Background
Methods
Number | Name | Content |
---|---|---|
1 | Outcome definition | Was a valid definition given of the outcome for prevalence, colonization and infection? |
2 | Time unit | Was the endpoint calculated for a standardized time unit (daily, monthly, yearly)? |
3 | Target population | Was the target population specified by inclusion or eligibility criteria? |
4 | Participants | Was the number of included cases reported, e.g. by describing the numbers and reasons for non-participation? |
5 | Observer bias | Were sources of potential imprecision reported and/or have consequences been discussed? |
6 | Screening procedure | Were measures described that had been undertaken for standardization of screening measurements? |
7 | Swabbing sites | Have routine surveillance cultures included the anterior nares (or nostrils or nose) and the throat? |
Outcome definition
Time unit
Target population
Participants
Observer bias
Screening procedure
Sampling sites
Results
NO. | Author (First) | Study design | Screening policy | Results | Quality Rating3
| ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country, Year of Publication | Study period, dates (months) | Study, setting (no. of units) (n) | Basic number of cases potentially eligible (n) | Study population (no. of residents) (n) | Screening methods | Swabbing sites | Number of MRSA patients colonised (C) or infected (I) (n) | Proportion of MRSA | |||
% MRSA among patients Mean (95% CI)1Range2
| % MRSA among S. aureus isolates Mean (95% CI)1
| ||||||||||
1 | Baldwin [36] Northern Ireland 2009 | 2005-2006 (9) | NH-E (45) | 1.678 | 1.1114
| Non-selective on one day in each unit | Nares, urine, wounds, inv.devices | 267 (C) | 23.3 (18.8-27.7) Range, 0 to 73 | Good 1Y; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6Y; 7N | |
2 | Barr [38] UK 2007 | 2005 (2) | Care homes for the elderly (39) | 1.342 | 7154
| Non-selective | Nose | 159 (C) | 22.0 (18.0-27.0) Range, 0 to 50 | 54.0 | Fair 1N; 2N; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6Y; 7N |
3 | Baum, von [37] Germany 2002 | 1999-2000 (12) | NH-E (47) | 3.864 | 3.2364
| Non-selective | Nares, skin defects | 36 (C) | 1.1 (0.75-1.47) Range, 0 to 18.2 | Fair 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6N; 7N | |
4 | Brugnaro [39] Italy 2009 | 2006 (1) | NH-E (2 with 15 units) | 570 | 5514
| Non-selective on a single day in each unit | Nares | 43 (C) | 7.8 (5.7-10.4) Range, 0 to 18 | Fair 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6N; 7N | |
5 | Cretnik [40] Slovenia 2005 | 2001 (1) | NH-E (1) | 127 | 107 | Non-selective | Nares, skin lesions | 10 (C) | 9.3 | Poor 1N; 2N; 3Y; 4Y; 5N; 6?; 7N | |
6 | Denis [33] Belgium 2009 | 2005 (9) | A random sample of NH-E (60) | NA | 2.953 | Non-selective on the same day in each unit | Nares, throat, wounds, cath. urine | 587 (C) | 19.5 (16.4-21.5) Range, 2 to 42.9 | 39.1 | Fair 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6N; 7Y |
7 | Heuck [41] Germany 2000 | NA | NH-E (31) | ? | 1.3424
| Non-selective | Nares, throat, wounds | 32 (C) | 2.4 Range, 0 to 2.9 | 6.0 | Poor 1N; 2N; 3Y; 4N; 5N; 6N; 7Y |
8 | Heudorf [42] Germany 2001 | 1999-2000 NA | NH-E (7); geriatric RC (1) | ? | NH-E: 359 RC: 424
| Non-selective | Nose, throat | NH-E: 8 (C) RC: 2 (C) | NH-E: 2.2 RC: 4.8 | Fair 1N; 2N; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6N; 7Y | |
