Background
Methods
Study setting and health care delivery system
Participants
Out-of-pocket expenditure
Comorbid groups and prevalent pairs
Other variables
Financial burden
Approach to modelling
Models estimated
Results
Demographic characteristics
Prevalence of chronic diseases and comorbid conditions
Conditions | Weighted prevalence (%)* | Participants with one condition only % | Other conditions and out-of-pocket expenditure | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean total number of other conditions (±SE) | Total OOPE in AUD (±SE) | |||
High blood pressure | 43.1 | 8.15 | 2.83 (0.03) | 459 (53.7) |
Arthritis | 32.2 | 4.48 | 3.07 (0.04) | 461 (31.1) |
Asthma/hayfever | 18.2 | 2.03 | 3.28 (0.06) | 547 (56.6) |
Cancer | 17.9 | 2.88 | 3.06 (0.05) | 702 (82.0) |
Depression | 15.3 | 1.01 | 3.49 (0.06) | 624 (59.6) |
Diabetes | 12.8 | 1.27 | 3.24 (0.06) | 503 (53.7) |
Heart disease | 12.3 | 1.68 | 3.28 (0.06) | 543 (52.2) |
Osteoporosis | 9.3 | 1.11 | 3.38 (0.07) | 465 (68.6) |
Bronchitis/Emphysema | 3.4 | 0.11 | 4.07 (0.12) | 436 (76.3) |
Stroke | 3.2 | 0.15 | 3.82 (0.12) | 453 (68.1) |
Parkinson’s disease | 0.60 | 0.10 | 3.61 (0.26) | 504 (160.0) |
Other | 25.4 | 2.54 | 2.92 (0.05) | 544 (43.4) |
Frequently co-occurring pairs | Weighted Prevalence (%) |
---|---|
HBP and Arthritis | 18.05 |
HBP and Cancer | 8.77 |
Arthritis and asthma/hayfever | 8.02 |
HBP and Heart disease | 8.33 |
HBP and Asthma/hayfever | 7.61 |
Arthritis and Cancer | 6.97 |
HBP and Diabetes | 7.98 |
Arthritis and Depression | 6.71 |
HBP and Depression | 6.65 |
Arthritis and Heart disease | 6.21 |
Arthritis and Osteoporosis | 5.62 |
Natural cluster (mutually exclusive) | Clinically suggested clusters (not mutually exclusive) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural Cluster 1 | Natural Cluster 2 | Natural Cluster 3 | Natural Cluster 4 | Clinical Cluster 1 | Clinical Cluster 2 | Clinical Cluster 3 | Clinical Cluster 4 | Clinical Cluster 5 |
Asthma | Heart | HBP | Cancer | Asthma | Arthritis | Heart | Depression | Cancer |
Bronchitis | Stroke | Diabetes | Bronchitis | Osteoporosis | Stroke | |||
Arthritis | HBP | |||||||
Osteoporosis | Diabetes | |||||||
Depression |
Out-of-pocket expenditure and significant factors
Model structure | Zero vs some OOPE: Table5
| Regression of log of outlays: Table6
| Two-part joint: Table7
| Heavy vs normal OOPE: Table8
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Total number of conditions (Model 1)
| Highly significant | Highly significant | Highly significant | Highly significant |
Individual Conditions (Model 2)
| Cancer, heart, HBP and diabetes are significant | Cancer, HBP, diabetes and depression are significant | Cancer and asthma are significant | Cancer and diabetes are significant |
Multiple morbidity (Model 3)
