Background
Methods
Study design and data sources
Subjects
Outcome variables
Assessment and linkage of exposure variables
Operationalization of the built environment determinants
Population density
Facility and amenity measures
Neighborhood green space
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
Profile of the participants
N (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Total (n = 23,043) | Boys (n = 11,826) | Girls (n = 11,176) | P-valuea |
Hours of leisure-time PA (summer) | <0.001 | |||
≤4 h/week | 8758 (38.0) | 3658 (30.9) | 5086 (45.5) | |
≥5 h/week | 14,085 (61.1) | 8071 (68.3) | 5987 (53.6) | |
Missing | 200 (0.9) | 97 (0.8) | 103 (0.9) | |
Hours of leisure-time PA (winter) | <0.001 | |||
≤4 h/week | 11,375 (49.4) | 5110 (43.2) | 6247 (55.9) | |
≥5 h/week | 11,457 (49.7) | 6597 (55.8) | 4837 (43.3) | |
Missing | 211 (0.9) | 119 (1.0) | 92 (0.8) | |
Participation in organized activities | 0.003 | |||
Once a week or less | 6562 (28.5) | 3467 (29.3) | 3078 (27.6) | |
2 days or more/week | 16,430 (71.3) | 8333 (70.5) | 8073 (72.2) | |
Missing | 51 (0.2) | 26 (0.2) | 25 (0.2) | |
Informal social activity with friends/peers | 0.007 | |||
Once a week or less | 3627 (15.7) | 1934 (16.4) | 1684 (15.1) | |
2 days or more/week | 19,084 (82.8) | 9719 (82.2) | 9333 (83.5) | |
Missing | 332 (1.5) | 173 (1.4) | 159 (1.4) | |
After school care | 0.516 | |||
No | 6096 (26.4) | 3162 (26.7) | 2918 (26.1) | |
Yes | 16,503 (71.6) | 8449 (71.5) | 8026 (71.8) | |
Missing | 444 (2.0) | 214 (1.8) | 230 (2.1) | |
Maternal age (years) at recruitment | 0.063 | |||
≤29 | 8967 (38.9) | 4679 (39.6) | 4288 (38.4) | |
≥30 | 14,035 (60.9) | 7147 (60.4) | 6888 (61.6) | |
Missing | 41 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Maternal level of education | 0.731 | |||
High school or less | 4624 (20.1) | 2392 (20.2) | 2229 (19.9) | |
University ≤4 years | 8904 (38.6) | 4603 (38.9) | 4286 (38.4) | |
University > 4 years | 8951 (38.8) | 4576 (38.7) | 4355 (39.0) | |
Missing | 564 (2.5) | 255 (2.2) | 306 (2.7) |
N (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Built environment exposures | Total (n = 23,043) | Boys (n = 11,826) | Girls (n = 11,176) | P-valuea |
Total green and open spaces | 0.187 | |||
≤13.0% (ref.) | 5593 (24.3) | 2866 (24.2) | 2717 (24.3) | |
13.1–29.9% | 5664 (24.6) | 2846 (24.1) | 2811 (25.2) | |
30–49.9% | 5983 (26.0) | 3085 (26.1) | 2887 (25.8) | |
≥50.0% | 5803 (25.2) | 3029 (25.6) | 2761 (24.7) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Park within 800 m | 0.671 | |||
No | 19,279 (83.7) | 9882 (83.6) | 9362 (83.8) | |
Yes | 3764 (16.3) | 1944 (16.4) | 1814 (16.2) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Park within 5000 m | 0.517 | |||
No | 8493 (36.9) | 4384 (37.1) | 4097 (36.7) | |
Yes | 14,550 (63.1) | 7442 (62.9) | 7079 (63.3) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Number of facilities/amenities 800 m | 0.325 | |||
0 (ref.) | 10,837 (47.0) | 5600 (47.4) | 5220 (46.7) | |
1 | 4687 (20.3) | 2429 (20.5) | 2253 (20.2) | |
2–3 | 4542 (19.7) | 2311 (19.5) | 2219 (19.9) | |
≥4 | 2977 (12.9) | 1486 (12.6) | 1484 (13.3) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Number of facilities/amenities 5000 m | 0.689 | |||
≤5 (ref.) | 6007 (26.1) | 3096 (26.2) | 2901 (26.0) | |
6–14 | 5512 (23.9) | 2856 (24.2) | 2647 (23.7) | |
15–29 | 5257 (22.8) | 2665 (22.5) | 2582 (23.0) | |
≥30 | 6267 (27.2) | 3209 (27.1) | 3046 (27.3) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Number of playgrounds/sports fields 800 m | 0.355 | |||
≤1 (ref.) | 3666 (15.9) | 1928 (16.3) | 1733 (15.5) | |
2–5 | 4002 (17.4) | 2058 (17.4) | 1935 (17.3) | |
6–10 | 3748 (16.3) | 1900 (16.1) | 1846 (16.5) | |
≥11 | 11,627 (50.5) | 5940 (50.2) | 5662 (50.7) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Number of playgrounds/sports fields 5000 m | 0.176 | |||
