Mucocutaneous candida infections are among extremely common, and new studies are rapidly emerging regarding specific clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities, drug resistance, and treatment options. Approximately, 7% of
Candida bloodstream infections are resistant to fluconazole, with over 70% of these species being
Candida glabrata or
Candida krusei (Lockhart in J Clin Microbiol 50(11):3435–3442,
2012; Lockhart et al. in Clin Infect Dis,
2017; Vallabhaneni et al. in Open Forum Infect Dis 2(4),
2015). Drug efflux pumps have been identified in
C. parapsilosis allowing for increased resistance to fluconazole, ranging from 2–5% (Pristov and Ghannoum in Clin Microbiol Infect 25(7):792-798,
2019; Sadeghi et al. in J Mycol Med 28(1):51-58,
2018; Whaley et al. in Front Microbiol 7(JAN):2173,
2017). Additionally, recent studies highlight specific patient populations which may be prone to colonization by specific
Candida species (Ghaddar et al. in Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2019,
2019).