9 | Hoefnagels-Schuermans [43] Belgium 2002 | 1997 (3) | NH-E (17) | ? | 2.857 | Non-selective; one day sampling in each unit | Nose, perineum | 141 (C) | 4.9 (4.38-6.09) | 19.1 | Poor 1N; 2Y; 3N; 4N; 5N; 6Y; 7N |
10 | Neuhaus [44] Germany 2002 | 2000-2001 (12) | NH-E (61) | ? | 1.0574
| Non-selective | Nose, throat, wounds | 32 (C) 3 (I) | 3.0 (2.1-4.2) | 6.3 (4.3-8.8) | Fair 1Y; 2N; 3Y; 4N; 5N; 6N; 7Y |
11/1 | Woltering [45] Germany 2008 | NA (4) | NH-E (5) | 441 | 2654
| Non-selective on a 2-days period in each unit | Nose, throat, wounds | 4 (C) | 2.3 (0.8-4.9) | 5.9 | Good 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6N; 7Y |
NO. | Author, First | Study design | Screening policy | Results | Comments | Quality rating4
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country, Year of Publication | Study period (no. of months) | Study setting1(no. of units) (n) | Study population | Basic no. of cases potentially eligible/no. of participants (n) | Screening methods (Origin of specimen) | Swabbing sites | No. of MRSA patients colonised (C) or infected (I) or no. of isolates (n) | Prevalence of MRSA | |||||
% MRSA among patients Mean2(95% CI) Range3
| % MRSA among S.au reus isolates Mean2
| Density (no. of MRSA per 1,000 patients days | |||||||||||
12 | Chaberny [46] Germany 2008 | 2005 (<1) | ICU (1), surgery (1), neurology (1), internal medicine (1) | Patients | 700/509 | On a given study day | Nares, throat, skin lesions | 27 (C) | 5.3 (3.5-7.7) ICU: 11.5a Surgery: 5.5a Neuro. 11.8 Int. med.: 5.1 | 19.0 |
a Units with established admission screening | Good 1Y; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6Y; 7Y | |
13 | Chaberny [47] Germany 2005 | 2002 (12) | ICU (4) | Admissions | ?/188.615 | On admission of patients at risk for MRSA Clinical samples5
| n.r. | 505 (C) 404 (I) | 0.48 | 0.64a
0.29a,b
|
a Admissions
b Noso-comial | Fair 1Y; 2Y; 3N; 4Y; 5N; 6Y; 7? | |
14 | Chaberny [7] Germany 2007 | 2004 (12) | Hospital (31) | Hospita-lized patients | ?/660.042 | During hospital stay Clinical samples5
| Nares | 2.786 (C) 1.429 (I) | 0.71a
0.27a,b
|
a Admissions
b Noso-comial | Fair 1Y; 2Y; 3Y; 4N; 5Y; 6N; 7N | ||
15 | Eveillard [48] France 2002 | 2000 (1) | Acute geriatric ward (2) | Patients | 244/239 | On the first day of admission | Nares, wounds | 35 (C) | 14.6 (10.1-19.1) | Fair 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5N; 6N; 7N | |||
16 | Anonymous [49] Germany 2010 | 2008 (1) | RC (6), GH (8) | Patients | ?/6.985 | On admission during initial exa-mination | Nose, throat | 95 (C) | RC: 2.1 GH: 1.2 | RC: 9.4 GH: 5.5 | Fair 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4N; 5N; 6?; 7Y | ||
17 | Hassan [50] Ireland 2008 | 2005 (3) | Orthopedic ward (2) | Patients | 690/686 | Within 24 hrs of admission | Nose, perineum, surgical wounds | 27 (C) | 3.9 | Fair 1N; 2N; 3Y; 4Y; 5N; 6Y; 7N | |||
18 | Hori [14] UK 2002 | 2000 (4) | UH (1) | Patients older than 64 years | 431/342 | On the 21st day after admission | Nares | 54 (C) | 15.8 | Fair 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6N; 7N | |||
19/1 | Kappstein [51] Germany 2009 | 2000-2005 (72) | UH (1) | Patients | ? | On admission Clinical samples5
| Nose | 489 (C) 38 (I) | 0.42 | Poor 1Y; 2N; 3N; 4N; 5N; 6N; 7N | |||
19/2 | Kappstein [51] Germany 2009 | 2002-2005 (42) | UH (1) | Patients | 141.249/29.692 | Within 48 hrs of admission | Nose, wounds | 231 (C) | 0.78 | ||||
20 | Kresken [26] Germany 2009 | 2007 (1) | LF (26) |
S. aureus isolates | ?/872 | Clinical samples5
