Background
Methods
Study participants
Primary outcomes
Independent variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
Characteristic/factor | Value |
---|---|
Gender, female, no. (%) | 88 (86.3) |
Age, mean ± SD years | 55.0 ± 11.7 |
BMI, mean ± SD kg/m2 | 22.6 ± 3.3 |
Disease duration, mean ± SD years | 8.4 ± 8.7 |
Education, years, no. (%) | |
≤ 9 years | 73 (71.6) |
> 9 years | 29 (28.4) |
Employment status, no. (%) | |
Full-time work | 63 (61.8) |
Part-time work | 37 (36.2) |
Unemployed | 2 (2.0) |
Income/person/month, Yuan, no. (%) | 54 (52.9) |
≤ 1000 Yuan | 35 (34.3) |
1000–3000 Yuan | 12 (11.8) |
3000–5000 Yuan | 1 (1.0) |
≥ 5000 Yuan | 95 (93.1) |
Health insurance, yes, no. (%) | 36 (35.3) |
Comorbid condition, yes, no. (%) | 43.1 ± 27.2 |
VAS pain (range 0–100), mean ± SD | 4.1 ± 6.0 |
28-TJC, mean ± SD | 54 (52.9) |
28-SJC, mean ± SD | 2.6 ± 3.8 |
DAS28, mean ± SD | 3.7 ± 1.5 |
NAIDS usage, yes, no. (%) | 42 (41.2) |
DMARDs usage, yes, no. (%) | 93 (91.2) |
Corticosteroids usage, yes, no. (%) | 43 (42.2) |
Biologics usage, yes, no. (%) | 4 (3.9) |
ESR, mean ± SD mm/h | 25.7 ± 24.9 |
CRP, mean ± SD mg/L | 15.5 ± 24.5 |
RF positivity, yes, no. (%) | 80 (78.4) |
Characteristic/factor | Value | Range |
---|---|---|
Wrist volar flexion ǂ, mean ± SD degrees | 38.7 ± 18.7 | 0 to 80 |
Wrist dorsal flexion ǂ, mean ± SD degrees | 35.2 ± 17.2 | 0 to 65 |
Wrist ulnar deviation ǂ, mean ± SD degrees | 29.7 ± 14.0 | 0 to 63 |
Wrist radial deviation ǂ, mean ± SD degrees | 13.1 ± 7.8 | 0 to 35 |
Sharp score for the wrists, mean ± SD | 8.6 ± 6.5 | 0 to 52 |
Grip strength ǂ, mean ± SD kg | 13.2 ± 8.6 | 0 to 40 |
Pinch strength ǂ, mean ± SD kg | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 0 to 11 |
HAQ score (range 0–3), mean ± SD | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0 to 2.6 |
HADS-anxiety score (range 0–21), mean ± SD | 9.3 ± 2.7 | 4 to 17 |
HADS-depression score (range 0–21), mean ± SD | 8.9 ± 2.4 | 4 to 15 |
PCS score (range 0–100), mean ± SD | 43.9 ± 22.9 | 2.5 to 92.8 |
MCS score (range 0–100), mean ± SD | 53.0 ± 22.2 | 1 to 100 |
Higher sharp score was significantly associated with reduced ROM for the wrists
Variable | Wrist volar flexion (degrees) | Wrist dorsal flexion (degrees) | Wrist ulnar deviation (degrees) | Wrist radial deviation (degrees) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
| |
Wrist volar flexion ǂ (degrees) | ||||||||
Wrist dorsal flexion ǂ (degrees) | 0.67** | 0.000 | ||||||
Wrist ulnar deviation ǂ (degrees) | 0.62** | 0.000 | 0.64** | 0.000 | ||||
Wrist radial deviation ǂ (degrees) | 0.47** | 0.000 | 0.44** | 0.000 | 0.48** | 0.000 | ||
Sharp score for the wrists | − 0.62** | 0.000 | − 0.63** | 0.000 | − 0.67** | 0.000 | − 0.42** | 0.000 |
SES, disease activity, laboratory indexes and outcome measures were significantly associated with sharp score and ROM for the wrists
Variable | Sharp score for the wrists | Wrist volar flexion ǂ (degrees) | Wrist dorsal flexion ǂ (degrees) | Wrist ulnar deviation ǂ (degrees) | Wrist radial deviation ǂ (degrees) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
|
r
|
P
| |
Gender | 0.15 | 0.129 | 0.02 | 0.858 | 0.03 | 0.746 | 0.03 | 0.775 | 0.18 | 0.065 |
Age, years | −0.08 | 0.451 | −0.17 | 0.096 | − 0.08 | 0.434 | − 0.04 | 0.659 | − 0.04 | 0.713 |
BMI, kg/m2 | −0.06 | 0.561 | −0.03 | 0.794 | −0.12 | 0.233 | −0.08 | 0.454 | −0.08 | 0.404 |
