Background
Methods
Participants
Outcome variables
Main predictor
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Number of musculoskeletal pain sites, n (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 0 | 1 | ≥ 2 | ||
747 | 489 | 126 | 132 | ||
Sex | Male | 382 (51.1) | 266 (54.4) | 54 (42.9) | 62 (47.0) |
Female | 365 (48.9) | 223 (45.6) | 72 (57.1) | 70 (53.0) | |
Age | < 75 | 456 (61.0) | 305 (62.4) | 68 (54.0) | 83 (62.9) |
≥ 75 | 291 (39.0) | 184 (37.6) | 58 (46.0) | 49 (37.1) | |
BMIa | < 18.5 | 18 (2.4) | 13 (2.7) | 3 (2.4) | 2 (1.5) |
18.5–24.9 | 426 (57.0) | 290 (59.3) | 71 (56.3) | 65 (49.2) | |
≥ 25 | 279 (37.3) | 174 (35.6) | 44 (34.9) | 61 (46.2) | |
Living area | Ogatsu | 349 (46.7) | 236 (48.3) | 53 (42.1) | 60 (45.5) |
Oshika | 274 (36.7) | 180 (36.8) | 50 (39.7) | 44 (33.3) | |
Wakabayashi | 124 (16.6) | 73 (14.9) | 23 (18.3) | 28 (21.2) | |
Smoking habitsa | Non-smoking | 602 (80.6) | 394 (80.6) | 103 (81.7) | 105 (79.5) |
Smoking | 80 (10.7) | 54 (11.0) | 10 (7.9) | 16 (12.1) | |
Drinking habitsa | Non-drinking | 430 (57.6) | 278 (56.9) | 79 (62.7) | 73 (55.3) |
< 45.6 g of alcohol/dayb | 161 (21.6) | 101 (20.7) | 25 (19.8) | 35 (26.5) | |
≥ 45.6 g of alcohol/dayb | 52 (7.0) | 41 (8.4) | 4 (3.2) | 7 (5.3) | |
Chronic conditions | Hypertension | 423 (56.6) | 260 (53.2) | 71 (56.3) | 92 (69.7) |
Diabetes mellitus | 97 (13.0) | 58 (11.9) | 16 (12.7) | 23 (17.4) | |
Myocardial infarction | 71 (9.5) | 38 (7.8) | 12 (9.5) | 21 (15.9) | |
Cerebral stroke | 8 (1.1) | 3 (0.6) | 2 (1.6) | 3 (2.3) | |
Working statusa | Unemployed | 522 (69.9) | 341 (69.7) | 91 (72.2) | 90 (68.2) |
Employed | 202 (27.0) | 133 (27.2) | 31 (24.6) | 38 (28.8) | |
Walking time/daya | ≥ 1 h | 205 (27.4) | 153 (31.3) | 29 (23.0) | 23 (17.4) |
0.5 to < 1 h | 30 (44.2) | 218 (44.6) | 56 (44.4) | 56 (42.4) | |
< 0.5 h | 198 (26.5) | 108 (22.1) | 40 (31.7) | 50 (37.9) | |
Living environmenta | Same house as before the GEJE | 219 (29.3) | 145 (29.7) | 43 (34.1) | 31 (23.5) |
Prefabricated house | 295 (39.5) | 190 (38.9) | 52 (41.3) | 53 (40.2) | |
New house | 109 (14.6) | 70 (14.3) | 12 (9.5) | 27 (20.5) | |
Others | 123 (16.5) | 83 (17.0) | 19 (15.1) | 21 (15.9) | |
Subjective economic hardshipa | Normal | 372 (49.8) | 262 (53.6) | 46 (36.5) | 64 (48.5) |
A little bit hard | 206 (27.6) | 132 (27.0) | 40 (31.7) | 34 (25.8) | |
Hard | 115 (15.4) | 60 (12.3) | 35 (27.8) | 20 (15.2) | |
Very hard | 34 (4.6) | 16 (3.3) | 4 (3.2) | 14 (10.6) | |
Psychological distressa | Absence | 651 (87.1) | 442 (90.4) | 99 (78.6) | 110 (83.3) |
Presence | 61 (8.2) | 25 (5.1) | 17 (13.5) | 19 (14.4) | |
Sleep disturbancea | Absence | 552 (73.9) | 401 (82.0) | 82 (65.1) | 69 (52.3) |
Presence | 185 (24.8) | 80 (16.4) | 43 (34.1) | 62 (47.0) | |
Social isolationa | Absence | 579 (77.5) | 383 (78.3) | 95 (75.4) | 101 (76.5) |
Presence | 164 (22.0) | 102 (20.9) | 31 (24.6) | 31 (23.5) |
Number of musculoskeletal pain sites | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
total | 0 | 1 | ≥ 2 | P for trend | |
Participants | 747 | 489 | 126 | 132 | |
New-onset poor physical function, n (%) | 111 (14.9) | 54 (11.0) | 22 (17.5) | 35 (26.5) | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.70 (0.99–2.92) | 2.91 (1.80–4.69) | < 0.001 | |
Model 1 OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.49 (0.83–2.65) | 2.62 (1.55–4.42) | 0.001 | |
Model 2 OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.39 (0.75–2.58) | 2.69 (1.52–4.77) | 0.003 |
absence | presence | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Knee pain | Participants | 641 | 106 | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1 | 2.73 (1.68–4.42) | < 0.001 | |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 2.51 (1.43–4.40) | 0.001 | |
Hand or foot pain | Participants | 653 | 94 | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1 | 2.73 (1.65–4.51) | < 0.001 | |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 2.60 (1.44–4.71) | 0.002 | |
Low back pain | Participants | 617 | 130 | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.99 (1.24–3.18) | 0.004 | |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.61 (0.94–2.78) | 0.085 | |
Shoulder pain | Participants | 704 | 43 | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1 | 2.08 (1.01–4.25) | 0.046 | |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.77 (0.78–4.04) | 0.175 | |
Neck pain | Participants | 642 | 105 | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.77 (1.06–2.95) | 0.03 | |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.50 (0.81–2.78) | 0.20 |
Number of musculoskeletal pain sites | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
total | 0 | 1 | ≥ 2 | P for trend | |
Age < 75 | |||||
Participants | 456 | 305 | 68 | 83 | |
New-onset poor physical function, n (%) | 48 (10.5) | 21 (6.9) | 11 (16.2) | 16 (19.3) | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1 | 2.61 (1.19–5.71) | 3.23 (1.60–6.52) | 0.002 | |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 2.63 (1.04–6.63) | 2.74 (1.16–6.48) | 0.031 | |
Age ≥ 75 | |||||
Participants | 291 | 184 | 58 | 49 | |
New-onset poor physical function, n (%) | 63 (21.6) | 33 (17.9) | 11 (19.0) | 19 (38.8) | |
Crude OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.07 (0.50–2.28) | 2.90 (1.46–5.76) | 0.008 | |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1 | 1.06 (0.40–2.81) | 2.99 (1.28–6.96) | 0.029 |