≤35 (ref.) | 5845 (25.4) | 3031 (25.6) | 2805 (25.1) | |
36–119 | 5654 (24.5) | 2839 (24.0) | 2806 (25.1) | |
120–419 | 5690 (24.7) | 2965 (25.1) | 2716 (24.3) | |
≥420 | 5854 (25.4) | 2991 (25.3) | 2846 (25.5) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
School within 800 m | 0.145 | |||
No | 16,540 (71.8) | 8540 (72.2) | 7974 (71.3) | |
Yes | 6503 (28.2) | 3286 (27.8) | 3202 (28.7) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
School within 5000 m | 0.363 | |||
No | 4941 (21.4) | 2565 (21.7) | 2369 (21.2) | |
Yes | 18,102 (78.6) | 9261 (78.3) | 8807 (78.8) | |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Population density | 0.072 | |||
≤200 (ref.) | 4747 (20.6) | 2515 (21.3) | 2227 (19.9) | |
201–799 | 6679 (29.0) | 3397 (28.7) | 3271 (29.3) | |
800–1649 | 5832 (25.3) | 3004 (25.4) | 2817 (25.2) | |
≥1650 | 5649 (24.5) | 2853 (24.1) | 2783 (24.9) | |
Missing | 136 (0.6) | 58 (0.5) | 78 (0.7) |
Leisure-time PA during summer and winter
All children (n = 21,146) Crude OR (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (summer) | ≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (winter) | Organized activities ≥2 days/week | Friends and peers ≥2 days/week | |
Total green space 800 m | ||||
≤13% (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
13.1–29.9% | 1.03 (0.96–1.12) | 1.14 (1.06–1.23)** | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 0.86 (0.78–0.96)** |
30.0–49.9% | 1.05 (0.99–1.16) | 1.13 (1.05–1.22)** | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) | 0.93 (0.83–1.03) |
≥50.0% | 1.08 (0.99–1.16) | 1.20 (1.11–1.29)** | 0.85 (0.78–0.93)** | 0.73 (0.66–0.81)** |
P for trend | 0.114 | 0.001 | 0.019 | < 0.001 |
Park within 800 m | ||||
No (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.09 (1.01–1.17)* | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.13 (1.04–1.22)** | 1.06 (0.95–1.16) |
Park within 5000 m | ||||
No (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.19 (1.12–1.26)** | 1.42 (1.31–1.53)** |
Facilities/amenities 800 m | ||||
0 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 1.20 (1.11–1.30)** | 1.30 (1.17–1.43)** |
2–3 | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.99 (0.93–1.07) | 1.19 (1.10–1.29)** | 1.37 (1.24–1.52)** |
≥4 | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0.99 (0.92–1.09) | 1.25 (1.13–1.37)** | 1.13 (1.01–1.27)* |
P for trend | 0.349 | 0.411 | < 0.001 | 0.593 |
Facilities/amenities 5000 m | ||||
≤5 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
6–14 | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.35 (1.22–1.49)** |
15–29 | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.02 (0.95–1.11) | 1.16 (1.06–1.26)** | 1.49 (1.34–1.65)** |
≥30 | 0.99 (0.91–1.06) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 1.34 (1.23–1.46)** | 1.32 (1.20–1.45)** |
P for trend | 0.719 | 0.004 | < 0.001 | 0.329 |
Playgrounds/sports fields 800 m | ||||
≤1 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2–5 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96)** | 0.88 (0.80–0.97)** | 1.16 (1.05–1.28)** | 2.66 (2.35–3.00)** |
6–10 | 0.96 (0.86–1.05) | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 1.24 (1.12–1.37)** | 2.71 (2.39–3.06)** |
≥11 | 0.90 (0.83–0.97)* | 0.92 (0.85–0.99)* | 1.42 (1.31–1.55)** | 2.58 (2.35–2.84)** |
P for trend | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Playgrounds/sports fields 5000 m | ||||
≤35 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
36–119 | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 1.68 (1.51–1.86)** |
120–419 | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 1.19 (1.09–1.29)** | 1.69 (1.52–1.87)** |
≥420 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 1.36 (1.25–1.47)** | 1.51 (1.36–1.65)** |
P for trend | 0.079 | 0.953 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
