Background
With the change in people’s diet and lifestyle, and the aged tendency of population, the prevalence, morbidity and mortality of cerebral infarction in China have increased annually. Therefore, cerebral infarction endangers the health and burdens the family of countless people. Once cerebral infarction is associated with pulmonary infection, this would first affect the treatment of the primary disease, and subsequently increase the mortality and disability rate, and increase hospitalization days. Furthermore, this would also enhance the economic burden of the patient’s family and society. Cerebral infarction mainly occurs in the elderly, or in patients with hypertension or diabetes,
and a high glucose environment in diabetic patients is beneficial for the proliferation of bacteria. Therefore, diabetic patients are more prone to pulmonary infection [
1,
2]. In the present study, the pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance of pulmonary infection in hospitalized patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI), especially patients with diabetes mellitus, were analyzed and compared, in order to help reduce the mortality and disability rate of lung infection in the future.
Methods
From August 2015 to December 2017, 1093 ACI patients were admitted to the neurology ward of Beijing Tongren Hospital, among which 152 patients were detected with pulmonary infection 2–7 days after the diagnosis of ACI. Thus, the rate of pulmonary infection among all patients with ischemic stroke was 13.9%.
In 152 patients with pneumonia, 82 patients were male and 70 patients were female, and the age of these patients ranged within 53–95 years old. A total of 172 strains of effective pathogenic bacteria were cultured. The clinical data of these patients were retrospectively analyzed. Then, these patients were divided into two groups, according to the presence of diabetes: diabetic group and non-diabetic group. The diagnostic criteria for diabetes were based on the 2017 Guideline for Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment in the United States [
3]. All patients with cerebral infarction were confirmed by head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT), and met the diagnostic criteria of the 2018 Early Management Guidelines for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients [
4]. The following infarction patterns were identified in these 152 patients: anterior circulation infarction (
n = 86), posterior circulation infarction (
n = 37), and anterior/posterior mixed infarction (
n = 29).
Diagnostic criteria for pulmonary infection: absence of pulmonary infection before stroke, the onset occurred 48 h after admission, and the following conditions were observed: (1) fever, body temperature of > 38 °C; (2) purulent airway secretions; (3) peripheral blood leucocyte count was > 10 × 10
9/L or < 4 × 10
9 [
5]. The presence of two or more of the above three clinical symptoms, with newly or progressive infiltration, consolidation, or ground-glass shadows on chest X-ray or CT films, confirms the diagnosis of pulmonary infection. Sixty patients (39.5%) suffered from dysphagia in this study, among which 16 had disorders of consciousness (10.5%) and 44 experienced cough (29.0%). Exclusion criteria: (1) patients with pulmonary infection before onset of stroke or patients with chronic pulmonary disease; (2) patients with mental disorders or language disorders; (3) patients combined with other organ dysfunction or malignant tumors.
Specimen collection and pathogen culture
Sputum specimens were collected in the morning. Patients gargled once with normal saline before specimen collection, and forcefully coughed up the deep sputum. The sputum was spat into a sterile culture box for the test, or the sputum specimen was obtained from the tracheal sheath. All included specimens were eligible lower respiratory tract secretions (neutrophils > 25/low power microscopic visual field, epithelial cell count < 10/low power microscopic visual field, or the ratio of these two was > 2.5:1). Isolation of pathogenic bacteria: The isolation of strains was carried out according to the National Regulations for Clinical Laboratory Practice. The bacteria were identified using a MALDI-TOFMS mass spectrometer. The drug sensitivity test was carried out using the French VITEK-2 compact microbial identification system and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines [Add reference: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. CLSI M100-S22].