Disease duration, years | 0.47** | 0.000 | −0.30** | 0.002 | −0.46** | 0.000 | −0.39** | 0.000 | −0.13 | 0.200 |
Education, years | −0.07 | 0.515 | 0.26** | 0.008 | 0.20* | 0.048 | 0.21* | 0.037 | 0.16 | 0.118 |
Employment status | −0.22* | 0.025 | 0.26* | 0.008 | 0.07 | 0.458 | 0.25* | 0.012 | 0.04 | 0.660 |
Income/person/month, Yuan | −0.31** | 0.002 | 0.40** | 0.000 | 0.31** | 0.002 | 0.30** | 0.002 | 0.12 | 0.224 |
Health insurance | 0.05 | 0.624 | 0.12 | 0.248 | 0.25* | 0.012 | 0.22* | 0.027 | 0.16 | 0.108 |
Comorbid condition | 0.23* | 0.021 | −0.18 | 0.078 | −0.27** | 0.006 | −0.26** | 0.007 | −0.12 | 0.215 |
VAS pain | 0.31** | 0.002 | −0.41** | 0.000 | −0.40** | 0.000 | −0.43** | 0.000 | −0.34** | 0.001 |
28-TJC | 0.12 | 0.229 | −0.30** | 0.003 | −0.30** | 0.002 | −0.28** | 0.005 | −0.20* | 0.043 |
28-SJC | 0.16 | 0.102 | −0.23* | 0.021 | −0.25* | 0.011 | −0.13 | 0.195 | −0.21* | 0.038 |
DAS28 | 0.27* | 0.017 | −0.32** | 0.001 | −0.30** | 0.002 | −0.31** | 0.002 | −0.39** | 0.000 |
NAIDS usage | −0.02 | 0.866 | −0.05 | 0.634 | −0.04 | 0.702 | 0.00 | 0.976 | 0.05 | 0.627 |
DMARDs usage | 0.00 | 0.995 | 0.08 | 0.438 | −0.01 | 0.958 | −0.07 | 0.477 | −0.05 | 0.604 |
Corticosteroids usage | 0.06 | 0.529 | −0.17 | 0.080 | −0.27** | 0.007 | −0.11 | 0.258 | −0.06 | 0.547 |
Biologics usage | 0.04 | 0.456 | 0.08 | 0.438 | 0.00 | 0.949 | 0.05 | 0.567 | 0.05 | 0.447 |
ESR, mm/h | 0.14 | 0.161 | −0.21* | 0.039 | −0.20* | 0.041 | −0.24* | 0.014 | −0.38** | 0.000 |
CPR, mg/L | 0.12 | 0.214 | - 0.24* | 0.014 | −0.29** | 0.003 | −0.27** | 0.006 | −0.36** | 0.000 |
RF positivity | 0.14 | 0.155 | −0.05 | 0.619 | −0.08 | 0.448 | −0.14 | 0.163 | −0.28** | 0.005 |
Grip strength ǂ (kg) | −0.39** | 0.000 | 0.40** | 0.000 | 0.37** | 0.000 | 0.47** | 0.000 | 0.37** | 0.000 |
Pinch strength ǂ (kg) | −0.30** | 0.002 | 0.29** | 0.003 | 0.25* | 0.013 | 0.32** | 0.001 | 0.24* | 0.017 |
HAQ score | 0.35** | 0.000 | −0.49** | 0.000 | −0.49** | 0.000 | −0.47** | 0.000 | −0.41** | 0.000 |
HADS-anxiety score | 0.16 | 0.109 | −0.10 | 0.322 | −0.25* | 0.012 | −0.06 | 0.555 | −0.24* | 0.019 |
HADS-depression score | 0.05 | 0.610 | −0.21* | 0.040 | −0.20* | 0.047 | −0.12 | 0.250 | −0.23* | 0.020 |
PCS score | −0.25* | 0.011 | 0.41** | 0.000 | 0.38** | 0.000 | 0.31** | 0.002 | 0.29** | 0.003 |
MCS score | −0.22* | 0.023 | 0.26** | 0.008 | 0.32** | 0.001 | 0.21* | 0.030 | 0.19 | 0.113 |
SES and RA disease-specific factors were the potential risk factors of wrist ROM
Factor | Wrist volar flexion ǂ (degrees) | Wrist dorsal flexion ǂ (degrees) | Wrist ulnar deviation ǂ (degrees) | Wrist radial deviation ǂ (degrees) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B(95% CI) |
β
|
P
| B(95% CI) |
β
|
P
| B(95% CI) |
β
|
P
| B(95% CI) |
β
|
P
| |
Education, years | 6.11 (1.04, 11.18) | 0.20 | 0.019 | |||||||||
Income/person/month, Yuan | 7.00 (2.75, 11.25) | 0.28 | 0.001 | 4.10 (0.39, 7.82) | ||||||||
Employment status | 5.30 (0.17, 10.42) | 0.17 | 0.043 | 4.58 (0.83, 8.33) | 0.20 | 0.017 | ||||||
Disease duration, years | −0.46 (−0.82, −0.10) | −0.21 | 0.012 | −0.76 (−1.08, − 0.45) | −0.39 | 0.000 | −0.56 (− 0.82, − 0.29) | −0.35 | 0.000 | |||
VAS pain | −0.23 (− 0.34, − 0.11) | −0.33 | 0.000 | −0.18 (− 0.29, − 0.08) | −0.29 | 0.001 | −0.17 (− 0.26, − 0.09) | −0.33 | 0.000 | |||
DAS28 | −2.02 (−2.97, −1.08) | −0.39 | 0.000 | |||||||||
Corticosteroids usage | −7.31(−12.79, − 1.84) | −0.21 | 0.009 | |||||||||
R
2
| 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.15 |