School within 800 m | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.94 (0.88–0.99)* | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.19 (1.11–1.28)** | 1.16 (1.07–1.26)** |
School within 5000 m | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 1.27 (1.19–1.37)** | 1.51 (1.39–1.64)** |
Population density 800 m | ||||
≤200 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
201–799 | 0.96 (0.88–1.03) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 1.10 (1.02–1.20)** | 2.18 (1.96–2.43)** |
800–1649 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | 1.30 (1.20–1.41)** | 2.07 (1.87–2.30)** |
≥1650 | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 1.35 (1.24–1.47)** | 1.56 (1.41–1.71)** |
P for trend | 0.735 | 0.041 | <0.001 | 0.514 |
All children (n = 21,309) Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (summer) | ≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (winter) | Organized activities ≥2 days/week | Friends and peers ≥2 days/week | |||||
Step 1a | Step 2b | Step 1a | Step 2b | Step 1a | Step 2b | Step 1a | Step 2b | |
Total green space 800 m | ||||||||
≤13% (ref.) | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
13.1–29.9% | 1.15 (1.06–1.24)** | 1.14 (1.05–1.23)** | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 1.02 (0.94–1.12) | 0.87 (0.75–0.96)** | 0.85 (0.76–0.95)** | ||
30.0–49.9% | 1.17 (1.08–1.26)** | 1.15 (1.06–1.24)** | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | ||
≥50.0% | 1.27 (1.17–1.37)** | 1.23 (1.13–1.33)** | 0.89 (0.82–0.97)** | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.71 (0.64–0.79)** | 0.83 (0.74–0.93)** | ||
P for trend | < 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.164 | 0.813 | < 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
Park within 800 m | ||||||||
No (ref.) | 1 | 1 | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | NI | NI |
Yes | 1.02 (0.95–1.11) | 1.12 (1.03–1.22)** | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | ||||
Park within 5000 m | ||||||||
No (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.09 (1.02–1.16)** | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 1.53 (1.42–1.65)** | 1.21 (1.10–1.34)** | ||||
Facilities/amenities 800 m | ||||||||
0 (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 1.17 (1.08–1.27)** | 1.13 (1.04–1.22)** | 1.33 (1.20–1.47)** | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | ||||
2–3 | 1.13 (1.05–1.23)** | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | 1.43 (1.29–1.58)** | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | ||||
≥4 | 1.13 (1.03–1.25)** | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 1.19 (1.06–1.34)** | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | ||||
P for trend | 0.009 | 0.205 | 0.214 | 0.005 | ||||
Facilities/amenities 5000 m | ||||||||
≤5 (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | NE | 1 | NE |
6–14 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.41 (1.27–1.57)** | ||||||
15–29 | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 1.60 (1.43–1.78)** | ||||||
≥30 | 1.17 (1.07–1.27)** | 1.49 (1.34–1.65)** | ||||||
P for trend | 0.003 | 0.500 | ||||||
Playgrounds/sports fields 800 m | ||||||||
≤1 (ref.) | 1 | NE | 1 | NE | 1 | NE | 1 | NE |
2–5 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93)** | 0.84 (0.76–0.93)** | 1.15 (1.04–1.27)** | 2.78 (2.46–3.14)** | ||||
6–10 | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.89 (0.80–0.98)* | 1.17 (1.05–1.30)** | 2.91 (2.56–3.29)** | ||||
≥11 | 0.80 (0.73–0.86)** | 0.78 (0.72–0.85)** | 1.29 (1.17–1.41)** | 2.94 (2.67–3.24)** | ||||
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
Playgrounds/sports fields 5000 m | ||||||||
≤35 (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | NE | 1 | NE |
36–119 | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) | 1.76 (1.59–1.95)** | ||||||