Statistical methods
Statistical software SPSS 19 was used to analyze the data. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (x ± SD), and compared between groups conducted using t-test. Count data were expressed in percentage (%), and compared using Chi-square test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Discussion
Pulmonary infection is a serious complication of stroke, which significantly increases mortality rate and medical costs, and affects the prognosis of stroke patients [
6,
7]. Pulmonary infection in patients with cerebral infarction is induced through multiple factors: (1) Most patients with cerebral infarction are elderly individuals, who have many underlying diseases, and often have different degrees of hypofunction of the lung and chronic respiratory diseases. (2) Stroke can directly and indirectly affect hypothalamic function, cause autonomic nerve dysfunction in internal organs, and induce pulmonary arterial hypertension and damage to pulmonary capillaries, resulting in pulmonary blood stasis and pulmonary edema [
8,
9], and this is the pathological basis of pulmonary infection. (3) Patients with ACI often have true bulbar paralysis or pseudobulbar paralysis, namely, dysphagia, where a long-term indwelling nasal feeding tube is needed. The nasal feeding tube increases the risk of aspiration [
10,
11]. This causes consciousness disorder, coughing and vomiting reflexes to be further impaired, and prevents airway secretions or inhaled objects from being easily excreted, leading to pulmonary infections. (4) Stroke leads to nervous-endocrine-immune regulation disorders, which inhibit the T-lymphocyte-assisted differentiation of other immune cells and regulate immune response [
12,
13], inducing pulmonary infection. (5) Long-term lying in the bed and gastrointestinal dysfunction can result to poor indigestion, leading to malnutrition. Furthermore, decreased immunity is also a risk factor for pulmonary infection.
Pulmonary infection is also one of the serious complications of diabetes, and is also the main cause of death in diabetics. First, increased glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patients can cause the oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the left, which is not conducive for oxygen release. Moreover, in diabetic patients, the basement membrane of pulmonary capillaries thickens [
14], pulmonary surfactants decrease and the ventilation/blood flow ratio becomes imbalanced, while decreased blood oxygen leads to lung infection. Second, hyperglycemia in diabetes often leads to elevated blood osmotic pressure, and decreased chemotaxis, phagocytosis and self-defense ability of granulocytes, which decreases the anti-infection ability [
15]. In addition, diabetic patients often have immune dysfunction as a result of respiratory immune function deficiency, and accordingly develop repeated respiratory infection [
16,
17].
Both type-2 diabetes mellitus and cerebral infarction can easily cause infection. When pulmonary infection occurs in diabetic patients at the acute stage of cerebral infarction, it will initially affect the treatment of the primary disease and increase the mortality and disability rates, and subsequently prolong the length of hospital stay, aggravating the economic burden of the family and society.
Pathogen distribution and drug resistance in pulmonary infection in hospitalized patients with ACI complicated with and without diabetes mellitus were analyzed. The results revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were the main cause of pulmonary infection in hospitalized patients with ACI, accounting for 75.6% of all pathogens. This is similar to the result reported by Zongding Zeng [
18]. Furthermore, 80% of diabetic patients with cerebral infarction had lung infection induced by Gram-negative bacteria, which was significantly higher than that in non-diabetic patients (72.2%). Moreover, the drug resistance rate in the diabetic group (68.3%) was significantly higher than that in the non-diabetic group (54.3%). Gram-negative bacteria in these two groups were mainly Bauman’s Acinetobacter and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are highly resistant to third-generation cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfanilamide and gentamicin, and sensitive to imipenem, tobramycin and amikacin. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 19.1% of all pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the infection rate of Gram-positive bacteria in diabetic patients with cerebral infarction was 14.7%, which was lower than that in the non-diabetic group (22.6%). The Gram-positive bacteria were mainly
Staphylococcus aureus, followed by
Streptococcus pneumoniae. The drug resistance rate was higher in the diabetic group (45.5%) than in the non-diabetic group (28.2%), and the bacteria were mainly resistant to penicillins, cefamycin and levofloxacin, but were not resistant to vancomycin and linezolid. The fungal infection rate in patients with lung infection in these two groups was 5.3 and 5.2%, respectively, and fungi presented with high sensitivity to commonly used antifungal agents.
When pulmonary infection occurs in ACI patients, the early rational selection of sensitive antibiotics directly affects the prognosis of the disease. Before the pathogen is identified, sensitive antibiotics can be empirically selected according to the infectious flora and drug resistance characteristics of diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients. Before antibiotic treatment, attention should be given when taking and sending qualified specimens. After obtaining reliable results of the bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test, antibiotics with high sensitivity were selected according to the characteristics of the disease and type of pathogenic bacteria [
19], in order to improve the pertinence and effectiveness of the anti-infective therapy, and reduce the formation of drug-resistant strains.
Conclusions
For patients with ACI, in addition to actively treating the primary disease, early prevention, early diagnosis and active treatment should be directly given against high-risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, and respiratory tract management and drug resistance monitoring should be strengthened, in order to suppress the growth trend of drug resistance of pathogens, minimize the incidence of pulmonary infection, improve the effectiveness of the pulmonary infection treatment, and improve the prognosis of patients.
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