metastasis. N Engl J Med. 1990, 322: 605-612.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Radinsky R: Modulation of tumor cell gene expression and phenotype by the organ specific metastatic environment. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1995, 14: 323-338.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Pfeifer JD, Wick MR: The pathologic evaluation of neoplastic diseases. In: Clinical Oncology, 2nd ed. Edited by Murphy GP, Lawrence W, Lenhard RE. Atlanta: American Cancer Society,. 1995, : 75-95.

15.

Welch DR, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: What defines a useful marker of metastasis in human cancer?. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999, 91: 1351-1353. 10.1093/jnci/91.16.1351.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Fidler IJ, Radinsky R: Genetic control of cancer metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990, 82: 166-168.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Goldberg SF, Harms JF, Quon K, Welch DR: Metastasis-suppressed C8161 melanoma cells arrest in lung but fail to proliferate. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1999, 17: 601-607. 10.1023/A:1006718800891. This paper examines the mechanism of metastasis suppression in human melanoma cells after introduction of chromosome 6. Green fluorescent protein-tagged cells were observed in the lungs after injection, but failed to proliferate. However, the same cells removed from the lungs grew in an orthotopic site.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Chekmareva MA, Kadkhodaian MM, Hollowell CMP, Kim H, Yoshida BA, Luu HH, Stadler WM, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: Chromosome 17-mediated dormancy of AT6.1 prostate cancer micro-metastases. Cancer Res. 1998, 58: 4963-4969. This paper showed that metastasis-suppressed prostate carcinoma cells are able to leave the primary tumor and colonize lung, but that the colonies fail to proliferate.PubMed

19.

Welch DR, Wei LL: Genetic and epigenetic regulation of human breast cancer progression and metastasis. Endocr Rel Cancer. 1998, 5: 155-197. This review surveys several thousand papers and summarizes the genes and chromosomal abnormalities that are implicated in the development and progression of breast carcinoma.CrossRef

20.

Freije JMP, MacDonald NJ, Steeg PS: Differential gene expression in tumor metastasis: Nm23. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol . 1996, 213: 215-232. This is a comprehensive review of the basic and clinical data involving the Nm23 metastasis-suppressor gene.

21.

Weinstat-Saslow DL, Steeg PS: Angiogenesis and colonization in the tumor metastatic process: basic and applied advances. FASEB J . 1994, 8: 401-407.PubMed

22.

Lee J-H, Miele ME, Hicks DJ, Phillips KK, Trent JM, Weissman BE, Welch DR: KiSS-1, a novel human malignant melanoma metastasis-suppressor gene. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996, 88: 1731-1737. The isolation and initial characterization of the KiSS1 metastasis-suppressor gene is described.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Lee J-H, Welch DR: Identification of highly expressed genes in metastasis-suppressed chromosome 6/human malignant melanoma hybrid cells using subtractive hybridization and differential display. Int J Cancer. 1997, 71: 1035-1044. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970611)71:6<1035::AID-IJC20>3.0.CO;2-B.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Dong J-T, Lamb PW, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Vukanovic J, Ichikawa T, Isaacs JT, Barrett JC: KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p11.2. Science (Wash). 1995, 268: 884-886. This paper describes the discovery of KAI1 as a metastasis-suppressor gene in prostate carcinoma and implicates it (and other tetraspan family members) in controlling metastasis by several cancer types.CrossRef

25.

Phillips KK, White AE, Hicks DJ, Welch DR, Barrett JC, Wei LL, Weissman BE: Correlation between reduction of metastasis in the MDA-MB-435 model system and increased expression of the Kai-1 protein. Mol Carcinogen. 1998, 21: 111-120. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199802)21:2<111::AID-MC5>3.3.CO;2-S.CrossRef

26.