120–419 | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | 1.84 (1.66–2.04)** | ||||||
≥420 | 1.17 (1.07–1.28)** | 1.76 (1.58–1.95)** | ||||||
P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
School within 800 m | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.89 (0.83–0.95)** | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20)** | 1.08 (1.01–1.16)* | 1.19 (1.10–1.30)** | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | ||
School within 5000 m | ||||||||
No | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.17 (1.09–1.26)** | 1.11 (1.03–1.21)* | 1.63 (1.49–1.77)** | 1.19 (1.08–1.32)** | ||||
Population density 800 m | ||||||||
≤200 (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | – | 1 | – |
201–799 | 1.05 (0.97–1.15) | 2.28 (2.05–2.54)** | ||||||
800–1649 | 1.20 (1.10–1.30)** | 2.25 (2.03–2.50)** | ||||||
≥1650 | 1.17 (1.07–1.27)** | 1.80 (1.62–1.99)** | ||||||
P for trend | 0.413 | 0.027 |
Organized activities
Informal social activities with friends/peers
Differences between boys and girls
Boys (n = 10,932) Crude OR (95% CI) | Girls (n = 10,214) Crude OR (95% CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (summer) | ≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (winter) | Organized activities ≥2 days/week | Friends and peers ≥2 days/week | ≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (summer) | ≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (winter) | Organized activities ≥2 days/week | Friends and peers ≥2 days/week | |
Total green space 800 m | ||||||||
≤13% (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
13.1–29.9% | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.16 (1.04–1.30)** | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.84 (0.72–0.97)* | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 1.14 (1.02–1.27)* | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) |
30.0–49.9% | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 1.12 (1.01–1.25)* | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 1.15 (1.03–1.28)* | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) |
≥50.0% | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.18 (1.06–1.32)** | 0.84 (0.75–0.94)** | 0.71 (0.61–0.81)** | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.21 (1.08–1.35)** | 0.87 (0.77–0.98)* | 0.77 (0.67–0.89)** |
P for trend | 0.288 | 0.015 | 0.082 | < 0.001 | 0.297 | 0.045 | 0.117 | 0.001 |
Park within 800 m | ||||||||
No (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 1.14 (1.02–1.28)* | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 1.06 (0.95–1.17) | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) |
Park within 5000 m | ||||||||
No (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 1.08 (0.99–1.16) | 1.27 (1.17–1.38)** | 1.41 (1.28–1.57)** | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.10 (1.01–1.21)* | 1.42 (1.27–1.59)** |
Facilities/amenities 800 m | ||||||||
0 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 1.20 (1.08–1.34)** | 1.28 (1.11–1.46)** | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) | 1.19 (1.06–1.34)** | 1.33 (1.14–1.54)** |
2–3 | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 1.05 (0.94–1.16) | 1.24 (1.11–1.39)** | 1.37 (1.19–1.58)** | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | 1.14 (1.01–1.28)* | 1.38 (1.18–1.60)** |
≥4 | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 1.21 (1.06–1.37)** | 1.13 (0.97–1.33) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 1.29 (1.12–1.48)** | 1.12 (0.95–1.32) |
P for trend | 0.912 | 0.041 | 0.005 | 0.976 | 0.254 | 0.503 | 0.001 | 0.441 |
Facilities/amenities 5000 m | ||||||||
≤5 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
6–14 | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 1.14 (1.02–1.28)* | 1.36 (1.18–1.57)** | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 1.33 (1.15–1.55)** |
