Background
Methods
Study design and data sources
Documentation
Statistics
Results
General characteristics
n | Total T2DM | T2DM + CKDb | T2DM − CKDb | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 343,675) | (n = 171,930) | (n = 171,745) | |||
Healthcare provider | |||||
Office based in % | 343,675 | 35.9 | 31.5 | 40.3 | < 0.001 |
Hospital based in % | 343,675 | 64.1 | 68.5 | 59.7 | < 0.001 |
Age in years | 343,675 | 70.3 (60.4; 78.0) | 74.5 (66.2;80.7) | 65.5 (56.2; 74.1) | < 0.001 |
Female gender in % | 343,675 | 47.2 | 52.4 | 42.0 | < 0.001 |
Weight in kg | 321,929 | 85.5 (74.0; 100.0) | 84.7 (73.0; 98.3) | 87.0 (75.0; 101.0) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index in kg/m2 | 314,804 | 29.9 (26.3; 34.4) | 29.9 (26.3; 34.4) | 29.9 (26.4; 34.4) | 0.027 |
Blood pressure | |||||
Systolic BP in mmHg | 330,285 | 132.5 (121.0; 145.0) | 132.5 (120.0; 145.0) | 132.5 (122.0; 144.0) | 0.007 |
Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg in % | 330,285 | 41.5 | 41.7 | 41.4 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP in mmHg | 329,769 | 80.0 (70.0; 81.0) | 78.0 (70.0; 80.0) | 80.0 (70.0; 83.0) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg in % | 329,769 | 14.0 | 12.2 | 15.9 | < 0.001 |
AntiHT drug treatment in % | 343,675 | 56.7 | 62.6 | 20.7 | < 0.001 |
Hypertensiona in % | 335,762 | 75.7 | 79.4 | 72.0 | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 285,009 | 87.4 | 88.4 | 86.3 | < 0.001 |
LDL-C in mg/dL | 236,106 | 108.3 (83.0, 137.0) | 105.0 (79.3; 135.0) | 112.1 (86.8; 139.2) | < 0.001 |
TC in mg/dL | 263,462 | 185.6 (154.7; 218.5) | 181.8 (150.8; 216.0) | 189.0 (159.0; 220.4) | < 0.001 |
TG in mg/dL | 254,288 | 155.0 (110.0; 223.7) | 157.9 (113.0; 228.1) | 151.0 (107.0; 219.3) | < 0.001 |
HDL-C in men in mg/dL | 128,099 | 41.0 (34.0; 50.0) | 40.0 (33.0; 48.5) | 42.0 (34.8; 50.3) | < 0.001 |
HDL-C in women in mg/dL | 110,834 | 46.4 (37.5; 58.0) | 46.4 (37.5; 57.0) | 50.0 (41.0; 60.0) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | |||||
Diabetes duration in years | 343,675 | 9.0 (3.5, 15.4) | 10.3 (4.9; 17.2) | 7.2 (2.4; 13.4) | < 0.001 |
0–5 years in % | 343,675 | 32.3 | 25.5 | 39.1 | < 0.001 |
6–10 years in % | 343,675 | 22.7 | 22.2 | 23.2 | < 0.001 |
> 10 years in % | 343,675 | 45.0 | 52.3 | 37.8 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c in % | 325,058 | 7.1 (6.3; 8.4) | 7.2 (6.3; 8.3) | 7.1 (6.3; 8.4) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c < 6.5% | 325,058 | 31.6 | 30.5 | 32.7 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c < 7.0% | 325,058 | 46.5 | 45.8 | 47.3 | < 0.001 |
Kidney parameters | |||||
Potassium | |||||
≤ 4.8 mmol/L in % | 73,615 | 85.4 | 81.8 | 89.8 | < 0.001 |
> 4.8– ≤ 5.5 mmol/L in % | 73,615 | 12.2 | 14.6 | 9.3 | < 0.001 |
> 5.5– ≤ 6.0 mmol/L in % | 73,615 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 0.7 | < 0.001 |
> 6.0 mmol/L in % | 73,615 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.3 | < 0.001 |
Urinary albumin in mg/g | |||||
Normal (< 30 mg/g) in % | 240,510 | 71.9 | 48.8 | 100.0 | < 0.0001 |
Micro (≥ 30–300 mg/g) in % | 240,510 | 22.5 | 40.8 | 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Macro (> 300 mg/g) in % | 204,211 | 5.6 | 10.4 | 0.0 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine in mg/dL | 343,513 | 1.0 (0.8; 1.3) | 1.3 (1.0; 1.6) | 0.8 (0.7; 1.0) | < 0.001 |
eGFR mL/min/1.73 m2 | 343,675 | 67.9 (48.9; 85.9) | 48.9 (36.3; 59.0) | 81.6 (71.0; 96.5) | < 0.001 |