| Non-specific combinations of two, three, four and more conditions are significant but not combinations of particular conditions | Non-specific combinations of three, four and more conditions are significant but not combinations of particular conditions | Non-specific combinations of conditions are significant but not combinations of particular conditions | Non-specific combinations of two, three, four and more conditions and the combination of HBP, arthritis and diabetes are significant |
Natural clusters (Model 4)
| All clusters significant | All clusters significant | All clusters significant | All clusters significant |
Clinical clusters (Model 5)
| 4 of 5 clusters are significant | 4 of 5 clusters are significant | Only cancer cluster is significant | 3 of 5 clusters are significant |
Variable | Logistic model A1 | Logistic model A2 | Logistic model A3 | Logistic model A4 | Logistic model A5 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR |
p
| 95% CI | OR |
p
| 95% CI | OR |
p
| 95% CI | OR |
p
| 95% CI | OR |
p
| 95% CI | |
Number of chronic diseases
| 1.44 | <0.01 | 1.33-1.57 | ||||||||||||
Specific chronic conditions
| |||||||||||||||
Cancer | 1.60 | <0.01 | 1.23-2.08 | ||||||||||||
Heart | 1.54 | <0.01 | 1.12-2.12 | ||||||||||||
HBP | 1.56 | <0.01 | 1.29-1.89 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | 1.33 | 0.39 | 0.69-2.56 | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | 1.43 | 0.04 | 1.02-2.00 | ||||||||||||
Asthma | 1.26 | 0.09 | 0.96-1.65 | ||||||||||||
Bronchitis | 0.89 | 0.68 | 0.52-1.54 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis | 1.22 | 0.08 | 0.98-1.52 | ||||||||||||
Osteoporosis | 1.32 | 0.11 | 0.94-1.86 | ||||||||||||
Depression | 1.38 | 0.06 | 0.99-1.93 | ||||||||||||
Multiple morbidity
a
| |||||||||||||||
No disease | 0.50 | <0.01 | 0.36-0.69 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis only | 0.81 | 0.38 | 0.51-1.29 | ||||||||||||
All others with one disease | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.71-1.44 | ||||||||||||
HBP and arthritis | 1.70 | 0.08 | 0.94-3.07 | ||||||||||||
HBP and diabetes | 1.07 | 0.85 | 0.53-2.16 | ||||||||||||
HBP and heart disease | 1.64 | 0.32 | 0.61-4.40 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis and asthma | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.45-2.26 | ||||||||||||
All others with two diseases | 1.71 | <0.01 | 1.19-2.47 | ||||||||||||
HBP, arthritis and cancer | 1.67 | 0.36 | 0.55-5.01 | ||||||||||||
HBP, arthritis and diabetes | 3.50 | 0.09 | 0.8-15.22 | ||||||||||||
All others with three diseases | 1.82 | <0.01 | 1.22-2.71 | ||||||||||||
All with four diseases | 2.10 | <0.01 | 1.29-3.41 | ||||||||||||
All with more than four diseases | 2.32 | <0.01 | 1.29-4.15 | ||||||||||||
Natural clusters
| |||||||||||||||
People with none of these conditions | 1.00 | - | - | ||||||||||||
Group 1 (asthma-bronchitis-arthritis-osteoporosis-depression) | 2.03 | <0.01 | 1.56-2.65 | ||||||||||||
Group 2 (HBP-Diabetes) | 2.23 | <0.01 | 1.74-2.86 | ||||||||||||
Group 3 (heart-stroke) | 2.93 | <0.01 | 2.04-4.20 | ||||||||||||