15–29 | 1.08 (0.97–1.22) | 1.11 (1.00–1.24) | 1.27 (1.13–1.42)** | 1.68 (1.45–1.95)** | 0.95 (0.85–1.07) | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 1.31 (1.12–1.52)** |
≥30 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 1.16 (1.04–1.28)** | 1.45 (1.30–1.62)** | 1.31 (1.14–1.49)** | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 1.23 (1.09–1.38)** | 1.33 (1.15–1.54)** |
P for trend | 0.288 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.107 | 0.232 | 0.589 | < 0.001 | 0.815 |
Playgrounds/sports fields 800 m | ||||||||
≤1 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2–5 | 0.86 (0.75–0.99)* | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 1.25 (1.09–1.44)** | 2.81 (2.38–3.32)** | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) | 0.86 (0.75–0.99)* | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 2.49 (2.09–2.97)** |
6–10 | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | 1.00 (0.88–1.15) | 1.29 (1.12–1.48)** | 2.75 (2.32–3.26)** | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 1.18 (1.01–1.37)* | 2.64 (2.20–3.17)** |
≥11 | 0.97 (0.87–1.10) | 1.01 (0.90–1.12) | 1.54 (1.37–1.72)** | 2.66 (2.35–3.02)** | 0.84 (0.75–0.94)** | 0.85 (0.76–0.95)** | 1.30 (1.15–1.47)** | 2.49 (2.17–2.85)** |
P for trend | 0.529 | 0.052 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Playgrounds/sports fields 5000 m | ||||||||
≤35 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
36–119 | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.56 (1.35–1.79)** | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 1.81 (1.56–2.11)** |
120–419 | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) | 1.02 (0.91–1.13) | 1.24 (1.11–1.40)** | 1.86 (1.61–2.14)** | 0.91 (0.81–1.01) | 0.88 (0.79–0.99)* | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.52 (1.31–1.76)** |
≥420 | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.12 (1.01–1.24)* | 1.46 (1.30–1.64)** | 1.42 (1.24–1.62)** | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 1.24 (1.10–1.41)** | 1.62 (1.40–1.88)** |
P for trend | 0.603 | 0.262 | < 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.059 | 0.311 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
School within 800 m | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 1.23 (1.12–1.35)** | 1.14 (1.02–1.28)* | 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27)** | 1.18 (1.05–1.34)** |
School within 5000 m | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | 1.33 (1.21–1.47)** | 1.37 (1.23–1.54)** | 0.90 (0.82–0.99)* | 0.88 (0.80–0.97)* | 1.21 (1.09–1.34)** | 1.67 (1.48–1.89)** |
Population density 800 m | ||||||||
≤200 (ref.) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
201–799 | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 1.16 (1.03–1.30)** | 2.15 (1.86–2.48)** | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.88 (0.79–0.98)* | 1.03 (0.92–1.17) | 2.21 (1.89–2.59)** |
800–1649 | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.35 (1.20–1.51)** | 2.27 (1.97–2.62)** | 0.89 (0.80–0.99)* | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 1.25 (1.10–1.41)** | 1.87 (1.61–2.17)** |
≥1650 | 1.06 (0.94–1.18) | 1.15 (1.03–1.28)** | 1.46 (1.30–1.64)** | 1.48 (1.30–1.69)** | 0.87 (0.78–0.97)** | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 1.23 (1.09–1.39)** | 1.64 (1.42–1.90)** |
P for trend | 0.064 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.381 | 0.273 | 0.942 | 0.101 | 0.065 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) in boys (n = 10,932) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (summer) | ≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (winter) | Organized activities ≥2 days/week | Friends and peers ≥2 days/week | |||||