< 15 | 343,675 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 0.0 | < 0.001 |
15 to < 30 in % | 343,675 | 6.3 | 12.6 | 0.0 | < 0.001 |
30 to < 45 in % | 343,675 | 13.0 | 25.9 | 0.0 | < 0.001 |
45 to < 60 in % | 343,675 | 18.3 | 36.6 | 0.0 | < 0.001 |
60 to < 89 in % | 343,675 | 40.2 | 14.1 | 66.3 | < 0.001 |
≥ 90 in % | 343,675 | 20.8 | 7.9 | 33.7 | < 0.001 |
Drug treatment
Total T2DM | T2DM + CKDa | T2DM − CKDa | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 343,675) | (n = 171,930) | (n = 171,745) | ||
Antidiabetic drugs | ||||
Metformin in % | 37.9 | 28.6 | 47.2 | < 0.001 |
Sulfonylurea in % | 11.4 | 11.2 | 11.7 | < 0.001 |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in % | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | < 0.001 |
DPP-4 inhibitors in % | 14.7 | 14.5 | 14.9 | 0.004 |
Glinides in % | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.0 | < 0.001 |
SGLT-2 inhibitors in % | 2.6 | 2.0 | 3.2 | < 0.001 |
GLP-1 RA in % | 3.0 | 2.4 | 3.6 | < 0.001 |
Glitazones in % | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 | < 0.001 |
Short-acting insulin in % | 44.0 | 51.4 | 36.7 | < 0.001 |
Long-acting insulin in % | 46.3 | 53.5 | 39.1 | < 0.001 |
≥ 2 antidiabetic drugs in % | 18.0 | 15.0 | 21.0 | < 0.001 |
Antihypertensive drugs | ||||
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in % | 31.2 | 33.8 | 28.6 | < 0.001 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers in % | 12.3 | 14.2 | 10.3 | < 0.001 |
Beta-blockers in % | 31.3 | 36.7 | 25.8 | < 0.001 |
Calcium channel blockers in % | 16.2 | 19.5 | 12.9 | < 0.001 |
Diuretics in % | 31.6 | 40.2 | 23.1 | < 0.001 |
≥ 2 antihypertensive drugs in % | 39.9 | 47.3 | 32.5 | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities
n | Total T2DM | T2DM + CKDa | T2DM − CKDa | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 343,675) | (n = 171,930) | (n = 171,745) | |||
Prior stroke in % | 343,675 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 6.1 | < 0.001 |
Retinopathy in % | 343,675 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 4.0 | < 0.001 |
Proliferative in % | 343,675 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 1.3 | < 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease in % | 343,675 | 8.9 | 10.6 | 7.3 | < 0.001 |
Prior myocardial infarction in % | 343,675 | 8.3 | 9.9 | 6.8 | < 0.001 |
Peripheral artery disease in % | 343,675 | 16.5 | 20.7 | 12.3 | < 0.001 |
Diabetic foot complications in % | 343,675 | 11.3 | 13.4 | 9.1 | < 0.001 |
Minor amputation in % | 343,675 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 1.4 | < 0.001 |
Major amputation in % | 343,675 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.7 | < 0.001 |
Prior stroke | Retinopathy | CAD | CKDb | Diabetic foot complications | PAD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 26,270) | (n = 18,036) | (n = 30,748) | (n = 171,930) | (n = 38,765) | (n = 56,741) | |
Healthcare provider | ||||||
Office based in % | 25.3 | 36.9 | 30.5 | 31.5 | 49.5 | 44.3 |
Hospital based in % | 74.7 | 63.1 | 69.5 | 68.5 | 50.5 | 55.7 |
Age in years | 75.1 (67.8; 81.0) | 71.1 (63.1; 78.0) | 73.2 (65.4; 79.6) | 74.5 (66.1; 80.7) | 72.8 (64.3; 79.2) | 73.9 (65.9; 80.1) |
< 65 years | 18.1 | 29.9 | 23.7 | 22.4 | 26.7 | 22.6 |
≥ 65 years | 81.9 | 70.1 | 76.3 | 77.6 | 73.3 | 77.4 |
Female gender in % | 46.0 | 46.2 | 36.4 | 52.4 | 39.3 | 42.0 |