Perl AK, Wilgenbus P, Dahl U, Semb H, Christofori G: A causal role for E-cadherin in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. Nature (Lond). 1998, 392: 190-193. 10.1038/32433. This paper demonstrates, using a series of elegant experiments involving dominant- negative constructs in RipTag transgenic mice, that E-cadherin is involved in the conversion of pancreatic carcinoma cells to the invasive phenotype.CrossRef

27.

Christofori G, Semb H: The role of the cell-adhesion molecule E-cadherin as a tumour-suppressor gene. Trends Biochem Sci . 1999, 24: 73-76. 10.1016/S0968-0004(98)01343-7.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Samant RS, Seraj MJ, Meehan WJ, Harms JF, Leonard TO, Shevde LA, Sakamaki T, Winter CR, Verderame MF, Welch DR: BrMS1: a human breast carcinoma metastasis-suppressor gene [abstract]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2000, 41: 1053.

29.

Yoshida BA, Dubauskas Z, Chekmareva MA, Christiano TR, Stadler WM, Rinker-Schaeffer CW: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4/stress-activated protein/Erk kinase 1 (MKK4/SEK1), a prostate cancer metastasis suppressor gene encoded by human chromosome 17. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 5483-5487. This paper provides evidence that MKK4 is a metastasis-suppressor gene in prostate carcinoma.PubMed

30.

Freije JM, MacDonald NJ, Steeg PS: Nm23 and tumour metastasis: basic and translational advances. Biochem Soc Symp. 1998, 63: 261-271.PubMed

31.

Kapranos N, Karaiossifidi H, Kouri E, Vasilaros S: Nm23 expression in breast ductal carcinomas: a ten year follow-up study in a uniform group of node-negative breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 1996, 16: 3987-3990.PubMed

32.

Russell RL, Geisinger KR, Mehta RR, White WL, Shelton B, Kute TE: nm23 - Relationship to the metastatic potential of breast carcinoma cell lines, primary human xenografts, and lymph node negative breast carcinoma patients. Cancer. 1997, 79: 1158-1165. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970315)79:6<1158::AID-CNCR14>3.0.CO;2-Z.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Leone A, Flatow U, VanHoutte K, Steeg PS: Transfection of human nm23-H1 into the human MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cell line: effects on tumor metastatic potential, colonization and enzymatic activity. Oncogene. 1993, 8: 2325-2333.PubMed

34.

Postel EH: NM23-NDP kinase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol . 1998, 30: 1291-1295. 10.1016/S1357-2725(98)00087-9.CrossRefPubMed

35.

De La Rosa A, Williams RL, Steeg PS: Nm23/nucleoside diphosphate kinase: toward a structural and biochemical understanding of its biological functions. BioEssays. 1995, 17: 53-62.CrossRefPubMed

36.

MacDonald NJ, De La Rosa A, Benedict MA, Freije JM, Krutsch H, Steeg PS: A serine phosphorylation of Nm23, and not its nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity, correlates with suppression of tumor metastatic potential. J Biol Chem. 1993, 268: 25780-25789.PubMed

37.

Cipollini G, Berti A, Fiore L, Rainaldi G, Basolo F, Merlo G, Bevilacqua G, Caligo MA: Down-regulation of the Nm23-H1 gene inhibits cell proliferation. Int J Cancer. 1997, 73: 297-302. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19971009)73:2<297::AID-IJC22>3.3.CO;2-X.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Freije JM, Blay P, MacDonald NJ, Manrow RE, Steeg PS: Site-directed mutation of Nm23-H1. Mutations lacking motility suppressive capacity upon transfection are deficient in histidine-dependent protein phosphotransferase pathways in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 5525-5532. 10.1074/jbc.272.9.5525.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Wagner PD, Vu ND: Histidine to aspartate phosphotransferase activity of nm23 proteins: phosphorylation of aldolase C on Asp-319. Biochem J. 2000, 346: 623-630. 10.1042/0264-6021:3460623.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Postel EH, Berberich SJ, Flint SJ, Ferrone CA: Human c-myc transcription factor PuF identified as nm23-H2 nucleoside diphosphate kinase, a candidate suppressor of tumor metastasis. Science (Wash). 1993, 261: 478-480.CrossRef

41.