Group 4 (cancer) | 2.40 | <0.01 | 1.76-3.27 | ||||||||||||
Clinically suggested clusters
| |||||||||||||||
Asthma and bronchitis | 1.19 | 0.18 | 0.92-1.54 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis and osteoporosis | 1.33 | <0.01 | 1.07-1.64 | ||||||||||||
Depression | 1.39 | 0.05 | 0.99-1.93 | ||||||||||||
Heart, HBP, stroke and diabetes | 1.87 | <0.01 | 1.54-2.26 | ||||||||||||
Cancer | 1.61 | <0.01 | 1.24-2.10 | ||||||||||||
Number of other chronic diseases
| 1.74 | <0.01 | 1.42-2.14 | 1.71 | <0.01 | 1.40-2.10 | 1.74 | <0.01 | 1.42-2.13 | ||||||
Age groups
| |||||||||||||||
75+ | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
50-64 years | 1.03 | 0.82 | 0.79-1.36 | 1.04 | 0.76 | 0.79-1.38 | 1.09 | 0.56 | 0.82-1.43 | 1.05 | 0.74 | 0.80-1.38 | 1.05 | 0.74 | 0.79-1.38 |
65-74 years | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.80-1.27 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.79-1.27 | 1.03 | 0.82 | 0.81-1.30 | 1.02 | 0.84 | 0.81-1.30 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.79-1.26 |
Male
| 1.46 | <0.01 | 1.21-1.76 | 1.40 | <0.01 | 1.15-1.70 | 1.43 | <0.01 | 1.18-1.73 | 1.37 | <0.01 | 1.13-1.66 | 1.40 | <0.01 | 1.15-1.69 |
SF-12 physical health score
| 0.95 | <0.01 | 0.93-0.96 | 0.95 | <0.01 | 0.93-0.96 | 0.95 | <0.01 | 0.93-0.96 | 0.94 | <0.01 | 0.92-0.95 | 0.95 | <0.01 | 0.93-0.96 |
SF-12 mental health score
| 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.95-0.99 | 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.95-0.98 | 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.95-0.98 | 0.96 | <0.01 | 0.94-0.98 | 0.96 | <0.01 | 0.95-0.98 |
Income
| |||||||||||||||
<20 000 (ref) | 1.33 | 0.03 | 1.03-1.72 | 1.33 | 0.03 | 1.03-1.72 | 1.32 | 0.03 | 1.02-1.71 | 1.33 | 0.03 | 1.03-1.72 | 1.32 | 0.03 | 1.03-1.70 |
20000-40000 | 1.64 | <0.01 | 1.23-2.18 | 1.63 | <0.01 | 1.22-2.17 | 1.63 | <0.01 | 1.22-2.18 | 1.64 | <0.01 | 1.23-2.19 | 1.63 | <0.01 | 1.22-2.18 |
40000-60000 | 2.00 | <0.01 | 1.39-2.86 | 1.97 | <0.01 | 1.37-2.83 | 1.97 | <0.01 | 1.37-2.83 | 1.93 | <0.01 | 1.35-2.77 | 1.95 | <0.01 | 1.36-2.80 |
60000-80000 | 2.72 | <0.01 | 1.74-4.26 | 2.70 | <0.01 | 1.72-4.24 | 2.79 | <0.01 | 1.77-4.40 | 2.79 | <0.01 | 1.77-4.39 | 2.77 | <0.01 | 1.76-4.34 |
80000-100000 | 2.27 | <0.01 | 1.54-3.36 | 2.23 | <0.01 | 1.51-3.30 | 2.22 | <0.01 | 1.50-3.29 | 2.23 | <0.01 | 1.50-3.30 | 2.24 | <0.01 | 1.51-3.32 |
Region
| |||||||||||||||
Remote | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
Cities | 2.06 | 0.02 | 1.13-3.74 | 2.07 | 0.02 | 1.14-3.77 | 2.23 | <0.01 | 1.22-4.08 | 2.16 | 0.01 | 1.19-3.93 | 2.14 | 0.01 | 1.18-3.90 |
Regional | 2.09 | 0.02 | 1.14-3.81 | 2.10 | 0.02 | 1.15-3.83 | 2.24 | <0.01 | 1.22-4.10 | 2.16 | 0.01 | 1.18-3.95 | 2.15 | 0.01 | 1.18-3.93 |
n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.09 | n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.10 | n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.10 | n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.10 | n = 3635; Pseudo R2 = 0.10 | |||||||||||