Step 1a | Step 2b | Step 1a | Step 2b | Step1a | Step 2b | Step 1a | Step 2b | |
Total green space 800 m | ||||||||
≤13% (ref.) | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
13.1–29.9% | 1.16 (1.04–1.29)* | 1.16 (1.03–1.29)* | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 0.84 (0.73–0.98)* | 0.82 (0.71–0.95)* | ||
30.0–49.9% | 1.15 (1.04–1.28)** | 1.15 (1.03–1.28)* | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | ||
≥50.0% | 1.26 (1.13–1.40)** | 1.25 (1.11–1.40)** | 0.87 (0.78–0.98)* | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.69 (0.59–0.79)** | 0.80 (0.68–0.93)** | ||
P for trend | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.237 | 0.823 | <0.001 | 0.002 | ||
Park within 800 m | ||||||||
No (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | NI | NI |
Yes | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | ||||||
Park within 5000 m | ||||||||
No (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.18 (1.09–1.29)** | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 1.54 (1.37–1.71)** | 1.20 (1.05–1.37)** | ||||
Facilities/amenities 800 m | ||||||||
0 (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 1.17 (1.05–1.31)** | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 1.31 (1.14–1.50)** | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | ||||
2–3 | 1.19 (1.07–1.34)** | 1.09 (0.97–1.24) | 1.44 (1.25–1.66)** | 1.14 (0.97–1.33) | ||||
≥4 | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 1.21 (1.03–1.42)** | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | ||||
P for trend | 0.089 | 0.968 | 0.503 | 0.022 | ||||
Facilities/amenities 5000 m | ||||||||
≤5 (ref.) | NI | NI | 1 | NE | 1 | NE | 1 | NE |
6–14 | 0.99 (0.90–1.11) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.44 (1.25–1.65)** | |||||
15–29 | 0.99 (0.88–1.10) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35)** | 1.82 (1.57–2.11)** | |||||
≥30 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 1.30 (1.16–1.47)** | 1.51 (1.31–1.74)** | |||||
P for trend | 0.862 | 0.001 | 0.920 | |||||
Playgrounds/sports fields 800 m | ||||||||
≤1 (ref.) | 1 | NE | NI | NE | 1 | NE | 1 | NE |
2–5 | 0.84 (0.73–0.96)* | 1.24 (1.08–1.43)** | 2.97 (2.52–3.52)** | |||||
6–10 | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 1.23 (1.06–1.42)** | 2.98 (2.51–3.54)** | |||||
≥11 | 0.87 (0.77–0.98)* | 1.42 (1.26–1.60)** | 3.09 (2.70–3.52)** | |||||
P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
Playgrounds/sports fields 5000 m | ||||||||
≤35 (ref.) | NI | NI | 1 | NE | 1 | NE | 1 | NE |
36–119 | 1.00 (0.89–1.11) | 0.96 (0.86–1.08) | 1.65 (1.43–1.90)** | |||||
120–419 | 0.89 (0.79–0.99)* | 1.16 (1.03–1.31)* | 2.04 (1.77–2.37)** | |||||
≥420 | 0.88 (0.78–0.98)* | 1.30 (1.15–1.47)** | 1.68 (1.45–1.94)** | |||||
P for trend | 0.004 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
School within 800 m | ||||||||
No | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.18 (1.07–1.29)** | 1.09 (0.99–1.21) | 1.18 (1.06–1.33)** | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | ||||
School within 5000 m | ||||||||
No | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.24 (1.13–1.37)** | 1.14 (1.02–1.28)* | 1.50 (1.33–1.69)** | 1.05 (0.92–1.21) | ||||
Population density 800 m | ||||||||
≤200 (ref.) | NI | – | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | |
201–799 | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 2.26 (1.94–2.61)** | |||||
800–1649 | 0.94 (0.84–1.04) | 1.27 (1.13–1.52)** | 2.49 (2.15–2.88)** | |||||
≥1650 | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) | 1.30 (1.15–1.47)** | 1.74 (1.52–2.01)** | |||||
P for trend | 0.537 | 0.031 | 0.617 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) in girls (n = 10,214) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (summer) | ≥ 5 h/week leisure-time PA (winter) | Organized activities ≥2 days/week | Friends and peers ≥2 days/week | |||||