Engel M, Theisinger B, Seib T, Seitz G, Huwer H, Zang KD, Welter C, Dooley S: High levels of nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 messenger RNA in human squamous cell lung carcinoma are associated with poor differentiation and advanced tumor stages. Int J Cancer. 1993, 55: 375-379.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Mandai M, Konishi I, Koshiyama M, Mori T, Arao S, Tashiro H, Okamura H, Nomura H, Hiai H, Fukumoto M: Expression of metastasis-related nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 genes in ovarian carcinomas: correlation with clinicopathology, EGFR, c-erb B-2, and c-erb B-3 genes, and sex steroid receptor expression. Cancer Res. 1994, 54: 1825-1830.PubMed

43.

Marone M, Scambia G, Ferrandina G, Giannitelli C, Benedetti-Panici P, Iacovella S, Leone A, Mancuso S: Nm23 expression in endometrial and cervical cancer: inverse correlation with lymph node involvement and myometrial invasion. Br J Cancer. 1996, 74: 1063-1068.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Arai T, Watanabe M, Onodera M, Yamashita T, Masunaga A, Itoyama S, Itoh K, Sugawara I: Reduced nm23-H1 messenger RNA expression in metastatic lymph nodes from patients with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Am J Pathol. 1993, 142: 1938-1944.PubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Baba H, Urano T, Okada K, Furukawa K, Nakayama E, Tanaka H, Iwasaki K, Shiku H: Two isotypes of murine nm23 /nucleoside diphosphate kinase, nm23-M1 and nm23-M2, are involved in metastatic suppression of a murine melanoma line. Cancer Res. 1995, 55: 1977-1981.PubMed

46.

Tokunaga Y, Urano T, Furukawa K, Kondo H, Kanematsu T, Shiku H: Reduced expression of nm23-H1, but not of nm23-H2, is concordant with the frequency of lymph node metastasis of human breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 1993, 55: 66-71.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Yamaguchi A, Urano T, Goi T, Takeuchi K, Niimoto S, Nakagawara G, Furukawa K, Shiku H: Expression of human nm23-H1 and nm23-H2 proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 1994, 73: 2280-2284.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Welch DR, Chen P, Miele ME, McGary CT, Bower JM, Weissman BE, Stanbridge EJ: Microcell-mediated transfer of chromosome 6 into metastatic human C8161 melanoma cells suppresses metastasis but does not inhibit tumorigenicity. Oncogene. 1994, 9: 255-262.PubMed

49.

Miele ME, Robertson G, Lee JH, Coleman A, McGary CT, Fisher PB, Lugo TG, Welch DR: Metastasis suppressed, but tumorigenicity and local invasiveness unaffected, in the human melanoma cell line MelJuSo after introduction of human chromosomes 1 or 6. Mol Carcinogen. 1996, 15: 284-299. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199604)15:4<284::AID-MC6>3.0.CO;2-G.CrossRef

50.

West A, Vojta PJ, Welch DR, Weissman BE: Chromosome localization and genomic structure of the KiSS-1 metastasis suppressor gene (KISS1). Genomics. 1998, 54: 145-148. 10.1006/geno.1998.5566.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Lee J-H, Welch DR: Suppression of metastasis in human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-435 cells after transfection with the metastasis suppressor gene, KiSS-1. Cancer Res. 1997, 57: 2384-2387.PubMed

52.

Yan C, Boyd D: Down-regulation of 92 kDa type IV collagenase expression by the metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 [abstract]. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2000, 41: 3486-

53.

