Background
Methods
Study subjects
Data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Study population and survey rate
Characteristics of study subjects
No. of admission (1) | Died, discharged or transferred within the 72 hours(2) | Chart not available (3) | final study population (4) | survey rate (4)/(1)x100 (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
95. 1. 1 ~ 12. 31 | 160 | 3 | 89 | 68 | 42.5 |
96. 1. 1 ~ 12. 31 | 150 | 6 | 36 | 108 | 72.0 |
97. 1. 1 ~ 12. 31 | 142 | 12 | 18 | 112 | 78.9 |
98. 1. 1 ~ 12. 31 | 119 | 5 | 15 | 99 | 83.2 |
99. 1. 1 ~ 9. 30 | 125 | 9 | 14 | 102 | 81.6 |
Total | 696 | 35 | 172 | 489 | 70.3 |
Characteristics | N | % | Mean ± SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 250 | 51.1 | ||
Female | 239 | 48.9 | ||
Birth weight (g) | ||||
>2500 | 109 | 22.3 | ||
1501–2500 | 245 | 50.1 | ||
1001–1500 | 100 | 20.4 | ||
≤1000 | 35 | 7.2 | 1983 ± 773 | |
Gestational age (weeks) | ||||
≥37 | 92 | 18.8 | ||
32–36 | 255 | 52.1 | ||
28–31 | 113 | 23.1 | ||
≤27 | 29 | 5.9 | 33.6 ± 3.6 | |
Apgar score at 1 minute | ||||
≥ 8 | 138 | 28.2 | ||
4–7 | 259 | 53.0 | ||
< 4 | 92 | 18.8 | 5.8 ± 2.4 | |
Apgar score at 5 minute | ||||
≥ 8 | 239 | 48.9 | ||
4–7 | 228 | 46.6 | ||
< 4 | 22 | 4.5 | 7.2 ± 1.7 | |
Delivery type | ||||
Vaginal | 182 | 37.2 | ||
Caesarean Section | 307 | 62.8 | ||
Medical department | ||||
Pediatrics | 448 | 91.6 | ||
Neurosurgery | 7 | 1.4 | ||
General surgery | 34 | 7.0 | ||
Diagnosis | ||||
Hyaline membrane disease | 63 | 12.9 | ||
Prematurity | 301 | 61.6 | ||
Congenital anomaly | 112 | 22.9 | ||
Others* | 13 | 2.6 | ||
Discharge status | ||||
Live to home | 409 | 83.6 | ||
Live to other hospitals | 36 | 7.4 | ||
Against medical advice(AMA) | 24 | 4.9 | ||
Death | 21 | 4.3 | ||
Hospital stay(day) | 29.6 ± 23.9(median : 22.4) |
Incidence of nosocomial infection
Total number of newborn included | 489 |
Total patient days | 14,451 days |
Neonates infected | 148 |
Nosocomial infections (NI) | 218 |
Number of NI per neonates infected | |
1 | 95(64.2%) |
2 | 40(27.0%) |
≥ 3 | 13(8.8%) |
Infected patients/100 neonates | 30.3 |
Infections/100 neonates | 44.6 |
Infected patients/1000 patient days | 10.2 |
Infections/1000 patient days | 15.1 |
Median time from admission to development of nosocomial infection
From admission to onset of infection (days) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Major site | Minimum | Median | Maximum |
Pneumonia | 3 | 15 | 41 |
Bloodstream infection | 4 | 17 | 96 |
Conjunctivitis | 3 | 16 | 118 |
Urinary tract infection | 6 | 18 | 70 |
Gastrointestinal infection | 3 | 11.5 | 42 |
Cardiovascular infection (Venous infection) | 5 | 10 | 47 |
Surgical site infection | 3 | 15 | 36 |
Other sites | 8 | 24.5 | 109 |
Total | 3 | 16 | 118 |
Sites of nosocomial infection
Distribution of pathogens by major infection sites
Characteristics of study subjects with or without nosocomial infection
Type | Name of pathogens | PNEU1)
| BSI2)
| CON3)
| UTI4)
| Total (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G(+) |
S. aureus
| 21 | 12 | 15 | 2 | 50 (28.4) |
CoNS5)
| 8 | 9 | 20 | 0 | 37 (21.0) | |
Enterococcus spp | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 (1.7) | |
S. viridans group | 13 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 15 (8.5) | |
S. pneumoniase
| 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.6) | |
Subtotal | 44 | 22 | 38 | 2 |
106 (60.2)
| |
G(-) |
Enterobacter spp. | 5 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 13 (7.4) |
E. coli
| 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 8 (4.5) | |
P. aeruginosa
| 8 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 12 (6.8) | |
K. pneumoniae
| 7 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 14 (8.0) | |
Acinetobacter spp. | 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 (5.1) | |
Subtotal | 27 | 5 | 10 | 14 |
56 (31.8)
| |
Fungi |
C. albicans
| 1 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 10 (5.7) |
C. parapsilosis
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 (0.6) | |
Subtotal | 1 | 6 | 1 | 3 |
11 (6.3)
| |
Others6)
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 (1.7) | |
Total | 73 | 34 | 50 | 19 | 176 (100.0) |
Nosocomial infection | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Yes (n = 148) | No (n = 341) | OR(95% CI) | p |
Gender | ||||
Male | 81(54.7) | 169(49.6) | 1 | |
Female | 67(45.3) | 172(50.4) | 0.81 (0.55–1.20) | 0.293 |
Birth Weight (g) | ||||
>2500 | 24(16.2) | 85(24.9) | 1 | |
1501–2500 | 63(42.6) | 182(53.4) | 1.23(0.72–2.10) | 0.456 |
1001–1500 | 40(27.0) | 60(17.6) | 2.36(1.29–4.32) | 0.005 |
≤1000 | 21(14.2) | 14(4.1) | 5.31(2.35–11.99) | <0.0001 |
Gestational age (weeks) | ||||
≥37 | 19(12.8) | 73(21.4) | 1 | |
32–36 | 61(41.2) | 194(56.9) | 1.21(0.68–2.16) | 0.523 |
28–31 | 50(33.8) | 63(18.5) | 3.05(1.63–5.71) | <0.0001 |
≤27 | 18(12.2) | 11(3.2) | 6.29(2.55–15.53) | <0.0001 |
Apgar score at 1 min | ||||
≥ 8 | 25(16.9) | 113(33.1) | 1 | |
4–7 | 82(55.4) | 177(51.9) | 2.09(1.26–3.47) | 0.004 |
< 4 | 41(27.7) | 51(15.0) | 3.63(2.00–6.60) | <0.0001 |
Apgar score at 5 min | ||||
≥ 8 | 48(32.4) | 191(56.0) | 1 | |
4–7 | 87(58.8) | 141(41.3) | 2.46(1.62–3.72) | <0.0001 |
< 4 | 13(8.8) | 9(2.6) | 5.75(2.32–14.24) | <0.0001 |
Delivery type | ||||
V/D1)
| 57(38.5) | 125(36.7) | 1 | |
C/S1)
| 91(61.5) | 216(63.3) | 0.92 (0.62–1.38) | 0.696 |
Discharge status | ||||
Live | 129(93.9) | 315(92.4) | 1 | |
AMA2) or death | 19(6.1) | 26(7.6) | 1.78(0.95–3.34) | 0.067 |
Hospital stay(days) | ||||
Mean ± SD | 44.4 ± 27.6 | 23.1 ± 18.9 | <0.0001 |