AIC = 3072; BIC = 3159 | AIC = 3080; BIC = 3229 | AIC = 3073; BIC = 3234 | AIC = 3072; BIC = 3184 | AIC = 3065; BIC = 3183 |
Variable | Linear model 1 | Linear model 2 | Linear model 3 | Linear model 4 | Linear model 5 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Β** |
P
| 95% CI | Β** |
p
| 95% CI | Β** |
p
| 95% CI | Β** |
p
| 95% CI | Β** |
p
| 95% CI | |
Number of chronic diseases
| 1.20 | <0.01 | 1.14-1.26 | ||||||||||||
Specific chronic conditions
| |||||||||||||||
Cancer | 1.27 | <0.01 | 1.09-1.48 | ||||||||||||
Heart | 1.19 | 0.06 | 0.99-1.42 | ||||||||||||
HBP | 1.14 | 0.04 | 1.00-1.29 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | 1.09 | 0.64 | 0.76-1.55 | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | 1.25 | 0.03 | 1.02-1.52 | ||||||||||||
Asthma | 1.18 | 0.06 | 0.99-1.40 | ||||||||||||
Bronchitis | 1.33 | 0.09 | 0.95-1.87 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis | 1.12 | 0.12 | 0.97-1.29 | ||||||||||||
Osteoporosis | 1.19 | 0.13 | 0.95-1.48 | ||||||||||||
Depression | 1.26 | 0.01 | 1.05-1.52 | ||||||||||||
Multiple morbidity
a
| |||||||||||||||
No disease | 0.92 | 0.55 | 0.70-1.21 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis only | 0.98 | 0.90 | 0.66-1.44 | ||||||||||||
All others with one disease | 1.21 | 0.16 | 0.93-1.59 | ||||||||||||
HBP and arthritis | 1.32 | 0.16 | 0.90-1.94 | ||||||||||||
HBP and diabetes | 1.21 | 0.47 | 0.72-2.03 | ||||||||||||
HBP and heart disease | 0.72 | 0.29 | 0.40-1.31 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis and asthma | 0.82 | 0.57 | 0.42-1.61 | ||||||||||||
All others with two diseases only | 1.27 | 0.06 | 0.99-1.64 | ||||||||||||
HBP, arthritis and cancer | 1.63 | 0.14 | 0.85-3.12 | ||||||||||||
HBP, arthritis and diabetes | 1.79 | 0.09 | 0.91-3.50 | ||||||||||||
All others with three diseases only | 1.51 | <0.01 | 1.15-1.97 | ||||||||||||
All with four diseases only | 1.92 | <0.01 | 1.42-2.60 | ||||||||||||
All with more than four diseases | 2.46 | <0.01 | 1.77-3.41 | ||||||||||||
Natural clusters
| |||||||||||||||
People with none of these conditions | 1.00 | - | - | ||||||||||||
Group 1 (asthma-bronchitis-arthritis-osteoporosis-depression) | 1.34 | <0.01 | 1.08-1.66 | ||||||||||||
Group 2 (HBP-Diabetes) | 1.22 | 0.05 | 1.01-1.49 | ||||||||||||
Group 3 (heart-stroke) | 1.42 | <0.01 | 1.11-1.81 | ||||||||||||
Group 4 (cancer) | 1.52 | <0.01 | 1.21-1.91 | ||||||||||||
Clinically suggested clusters
| |||||||||||||||
Asthma and bronchitis | 1.21 | 0.02 | 1.03-1.42 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis and osteoporosis | 1.12 | 0.12 | 0.97-1.29 | ||||||||||||
Depression | 1.27 | 0.01 | 1.06-1.53 | ||||||||||||
Heart, HBP, stroke and diabetes | 1.22 | <0.01 | 1.07-1.38 | ||||||||||||
Cancer | 1.28 | <0.01 | 1.09-1.49 | ||||||||||||
Number of other chronic diseases