Dong JT, Isaacs WB, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT: Genomic organization of the human KAl1 metastasis-suppressor gene. Genomics. 1997, 41: 25-32. 10.1006/geno.1997.4618.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Kawana Y, Komiya A, Ueda T, Nihei N, Kuramochi H, Suzuki H, Yatani R, Imai T, Dong JT, Yoshie O, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT, Shimazaki J, Ito H, Ichikawa T: Location of KAI1 on the short arm of human chromosome 11 and frequency of allelic loss in advanced human prostate cancer. Prostate. 1997, 32: 205-213. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19970801)32:3<205::AID-PROS7>3.0.CO;2-J.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Dong JT, Isaacs WB, Isaacs JT: Molecular advances in prostate cancer. Curr Oin Oncol. 1997, 9: 101-107.CrossRef

56.

Dong JT, Suzuki H, Pin SS, Bova GS, Schalken JA, Isaacs WB, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT: Down-regulation of the KAI1 metastasis suppressor gene during the progression of human prostatic cancer infrequently involves gene mutation or allelic loss. Cancer Res. 1996, 56: 4387-4390.PubMed

57.

Yang XH, Welch DR, Phillips KK, Weissman BE, Wei LL: KAI1, a putative marker for metastatic potential in human breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 1997, 119: 149-155. 10.1016/S0304-3835(97)00274-7.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Takaoka A, Hinoda Y, Satoh S, Adachi Y, Itoh F, Adachi M, Imai K: Suppression of invasive properties of colon cancer cells by a metastasis suppressor KAI1 gene. Oncogene. 1998, 16: 1443-1453. 10.1038/sj/onc/1201648.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Takaoka A, Hinoda Y, Sato S, Itoh F, Adachi M, Hareyama M, Imai K: Reduced invasive and metastatic potentials of KAI1-transfected melanoma cells. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1998, 89: 397-404.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Mareel M, Boterberg T, Noe V, Van Hoorde L, Vermeulen S, Bruyneel E, Bracke M: E-cadherin/catenin/cytoskeleton complex: a regulator of cancer invasion. J Cell Physiol. 1997, 173: 271-274. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199711)173:2<271::AID-JCP34>3.3.CO;2-B.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Vermeulen SJ, Bruyneel EA, Bracke ME, De Bruyne GK, Vennekens KM, Vleminckx KL, Berx GJ, Van Roy FM, Mareel MM: Transition from the noninvasive to the invasive phenotype and loss of α-catenin in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1995, 55: 4722-4728.PubMed

62.

Frixen UH, Behrens J, Sachs M, Eberle G, Voss B, Warda A, Lochner D, Birchmeier W: E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion prevents invasiveness of human carcinoma cells. J Cell Biol. 1991, 113: 173-185.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Mbalaviele G, Dunstan CR, Sasaki A, Williams PJ, Mundy GR, Yoneda T: E-cadherin expression in human breast cancer cells suppresses the development of osteolytic bone metastases in an experimental metastasis model. Cancer Res. 1996, 56: 4063-4070.PubMed

64.

Oka H, Shiozaki H, Kobayashi K, Inoue M, Tahara H, Kobayashi T, Takatsuka Y, Matsuzaki N, Hirano S, Takeichi M: Expression of E-cadherin cell adhesion molecules in human breast cancer tissues and its relationship to metastasis. Cancer Res. 1993, 53: 1696-1701.PubMed

65.

Berx G, Cleton-Jansen AM, Nollet F, De Leeuw WJF, Van de Vijver MJ, Cornelisse CJ, Van Roy F: E-cadherin is a tumour invasion suppressor gene mutated in human lobular breast cancers. EMBO J. 1995, 14: 6107-6115.PubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Berx G, Cleton-Jansen AM, Strumane K, De Leeuw WJF, Nollet F, Van Roy F, Cornelisse C: E-cadherin is inactivated in a majority of invasive human lobular breast cancers by truncation mutations throughout its extracellular domain. Oncogene. 1996, 13: 1919-1925.PubMed

67.