| 159 isolates | 20.3 | Poor 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4N; 5N; 6N; 7N | ||||
21 | Lucet [52] France 2009 | 2003-2004 (14) | Hospitals for primary and tertiary care (16) | Patients at discharge to home care, > 48 hrs in hospitala
| 2.025/1.501 | Within 3 days before discharge | Nose, chronic skin lesions | 191 (C) | 12.7 (11.0-14.5) |
a Obstetric patients excluded | Fair 1Y; 2N; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6Y; 7N | ||
22 | Lucet [53] France 2005 | 2002 (3,5) | Acute care ward in a hospital (1) | Patients older than 75 years, > 24 hrs in hospital | 1.434/797 | Within 48 hrs of admission | Nose, skin breaks | 63 (C) | 7.9a
(6.0-9.8) | 29.7a
|
a Admissions | Fair 1Y; 2N; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6Y; 7N | |
23 | Meyer [54] Germany 2006 | 2001-2004 (48) | ICU (40) | S. aureus isolates of patients with noso-comial infections | ?/12.238 | Clinical samples5
| 2.631 isolates | 21.5 | 4.4 | Good 1Y; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; Y5; 6N; 7N | |||
24 | Morange-Saussier [55] France 2006 | 2004 (4) | Vascular surgery (1) | Patients, > 24 hrs in hospital | ?/308 | On admission and 1 wk thereafter | Nares | 13 (C) | 4.2 | 27.0 | Fair 1Y; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5N; 6N; 7N | ||
25 | Gopal Rao [29] UK 2007 | 2004- 2005 (12) | GH (1); emergency department | Adult emergency admissions | 13.826/7.801 | Prior to admission | Nose, axillae | 670 (C) 433 (C) | 8.6a
6.7b
|
a Admissions
b Patients | Fair 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6N; 7N | ||
26 | Reilly [56] UK 2010 | 2008 (5) | GH (6) | Emergency (68%) and elective (32%) admissions | 29.690/26.160 | On admission or at pre-admission (7.5%) | Nose, wounds, invasive device sites | 988 (C+I) | 3.8a
(3.5-4.0) |
a Admissions | Fair 1N; 2N; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6Y; 7N | ||
27 | Tai [57] UK 2004 | 2000 (12) | Orthopedic and trauma surgery (1) | Patients at high risk for MRSA | 1.879/121 | On admission Clinical samples5
| Nose, throat, axillae, groins, wounds | 10 (C) 21 (I) | 1.6 | Poor 1Y; 2N; 3Y; 4N; 5N; 6N; 7N | |||
28 | Thompson [58] UK 2004 | 2001-2004 (30) | ICU (1) | Admissions to ICU | 1.472/1.361 | On admission Weekly screening cycle Clinical samples5
| Nose, groins | 119 (C+I) 68 (C+I)b
| 8.7a (6.1-10.2) |
a Admissions
b Nosocomial Incidence: 1st wk: 7.5%; 2nd to 4th wk: 20.3% | Fair 1Y; 2?; 3Y; 4?; 5Y; 6N; 7N | ||
29 | Tiemersma [3] Germany 2004 | 1999-2002 (36) | Hospitals (25) |
S. aureus blood isolates | ?/3.757 | Blood cultures5
| 600 isolates | 13.8 | Poor 1Y; 2?; 3N; 4Y; 5N; 6N; 7N | ||||
30 | Vos [59] NL 2009 | 2000-2004 (60) | UH (1) | Admissions at high risk for MRSA | ?/ 21.598 | On admission | Nose, throat, perineum, invasive devices, wounds | 123 (C) | 0.10 | 0.0028a
|
a Related to bacteremia cases | Fair 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4N; 5Y; 6N; 7Y | |
31 | Walley [60] UK 2009 | 2003 (3) | Trauma and ortho-pedic ward (1) | Elective and trauma patients, > 48 hrs in hospital | 559/323 | Within 24-48 hrs of admission | Nose, perineum | 78 (C) | 24.0 | Fair 1Y; 2N; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6?; 7N | |||
11/2 | Woltering [45] Germany 2008 | GH (5), RC (3) | Patients | 1.321/818 | On a 2-days screening period in each unit | Nose, throat, wounds | GH: 17 (C) RC: 6 (C) | GH: 3.4 (2.1-5.6) RC: 1.2 (0.4-3.3) | GH: 11.6 RC: 5.6 | Good 1N; 2Y; 3Y; 4Y; 5Y; 6N; 7Y |