| 1.23 | <0.01 | 1.11-1.36 | 1.21 | <0.01 | 1.09-1.34 | 1.22 | <0.01 | 1.11-1.35 | ||||||
Age groups
| |||||||||||||||
75+ | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
50-64 years | 1.38 | <0.01 | 1.15-1.66 | 1.36 | <0.01 | 1.12-1.65 | 1.37 | <0.01 | 1.13-1.65 | 1.37 | <0.01 | 1.13-1.66 | 1.33 | <0.01 | 1.10-1.61 |
65-74 years | 1.15 | 0.09 | 0.98-1.35 | 1.14 | 0.11 | 0.97-1.35 | 1.14 | 0.11 | 0.97-1.34 | 1.15 | 0.09 | 0.97-1.36 | 1.13 | 0.15 | 0.96-1.33 |
Male
| 1.34 | <0.01 | 1.18-1.52 | 1.32 | <0.01 | 1.16-1.51 | 1.33 | <0.01 | 1.17-1.51 | 1.30 | <0.01 | 1.14-1.48 | 1.33 | <0.01 | 1.16-1.52 |
SF-12 physical health score
| 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.97-0.98 | 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.96-0.98 | 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.97-0.99 | 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.96-0.98 | 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.96-0.98 |
SF-12 mental health score
| 0.98 | <0.01 | 0.97-0.99 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 0.97-0.99 | 0.98 | <0.01 | 0.97-0.99 | 0.98 | <0.01 | 0.97-0.99 | 0.98 | 0.01 | 0.97-1.00 |
Income
| |||||||||||||||
<20 000 (ref) | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
20000-40000 | 1.09 | 0.40 | 0.89-1.32 | 1.10 | 0.38 | 0.90-1.33 | 1.10 | 0.39 | 0.89-1.33 | 1.10 | 0.34 | 0.90-1.34 | 1.09 | 0.40 | 0.89-1.33 |
40000-60000 | 1.46 | <0.01 | 1.18-1.81 | 1.46 | <0.01 | 1.18-1.81 | 1.48 | <0.01 | 1.20-1.84 | 1.47 | <0.01 | 1.19-1.83 | 1.46 | <0.01 | 1.18-1.81 |
60000-80000 | 1.74 | <0.01 | 1.35-2.24 | 1.74 | <0.01 | 1.35-2.25 | 1.74 | <0.01 | 1.34-2.25 | 1.72 | <0.01 | 1.33-2.31 | 1.73 | <0.01 | 1.34-2.24 |
80000-100000 | 1.79 | <0.01 | 1.34-2.40 | 1.78 | <0.01 | 1.33-2.39 | 1.77 | <0.01 | 1.32-2.37 | 1.77 | <0.01 | 1.31-2.37 | 1.77 | <0.01 | 1.32-2.37 |
>100 000 | 2.21 | <0.01 | 1.69-2.88 | 2.20 | <0.01 | 1.68-2.88 | 2.19 | <0.01 | 1.67-2.86 | 2.16 | <0.01 | 1.65-2.83 | 2.18 | <0.01 | 1.67-2.85 |
Region
| |||||||||||||||
Remote | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
Cities | 1.65 | 0.05 | 1.00-2.72 | 1.64 | 0.05 | 0.99-2.71 | 1.68 | 0.04 | 1.02-2.78 | 1.67 | 0.04 | 1.01-2.77 | 1.65 | 0.05 | 1.00-2.72 |
Regional | 1.36 | 0.23 | 0.82-2.24 | 1.34 | 0.25 | 0.81-2.23 | 1.37 | 0.22 | 0.83-2.27 | 1.36 | 0.23 | 0.82-2.26 | 1.34 | 0.25 | 0.81-2.22 |
n = 1595; R2 = 0.14 | n = 1595; R2 = 0.14 | n = 1595; R2 = 0.14 | n = 1595; R2 = 0.13 | n = 1595; R2 = 0.14 | |||||||||||
AIC = 5247; BIC = 5322 | AIC = 5263; BIC = 5392 | AIC = 5260; BIC = 5400 | AIC = 5279; BIC = 5376 | AIC = 5262; BIC = 5365 |
Variable | TPM model 1 | TPM model 2 | TPM model 3 | TPM model 4 | TPM model 5 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dy/dx |
p
| 95% CI | dy/dx |
p
| 95% CI | dy/dx |
p
| 95% CI | dy/dx |
p
| 95% CI | dy/dx |
p
| 95% CI | |
Number of chronic diseases
| 89.1 | ** | 53.4, 124.9 | ||||||||||||
Specific chronic conditions
| |||||||||||||||
Cancer | 257.7 | ** | 151.2, 364.1 | ||||||||||||
