Background
Methods
Search strategy and screening of papers
Study inclusion and exclusion criteria
Study quality assessment
Data extraction
First author | Year | Study setting | Study location | Continent | Study design | Sample size | HPV prevalence | HR HPV prevalence | LR HPV prevalence | Age category in years and proportion of HPV | Mean age in years | Median age in years | Age range in years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Veldhuijzen et al. [36] | 2011 | Health facility | Rwanda | Africa | Cross sectional and cohort | 192 | 139 | 98 | 105 | < 30 years = 56%, ≥ 30 years = 43.1% | 27 | ≥ 18 | |
Sinayobye et al. [37] | 2014 | District Hospital | Rwanda | Africa | Cross sectional | 1228 | 390 | 30–34 = 46.8%, 35–39 = 27.9%, 40–44 = 28.1%, 45–49 = 25.7%, 50–61 = 26.4% | 40 | 30–60 | |||
Rocha-Brischiliari et al. [38] | 2014 | Health Facility | Brazil | South America | Standardized questionnaireaand medical record review | 178 | 83 | 57 | 26 | 18–30 = 60.7%, 31–40 = 43.3%, > 40 = 44.4% | – | – | 18–66 |
Bollen et al. [43] | 2006 | Bangkok hospitals | Thailand | Asia | Medical records review | 256 | 91 | 60 | < 20 = 34.5%, 20–25 = 41.2%, 25–30 = 32.1%, > 30 = 25.7% | 25 | 17–39 | ||
McDonald et al. [44] | 2014 | clinic site | South Africa | Africa | Cohort | 1371 | 718 | 17–29 = 56.5%, 30–39 = 53.6%, 40–65 = 33.3% | 34 | 17–65 | |||
Firnhaber et al. [45] | 2010 | teaching hospital | South Africa | Africa | Cross-sectional | 1010 | 191 | 34 | 18–65 | ||||
Firnhaber et al. [46] | 2009 | teaching hospital | South Africa | Africa | Cohort | 148 | 141 | 123 | 36 | 18–65 | |||
Nweke et al. [41] | 2013 | Gynecologic outpatient clinic | Nigeria | Africa | Cross-sectional | 98 | 45 | 37 | 36.8 | ≥ 18 | |||
Denny et al. [47] | 2008 | Primary health care clinic and colposcopy clinic | South Africa | Africa | Longitudinal cohort study | 400 | 269 | 29.1 | 18–54 | ||||
Akarolo-Anthony et al. [42] | 2013 | Hospital | Nigeria | Africa | Cross-sectional | 149 | 53 | 36.6 | ≥ 18 | ||||
Sahasrabuddhe et al. [48] | 2007 | University Teaching Hospita | Zambia | Africa | Cross sectional | 145 | 141 | 131 | 87 | 36.2 | |||
Rousseau et al. [49] | 2006 | public health facility | Burkina Faso | Africa | Cross-sectional | 126 | 110 | 89 | 21 | 28 | 16–54 | ||
Helen [52] | 2017 | HIV treatment centers | Burkina Faso and South Africa | Africa | Prospective cohort | 1238 | 1151 | 842 | 109 | 35 | ≥ 15 | ||
Hawes et al. [23] | 2003 | Infectious-disease clinic | Senegal | Africa | Colposcopically directed cervical biopsy specimens | 426 | 289 | 222 | 33.6 | > 15 | |||
Mattos et al. [39] | 2011 | (STI/AIDS) clinic | Vitoria, Brazil | South America | Descriptive study | 112 | 33 | 18 | 15 | 29 | 14–51 | ||
Nicol et al. [40] | 2013 | Institute of clinical research, Hospital and HIV VCT | Brazil | South America | Cross sectional | 532 | 369 | 37.7 | |||||
Sagna et al. [35] | 2010 | Medical center | Burkina Faso | Africa | 156 | 91 | 33.65 | 19–45 | |||||