Step 1a | Step 2b | Step 1a | Step 2b | Step 1a | Step 2b | Step 1a | Step 2b | |
Total green space 800 m | ||||||||
≤13% (ref.) | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
13.1–29.9% | 1.14 (1.02–1.27)* | 1.13 (1.01–1.26)* | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | ||
30.0–49.9% | 1.19 (1.06–1.33)** | 1.15 (1.02–1.29)* | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) | ||
≥50.0% | 1.28 (1.15–1.44)** | 1.20 (1.07–1.36)** | 0.91 (0.81–1.04) | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.75 (0.64–0.88)** | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | ||
P for trend | 0.005 | 0.115 | 0.456 | 0.604 | <0.001 | 0.108 | ||
Park within 800 m | ||||||||
No (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
Yes | ||||||||
Park within 5000 m | ||||||||
No (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 1.51 (1.35–1.69)** | 1.23 (1.07–1.41)** | ||||
Facilities/amenities 800 m | ||||||||
0 (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 | 1.16 (1.03–1.31)* | 1.17 (1.03–1.32)* | 1.35 (1.17–1.57)** | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | ||||
2–3 | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 1.41 (1.21–1.64)** | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | ||||
≥4 | 1.16 (1.01–1.33)* | 1.17 (1.01–1.37)* | 1.17 (0.99–1.38) | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | ||||
P for trend | 0.047 | 0.066 | 0.270 | 0.089 | ||||
Facilities/amenities 5000 m | ||||||||
≤5 (ref.) | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | NE | 1 | NE |
6–14 | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) | 1.38 (1.19–1.61)** | ||||||
15–29 | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 1.38 (1.18–1.61)** | ||||||
≥30 | 1.03 (0.90–1.16) | 1.47 (1.26–1.71)** | ||||||
P for trend | 0.383 | 0.280 | ||||||
Playgrounds/sports fields 800 m | ||||||||
≤1 (ref.) | 1 | NE | 1 | NE | 1 | NE | 1 | NE |
2–5 | 0.85 (0.74–0.97)* | 0.83 (0.72–0.95)** | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | 2.57 (2.15–3.07)** | ||||
6–10 | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.85 (0.74–0.98)* | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 2.82 (2.34–3.39)** | ||||
≥11 | 0.73 (0.65–0.82)** | 0.72 (0.64–0.80)** | 1.15 (1.01–1.31)* | 2.78 (2.41–3.21)** | ||||
P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.061 | <0.001 | ||||
Playgrounds/sports fields 5000 m | ||||||||
≤35 (ref.) | NI | NE | 1 | NE | 1 | NE | 1 | NE |
36–119 | 0.84 (0.75–0.94)** | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 1.89 (1.63–2.21)** | |||||
120–419 | 0.77 (0.68–0.86)** | 1.01 (0.89–1.15) | 1.63 (1.41–1.90)** | |||||
≥420 | 0.74 (0.66–0.83)** | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 1.85 (1.58–2.16)** | |||||
P for trend | <0.001 | 0.289 | <0.001 | |||||
School within 800 m | ||||||||
No | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.21 (1.07–1.37)** | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | ||||
School within 5000 m | ||||||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.81 (0.74–0.90)** | 0.91 (0.82–1.02) | 0.78 (0.70–0.86)** | 0.84 (0.75–0.94)** | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 1.08 (0.96–1.23) | 1.79 (1.58–2.03)** | 1.38 (1.19–1.59)** |
Population density 800 m | ||||||||
≤200 (ref.) | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | |
201–799 | 0.87 (0.77–0.97)* | 0.82 (0.74–0.92)** | 0.99 (0.87–1.11) | 2.30 (1.97–2.69)** | ||||
800–1649 | 0.79 (0.70–0.88)** | 0.82 (0.73–0.92)** | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | 2.01 (1.73–2.34)** | ||||
≥1650 | 0.71 (0.63–0.80)** | 0.75 (0.67–0.84)** | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) | 1.86 (1.60–2.17)** | ||||
P for trend | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.275 | 0.008 |