Heart | 70.3 | -44.1, 184.7 | |||||||||||||
HBP | 28.5 | -51.8, 108.7 | |||||||||||||
Stroke | 0.5 | -229.3, 230.3 | |||||||||||||
Diabetes | 84.4 | -41.7, 210.6 | |||||||||||||
Asthma | 112.1 | * | 0.7, 223.5 | ||||||||||||
Bronchitis | 4.6 | -213, 222.2 | |||||||||||||
Arthritis | 0.6 | -90.8, 92.1 | |||||||||||||
Osteoporosis | 43.2 | -97.8, 184.2 | |||||||||||||
Depression | 75.5 | -47.2, 198.1 | |||||||||||||
Multiple morbidity
a
| |||||||||||||||
No disease | -95.2 | -206.6, 16.3 | |||||||||||||
Arthritis only | -40.6 | -203.9, 122.8 | |||||||||||||
All others with one disease | 198.6 | * | 38.7, 358.5 | ||||||||||||
HBP and arthritis | 41.3 | -148.5, 231.0 | |||||||||||||
HBP and diabetes | 9.7 | -232.3, 251.7 | |||||||||||||
HBP and heart disease | -100.1 | -294.7, 94.4 | |||||||||||||
Arthritis and asthma | -154.9 | -328.7, 18.9 | |||||||||||||
All others with two diseases only | 169.6 | * | 31.6, 307.6 | ||||||||||||
HBP, arthritis and cancer | 63.0 | -285.3, 411.3 | |||||||||||||
HBP, arthritis and diabetes | 233.3 | -273.8, 740.4 | |||||||||||||
All others with three diseases only | 151.3 | * | 6.4, 296.1 | ||||||||||||
All with four diseases only | 251.5 | * | 55.1, 447.9 | ||||||||||||
All with more than four diseases | 552.0 | ** | 241.3, 862.7 | ||||||||||||
Natural clusters
| |||||||||||||||
People with none of these conditions | 1.00 | - | |||||||||||||
Group 1 (asthma-bronchitis-arthritis-osteoporosis-depression) | 139.3 | * | 33.0, 245.5 | ||||||||||||
Group 2 (HBP-Diabetes) | 123.4 | * | 27.2, 219.5 | ||||||||||||
Group 3 (heart-stroke) | 187.9 | ** | 52.8, 322.9 | ||||||||||||
Group 4 (cancer) | 377.5 | ** | 215.9, 539.0 | ||||||||||||
Clinically suggested clusters
| |||||||||||||||
Asthma and bronchitis | 97.6 | -7.1, 202.3 | |||||||||||||
Arthritis and osteoporosis | -3.1 | -92.0, 85.9 | |||||||||||||
Depression | 77.6 | -44.2, 199.5 | |||||||||||||
Heart, HBP, stroke and diabetes | 63.3 | -17.5, 144.1 | |||||||||||||
Cancer | 255.0 | ** | 150.2, 359.8 | ||||||||||||
Number of other chronic disease
| 146.9 | ** | 83.1, 210.6 | 147.9 | ** | 84.2, 211.6 | 146.8 | ** | 83.5, 210.1 | ||||||
Age groups
| |||||||||||||||
75+ | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |||
50-64 years | 115.9 | -7.18, 238.9 | 78.6 | -37.8, 195.0 | 112.4 | * | 0.1, 224.8 | 82.5 | -30.5, 195.6 | 69.6 | -43.5, 182.7 | ||||
65-74 years | 92.9 | -8.11, 193.9 | 72.9 | -22.8, 168.6 | 91.3 | -2.0, 184.6 | 71.1 | -23.6, 165.7 | 66.4 | -28.5, 161.3 | |||||
Male
| 141.1 | ** | 46.2, 236.1 | 128.9 | ** | 40.7, 217.0 | 145.0 | ** | 58.5, 231.4 | 123.1 | ** | 37.2, 209.0 | 127.5 | ** | 41.0, 214.1 |
SF-12 physical health score
| -11.9 | ** | -19.1, -4.8 | -12.0 | ** | -18.5, -5.5 | -12.4 | ** | -19.0, -5.9 | -12.6 | ** | -19.0, -6.3 | -12.4 | ** | -18.8, -5.9 |
SF-12 mental health score
| -12.2 | ** | -20.4, -4.1 | -11.8 | ** | -19.6, -4.1 | -11.9 | ** | -19.3, -4.6 | -14.3 | ** | -21.6, -7.0 | -12.2 | ** | -19.9, -4.6 |