Bracke ME, Charlier C, Bruyneel EA, Labit C, Mareel MM, Castronovo V: Tamoxifen restores the E-cadherin function in human breast cancer MCF-7/6 cells and suppresses their invasive phenotype. Cancer Res . 1994, 54: 4607-4609.PubMed

68.

Phillips KK, Welch DR, Miele ME, Lee J-H, Wei LL, Weissman BE: Suppression of MDA-MB-435 breast carcinoma cell metastasis following the introduction of human chromosome 11. Cancer Res. 1996, 56: 1222-1226.PubMed

69.

Seraj MJ, Samant RS, Verderame MF, Welch DR: Functional evidence for a novel human breast carcinoma metastasis suppressor, BRMS1, encoded at chromosome 11q13. Cancer Res. 2000, 60: 2764-2769. Provides functional evidence that BRMS1 is a breast carcinoma metastasis suppressor gene.PubMed

70.

Padgett RW, Das P, Krishna S: TGF-beta signaling, Smads, and tumor suppressors. BioEssays. 1998, 20: 382-390. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199805)20:5<382::AID-BIES5>3.3.CO;2-Q.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Hartsough MT, Mulder KM: Transforming growth factor-beta signaling in epithelial cells. Pharmacol Ther. 1997, 75: 21-41. 10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00020-X.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Leone A, Flatow U, King CR, Sandeen MA, Margulies IMK, Liotta LA, Steeg PS: Reduced tumor incidence, metastatic potential, and cytokine responsiveness of nm23-transfected melanoma cells. Cell. 1991, 65: 25-35.CrossRefPubMed

73.

Nishibori H, Watanabe M, Narai S, Kubota T, Matsubara C, Teramoto T, Kitajima M: An interaction between human colon carcinoma cells and hepatocytes activates transforming growth factor-beta1 in vitro. Cancer Lett. 1999, 142: 83-89. 10.1016/S0304-3835(99)00152-4.CrossRefPubMed

74.

Carey GB, Chang NS: Cloning and characterization of a transforming growth factor beta 1- induced anti-apoptotic adhesion protein TIF2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998, 249: 283-286. 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9132.CrossRefPubMed

75.

Welch DR, Fabra A, Nakajima M: Transforming growth factor beta stimulates mammary adenocarcinoma cell invasion and metastatic potential. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990, 87: 7678-7682.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Duivenvoorden WCM, Hirte HW, Singh G: Transforming growth factor β1 acts as an inducer of matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity in human bone-metastasizing cancer cells. Clin Exptl Metastasis. 1999, 17: 27-34.

77.

Donovan D, Harmey JH, Toomey D, Osborne DH, Redmond HP, Bouchier-Hayes DJ: TGF beta-1 regulation of VEGF production by breast cancer cells. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997, 4: 621-627.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Yin JJ, Selander K, Chirgwin JM, Dallas M, Grubbs BG, Wieser R, Massagué J, Mundy GR, Guise TA: TGF-β signaling blockade inhibits PTHrP secretion by breast cancer cells and bone metastases development. J Clin Invest. 1999, 103: 197-206.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

79.

Guise TA: Parathyroid hormone-related protein and bone metastases. Cancer. 1997, 80: 1572-1580. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19971015)80:8+<1572::AID-CNCR7>3.3.CO;2-D.CrossRefPubMed

80.

Kogerman P, Sy MS, Culp LA: Overexpressed human CD44s promotes lung colonization during micrometastasis of murine fibrosarcoma cells: facilitated retention in the lung vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 13233-13238. 10.1073/pnas.94.24.13233.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Mukhopadhyay R, Theriault RL, Price JE: Increased levels of α6 integrins are associated with the metastatic phenotype of human breast cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1999, 17: 325-332. 10.1023/A:1006659230585.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Wewer UM, Shaw LM, Albrechtsen R, Mercurio AM: The integrin α6 β1 promotes the survival of metastatic human breast carcinoma cells in mice. Am J Pathol. 1997, 151: 1191-1198.PubMedPubMedCentral

83.