Munoz et al. [51] | 2013 | Health facility | Colombia | South America | Cross sectional | 194 | 136 | 20–34 years = 65 (73.9%), 35–49 years = 42 (60%), ≥ 50 years = 29(80.6%) | 38 | ||||
Camargo et al. [50] | 2014 | Hospital based | Colombia | South America | Cross-sectional | 216 | 149 | 37.5 | 20–73 |
References | Year | HPV 52 | HPV 58 | HPV 51 | HPV 16 | HPV 45 | HPV 35 | HPV 18 | HPV 31 | HPV 66 | HPV 59 | HPV 82 | HPV 56 | HPV 39 | HPV 53 | HPV 33 | HPV 68 | HPV 69 | HPV 73 | HPV 26 | HPV 67 | HPV 70 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Veldhuijzen et al. [36] | 2011 | 27 | 21 | 21 | 15 | 15 | 15 | |||||||||||||||
Sinayobye et al. [37] | 2014 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Rocha-Brischiliari et al. [38] | 2014 | 6 | 11 | 11 | 1 | 4 | 11 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | ||||||
Bollen et al. [43] | 2006 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 14 | 11 | ||||||||
McDonald et al. [44] | 2014 | 74 | 108 | 70 | 112 | 78 | 117 | 85 | 56 | 45 | 51 | 51 | 59 | 85 | ||||||||
Firnhaber et al. [45] | 2010 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Firnhaber et al. [46] | 2009 | 20 | 14 | 20 | 45 | 25 | 30 | 27 | 11 | 18 | 16 | 10 | 22 | 14 | 29 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 4 | 2 | |
Nweke et al. [41] | 2013 | 15 | 7 | 16 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||
Denny et al. [47] | 2008 | 60 | 39 | 35 | 60 | 34 | 57 | 44 | 24 | 36 | 32 | 21 | 35 | 29 | 59 | 19 | 34 | 12 | 22 | 15 | 8 | 41 |
Akarolo-Anthony et al. [42] | 2013 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 6 | 5 | ||||||||
Sahasrabuddhe et al. [48] | 2007 | 65 | 35 | 22 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 12 | 7 | 18 | 18 | 30 | 12 | 20 | 10 | 9 | |||
Rousseau et al. [49] | 2006 | 19 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 8 | |||||||||||||
Helen [52] | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Hawes et al. [23] | 2003 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Mattos et al. [39] | 2011 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nicol et al. [40] | 2013 | 299 | 202 | |||||||||||||||||||
Sagna et al. [35] | 2010 | 9 | 33 | |||||||||||||||||||
Munoz et al. [51] | 2013 | 39 | 104 | 15 | 59 | 64 | 40 | |||||||||||||||
Camargo et al. [50] | 2014 | 44 | 100 | 19 | 66 | 71 | 40 |
References | Year of publication | Molecular technique used for genotyping | Associated factors | Quality assessment score |
---|---|---|---|---|
Veldhuijzen et al. [36] | 2011 | Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test (LA) | 84.6% | |
Sinayobye et al. [37] | 2014 | careHPV | Lower CD4 count < 200, history of 3 or more sexual partners, and history of using hormonal contraception | 87.5% |
Rocha-Brischiliari et al. [38] | 2014 | Genotyping using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis | Hormonal contraceptive use and current smoker | 100% |
Bollen et al. [43] | 2006 | Reverse line-blot hybridization | Higher HIV-plasma viral load | 87.5% |