Income
| |||||||||||||||
<20 000 (ref) | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
20000-40000 | -22.7 | -130.8, 85.4 | 1.5 | -92.7, 95.7 | -6.1 | -102.5, 90.3 | 5.7 | -86.6, 98.1 | 1.6 | -91.7, 94.9 | |||||
40000-60000 | 126.7 | -11.5, 264.9 | 150.6 | * | 27.6, 273.7 | 146.0 | * | 21.4, 270.6 | 154.3 | * | 34.6, 273.9 | 152.4 | * | 31.2, 273.6 | |
60000-80000 | 239.8 | * | 41.7, 437.9 | 265.4 | ** | 86.8, 444.0 | 267.4 | * | 82.7, 452.1 | 255.6 | ** | 82.2, 429.0 | 268.9 | ** | 91.0, 446.8 |
80000-100000 | 272.3 | * | 23.0, 521.6 | 256.7 | * | 44.1, 469.2 | 290.4 | * | 62.9, 517.8 | 307.4 | ** | 81.5, 533.3 | 264.8 | * | 53.1, 476.5 |
>100 000 | 397.4 | ** | 140.7, 654.1 | 397.0 | ** | 174.1, 619.9 | 363.2 | ** | 145.7, 580.7 | 398.4 | ** | 177.7, 619.1 | 401.7 | ** | 178.8, 624.6 |
Region
| |||||||||||||||
Remote | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | - | ||||||
Cities | 213.7 | * | 3.5, 423.9 | 228.3 | * | 47.1, 409.4 | 246.5 | * | 71.0, 422.0 | 225.2 | * | 46.0, 404.3 | 232.1 | * | 55.5, 408.7 |
Regional | 164.7 | -45.7, 375.2 | 178.2 | -3.8, 360.2 | 179.7 | * | 5.1, 354.3 | 183.3 | * | 2.8, 363.8 | 182.0 | * | 4.7, 359.3 | ||
n = 2226 | n = 2226 | n = 2226 | n = 2226 | n = 2226 | |||||||||||
AIC = 25827; BIC = 25987 | AIC = 25782; BIC = 26056 | AIC = 25777; BIC = 26074 | AIC = 25784; BIC = 25989 | AIC = 25761; BIC = 25978 |
Variable | Logistic model B1 | Logistic model B2 | Logistic model B3 | Logistic model B4 | Logistic model B5 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR |
p
| 95% CI | OR |
p
| 95% CI | OR |
p
| 95% CI | OR |
p
| 95% CI | OR |
p
| 95% CI | |
Number of chronic diseases
|
1.36
|
<0.01
|
1.24-1.49
| ||||||||||||
Specific chronic conditions
| |||||||||||||||
Cancer | 1.38 | 0.04 | 1.02-1.87 | ||||||||||||
Heart | 1.27 | 0.17 | 0.91-1.79 | ||||||||||||
HBP | 1.09 | 0.50 | 0.84-1.42 | ||||||||||||
Stroke | 0.95 | 0.88 | 0.47-1.91 | ||||||||||||
Diabetes | 1.79 | <0.01 | 1.25-2.57 | ||||||||||||
Asthma | 1.32 | 0.10 | 0.95-1.85 | ||||||||||||
Bronchitis | 1.59 | 0.11 | 0.90-2.81 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis | 1.19 | 0.23 | 0.90-1.58 | ||||||||||||
Osteoporosis | 1.13 | 0.58 | 0.73-1.77 | ||||||||||||
Depression | 1.33 | 0.12 | 0.93-1.89 | ||||||||||||
Multiple morbidity
a
| |||||||||||||||
No disease | 0.81 | 0.54 | 0.41-1.60 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis only | 1.40 | 0.43 | 0.60-3.28 | ||||||||||||
All others with one disease | 1.51 | 0.21 | 0.79-2.87 | ||||||||||||
HBP and arthritis | 1.51 | 0.37 | 0.62-3.67 | ||||||||||||
HBP and diabetes | 2.31 | 0.10 | 0.86-6.17 | ||||||||||||
HBP and heart disease | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.05-3.27 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis and asthma | b | b | b | ||||||||||||
All others with two diseases | 1.87 | 0.04 | 1.02-3.42 | ||||||||||||
HBP, arthritis and cancer | 1.11 | 0.90 | 0.23-5.33 | ||||||||||||