Ochieng J, Warfield P, Green-Jarvis B, Fentie I: Galectin-3 regulates the adhesive interaction between breast carcinoma cells and elastin. J Cell Biochem. 1999, 75: 505-514. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19991201)75:3<505::AID-JCB14>3.3.CO;2-9.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Cheng HC, Abdel-Ghany M, Elble RC, Pauli BU: Lung endothelial dipeptidyl peptidase IV promotes adhesion and metastasis of rat breast cancer cells via tumor cell surface-associated fibronectin. J Biol Chem. 1998, 273: 24207-24215. 10.1074/jbc.273.37.24207.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Tran NL, Nagle RB, Cress AE, Heimark RL: N-Cadherin expression in human prostate carcinoma cell lines. An epithelial-mesenchymal transformation mediating adhesion with stromal cells. Am J Pathol . 1999, 155: 787-798.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Hendrix MJC, Seftor EA, Chu YW, Trevor KT, Seftor REB: Role of intermediate filaments in migration, invasion and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1996, 15: 507-525.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Eccles SA, Box GM, Court WJ, Bone EA, Thomas W, Brown PD: Control of lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis of a rat mammary carcinoma by the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor batimastat (BB-94). Cancer Res. 1996, 56: 2815-2822.PubMed

88.

Ossowski L, Ghiso JA, Liu D, Yu W, Kovalski K: The role of plasminogen activator receptor in cancer invasion and dormancy [abstract]. Medicina (B Aires). 1999, 59: 547-552.

89.

Lang SH, Clarke NW, George NJR, Testa NG: Scatter factor influences the formation of prostate epithelial cell colonies on bone marrow stroma in vitro. Clin Exp Metastasis . 1999, 17: 333-340. 10.1023/A:1006696002497.CrossRefPubMed

90.

Long L, Rubin R, Brodt P: Enhanced invasion and liver colonization by lung carcinoma cells overexpressing the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. Exp Cell Res. 1998, 238: 116-121. 10.1006/excr.1997.3814.CrossRefPubMed

91.

Zhang L, Kharbanda S, McLeskey SW, Kern FG: Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells facilitates tumor cell dissemination but does not support the development of macrometastases in the lungs or lymph nodes. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 5023-5029.PubMed

92.

Schwarz MA, Kandel J, Brett J, Li J, Hayward J, Schwarz RE, Chappey O, Wautier JL, Chabot J, Lo GP, Stern D: Endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II, a novel antitumor cytokine that suppresses primary and metastatic tumor growth and induces apoptosis in growing endothelial cells. J Exp Med. 1999, 190: 341-354. 10.1084/jem.190.3.341.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

93.

Reed JC: Dysregulation of apoptosis in cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1999, 17: 2941-2953.PubMed

Titel: Molecular biology of breast cancer metastasis Genetic regulation of human breast carcinoma metastasis
verfasst von: Danny R Welch
Patricia S Steeg
Carrie W Rinker-Schaeffer
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2000
Verlag: BioMed Central
Erschienen in: Breast Cancer Research / Ausgabe 6/2000
Elektronische ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr87

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

25.04.2024 | Nierenkarzinom | Nachrichten

Springer Medizin

Molecular biology of breast cancer metastasis Genetic regulation of human breast carcinoma metastasis

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Update Onkologie

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2000

P53 autoantibodies in 1006 patients followed up for breast cancer

Molecular biology of breast cancer metastasis ‘Has it spread?’: Disarming one of the most terrifying questions

Molecular biology of breast metastasis The use of mathematical models to determine relapse and to predict response to chemotherapy in breast cancer

Computer-assisted mammographic imaging

The International BRCA1 /2Carrier Cohort Study: Purpose, Rationale, and Study Design

Molecular biology of breast cancer metastasis Clinical implications of experimental studies on metastatic inefficiency

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Update Onkologie