McDonald et al. [44] | 2014 | Prototype polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based line blot assay and PCR-based, LinearArrayHPVTypingAssay | 83.3% | |
Firnhaber et al. [45] | 2010 | Linear Array genotyping assay (Roche) | 87.5% | |
Firnhaber et al. [46] | 2009 | Roche Linear Array HPV genotyping test | 91.7% | |
Nweke et al. [41] | 2013 | HPV GenoArray test kits | 75.0% | |
Denny et al. [47] | 2008 | Roche Linear Array HPV genotyping test | Low CD4 count and high viral load | 83.3% |
Akarolo-Anthony et al. [42] | 2013 | Roche Linear Array HPV Genotyping Test | 87.5% | |
Sahasrabuddhe et al. [48] | 2007 | Roche Linear Arrays HPV genotyping test | HRHPV associated with low CD4 count < 200 | 75.0% |
Rousseau et al. [49] | 2006 | INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping v2 test | High prevalence of HPV on HIV infection | 87.5% |
Helen [52] | 2017 | INNO-LiPA HPV genotyping Extra® assay | Injectable contraceptive and VL > 1000 | 91.7% |
Hawes et al. [23] | 2003 | PCR -based molecular tests | High VL and low CD4 count | 87.5% |
Mattos et al. [39] | 2011 | Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism | 75.0% | |
Nicol et al. [40] | 2013 | VLPs-based ELISA | 62.5% | |
Sagna et al. [35] | 2010 | PCR -based molecular tests | Only abstract | |
Munoz et al. [51] | 2013 | PCR-based molecular tests | 87.5% | |
Camargo et al. [50] | 2014 | PCR-based molecular tests | CD4 < 500 and high VL have association with HPV detection | 100% |
Statistical analysis
Results
Study characteristics
Pooled prevalence of HPV
HPV genotypes | Random effects pooled %ES (95% CI) | No of studies | χ2 | DF | p value | I2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 | 20 (12.0–28-0) | 13 | 814.56 | 12 | < 0.001 | 98.53 |
18 | 15 (10.0–20.0) | 12 | 390.48 | 11 | < 0.001 | 97.18 |
26 | 4 (2.0–5.0) | 3 | 2.12 | 2 | 0.35 | 5.68 |
31 | 11 (7.0–14.0) | 11 | 260.91 | 10 | < 0.001 | 96.17 |
33 | 8 (5.0–11.0) | 8 | 72.55 | 7 | < 0.001 | 90.35 |
35 | 10 (6.0–14.0) | 9 | 120.78 | 8 | < 0.001 | 93.38 |
39 | 5 (3.0–8.0) | 7 | 53.68 | 6 | < 0.001 | 88.82 |
45 | 7 (5.0–10.0) | 10 | 114.13 | 9 | < 0.001 | 92.11 |
51 | 8 (5.0–10.0) | 9 | 37.74 | 8 | < 0.001 | 78.80 |
52 | 13 (9.0–18.0) | 9 | 157.30 | 8 | < 0.001 | 94.91 |
53 | 10 (5.0–16.0) | 7 | 83.80 | 6 | < 0.001 | 92.84 |
56 | 6 (4.0–9.0) | 7 | 45.42 | 6 | < 0.001 | 86.79 |
58 | 11 (8.0–14.0) | 11 | 94.54 | 10 | < 0.001 | 89.42 |
59 | 5 (3.0–7.0) | 7 | 66.49 | 6 | < 0.001 | 90.98 |
66 | 8 (3.0–12.0) | 5 | 44.36 | 4 | < 0.001 | 90.98 |
67 | 2 (1.0–3.0) | 2 | 1 | |||
68 | 6 (3.0–10.0) | 6 | 74.28 | 5 | < 0.001 | 93.27 |
69 | 4 (2.0–5.0) | 2 | 1 | |||
70 | 1 | |||||
73 | 5 (2.0–8.0) | 4 | 12.73 | 3 | 0.01 | 76.42 |
82 | 5 (3.0–6.0) | 4 | 3.54 | 3 | 0.32 | 15.21 |
Subgroup analysis
Meta-regression analysis
Variable | Adjusted model | ||
---|---|---|---|
ß (95% CI) | SE | p value | |
Sample size | 1.04 (1.0 to 1.09) | .02 | < 0.001 |
Publication year | − 11.8 (− 16.3 to − 7.2) | 2.1 | < 0.001 |