HBP, arthritis and diabetes | 4.98 | 0.01 | 1.51-16.41 | ||||||||||||
All others with three diseases | 1.87 | 0.05 | 1.00-3.51 | ||||||||||||
All with four diseases | 2.71 | <0.01 | 1.40-5.23 | ||||||||||||
All with more than four diseases | 5.08 | <0.01 | 2.61-9.90 | ||||||||||||
Natural clusters
| |||||||||||||||
People with none of these conditions | 1.00 | - | - | ||||||||||||
Group 1 (asthma-bronchitis-arthritis-osteoporosis-depression) | 1.59 | 0.05 | 1.01-2.53 | ||||||||||||
Group 2 (HBP-Diabetes) | 1.66 | 0.02 | 1.07-2.58 | ||||||||||||
Group 3 (heart-stroke) | 1.74 | 0.03 | 1.05-2.88 | ||||||||||||
Group 4 (cancer) | 1.82 | 0.02 | 1.12-2.94 | ||||||||||||
Clinically suggested clusters
| |||||||||||||||
Asthma and bronchitis | 1.41 | 0.03 | 1.03-1.92 | ||||||||||||
Arthritis and osteoporosis | 1.16 | 0.29 | 0.88-1.54 | ||||||||||||
Depression | 1.33 | 0.12 | 0.93-1.89 | ||||||||||||
Heart, HBP, stroke and diabetes | 1.33 | 0.04 | 1.02-1.73 | ||||||||||||
Cancer | 1.37 | 0.04 | 1.02-1.86 | ||||||||||||
Number of other chronic diseases
| 1.65 | <0.01 | 1.38-1.98 | 1.60 | <0.01 | 1.34-1.92 | 1.73 | 0.00 | 1.33-2.26 | ||||||
Age groups
| |||||||||||||||
75+ | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
50-64 years | 1.07 | 0.71 | 0.74-1.54 | 0.97 | 0.86 | 0.66-1.42 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 0.72-1.51 | 0.98 | 0.90 | 0.67-1.41 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 0.66-1.40 |
65-74 years | 1.29 | 0.11 | 0.94-1.78 | 1.23 | 0.22 | 0.89-1.70 | 1.31 | 0.10 | 0.95-1.80 | 1.23 | 0.20 | 0.89-1.69 | 1.22 | 0.23 | 0.88-1.67 |
Male
| 1.77 | <0.01 | 1.36-2.29 | 1.70 | <0.01 | 1.29-2.23 | 1.71 | <0.01 | 1.32-2.22 | 1.65 | <0.01 | 1.27-2.15 | 1.73 | <0.01 | 1.33-2.26 |
SF-12 physical health score
| 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.95-0.99 | 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.95-0.99 | 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.95-0.99 | 0.96 | <0.01 | 0.94-0.98 | 0.97 | <0.01 | 0.95-0.98 |
SF-12 mental health score
| 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.95-0.99 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.95-0.99 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.95-0.99 | 0.96 | <0.01 | 0.94-0.99 | 0.97 | 0.01 | 0.95-0.99 |
Region
| |||||||||||||||
Remote | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - | 1.00 | - | - |
Cities | 2.87 | 0.09 | 0.84-9.82 | 2.92 | 0.09 | 0.84-10.19 | 3.00 | 0.08 | 0.87-10.39 | 2.80 | 0.10 | 0.82-9.49 | 2.79 | 0.10 | 0.82-9.51 |
Regional | 2.68 | 0.12 | 0.78-9.19 | 2.75 | 0.11 | 0.78-9.62 | 2.75 | 0.11 | 0.79-9.56 | 2.58 | 0.13 | 0.76-8.81 | 2.58 | 0.13 | 0.75-8.85 |
n = 2227; Pseudo R2 = 0.08 | n = 2227; Pseudo R2 = 0.09 | n = 2203; Pseudo R2 = 0.08 | n = 2227; Pseudo R2 = 0.07 | n = 2227; Pseudo R2 = 0.08 | |||||||||||
AIC = 1657; BIC = 1709 | AIC = 1665; BIC = 1773 | AIC = 1662; BIC = 1776 | AIC = 1674; BIC = 1748 | AIC = 1665; BIC = 1745 |