Weight in kg | 82.0 (71.9; 94.8) | 86.5 (75.0; 100.0) | 85.0 (74.3; 98.0) | 84.7 (73.0; 98.3) | 88.0 (75.4; 103.0) | 85.0 (74.0; 99.4) |
Body mass index in kg/m2 | 29.0 (25.6; 32.9) | 30.5 (26.8; 34.8) | 29.4 (26.2; 33.5) | 29.9 (26.3; 34.4) | 30.1 (26.3; 34.6) | 29.7 (26.1; 34.1) |
Blood pressure | ||||||
Systolic BP in mmHg | 135.0 (123.0; 146.5) | 135.0 (125.0; 147.5) | 130.0 (120.0; 140.0) | 132.5 (120.0; 145.0) | 134.0 (125.0; 145.0) | 134.0 (123.0; 145.0) |
Systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg in % | 44.5 | 45.9 | 36.1 | 41.7 | 41.3 | 41.2 |
Diastolic BP in mmHg | 77.5 (70.0; 80.0) | 79.0 (70.0; 80.0) | 75.0 (70.0; 80.0) | 78.0 (70.0; 80.0) | 77.0 (70.0; 80.0) | 75.5 (70.0; 80.0) |
Diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg in % | 12.4 | 12.2 | 9.2 | 12.2 | 9.9 | 10.0 |
AntiHT drug treatment in % | 72.5 | 71.0 | 75.4 | 62.6 | 64.0 | 70.0 |
Hypertensiona in % | 85.3 | 84.2 | 85.2 | 79.4 | 79.5 | 82.5 |
Dyslipidemia in % | 90.2 | 87.5 | 91.4 | 88.4 | 85.4 | 87.4 |
LDL-C in mg/dL | 104.0 (79.0; 133.0) | 104.4 (80.0; 132.0) | 96.0 (73.5; 123.7) | 105.0 (79.3; 135.0) | 104.0 (80.0; 130.0) | 104.0 (79.3; 131.5) |
TC in mg/dL | 177.9 (147.0; 211.5) | 182 (152.7; 214.0) | 168.0 (140.0; 201.1) | 181.7 (150.8; 216.0) | 176.0 (147.0; 208.0) | 177.9 (149.0; 211.0) |
TG in mg/dL | 151.0 (109.0; 215.0) | 152.0 (109.0; 217.0) | 151.0 (109.0; 218.0) | 157.9 (113.0; 228.1) | 148.9 (105.3; 210.5) | 150.6 (108.0; 215.2) |
HDL-C in men in mg/dL | 40.0 (34.0; 49.0) | 42.0 (35.0; 50.3) | 39.5 (33.0; 48.0) | 40.0 (33.0, 48.5) | 41.0 (34.6; 50.3) | 41.3 (34.5; 50.3) |
HDL-C in women in mg/dL | 46.0 (37.0; 56.1) | 47.0 (38.7; 58.0) | 45.0 (37.0; 55.5) | 46.4 (37.5; 57.0) | 48.0 (39.0; 58.5) | 47.0 (38.7; 58.0) |
Diabetes | ||||||
Diabetes duration in years | 10.5 (5.2; 17.3) | 16.1 (9.9; 23.7) | 10.6 (5.1; 18.0) | 10.3 (4.9; 17.2) | 13.2 (7.5; 20.3) | 12.0 (6.5; 19.4) |
0–5 years in % | 24.1 | 10.6 | 24.8 | 25.5 | 15.9 | 18.9 |
6–10 years in % | 22.4 | 14.9 | 21.5 | 22.2 | 19.6 | 21.4 |
> 10 years in % | 53.4 | 74.5 | 53.7 | 52.3 | 64.5 | 59.7 |
HbA1c in % | 7.1 (6.3; 8.2) | 7.5 (6.6; 8.6) | 7.1 (6.3; 8.2) | 7.1 (6.3; 8.3) | 7.1 (6.3; 8.1) | 7.0 (6.3; 8.1) |
HbA1c < 6.5% in % | 31.7 | 21.7 | 32.2 | 30.5 | 30.7 | 32.5 |
HbA1c < 7.0% in % | 47.6 | 36.7 | 48.0 | 45.8 | 47.6 | 48.9 |
Kidney parameters | ||||||
Potassium in mmol/L | 4.3 (3.9; 4.6) | 4.4 (4.0; 4.7) | 4.3 (4.0; 4.7) | 4.3 (3.9; 4.7) | 4.4 (4.1; 4.8) | 4.3(4.0; 4.7) |
≤ 4.8 mmol/L in % | 85.4 | 81.9 | 83.2 | 81.8 | 79.9 | 81.6 |
> 4.8–≤ 5.5 mmol/L in % | 11.9 | 15.6 | 14.1 | 14.6 | 16.9 | 15.1 |
> 5.5– ≤ 6.0 mmol/L in % | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 |
> 6.0 mmol/L in % | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.0 |
Urinary albumin in mg/g | ||||||
Normal (< 30 mg/g) in % | 70.0 | 66.7 | 71.1 | 48.8 | 66.3 | 65.9 |
Micro (≥ 30–300 mg/g) in % | 23.1 | 24.9 | 22.5 | 40.8 | 26.4 | 26.5 |
Macro (> 300 mg/g) in % | 6.9 | 8.4 | 6.4 | 10.4 | 7.3 | 7.6 |
Creatinine in mg/dL | 1.1 (0.9; 1.4) | 1.0 (0.8; 1.4) | 1.1 (0.9; 1.4) | 1.3 (1.0; 1.6) | 1.1 (0.9 1.4) | 1.1 (0.9; 1.5) |
eGFR mL/min/1.73 m2 | 59.4 (42.4; 76.8) | 60.9 (42.8; 79.8) | 59.6 (42.5; 76.0) | 48.9 (36.3; 59.0) | 61.5 (43.1; 81.1) | 59.2 (41.7; 77.7) |
< 15 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 |
15 to < 30 in % | 8.8 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 12.6 | 8.5 | 9.4 |
30 to < 45 in % | 17.8 | 16.6 | 17.6 | 25.9 | 16.7 | 17.9 |
45 to < 60 in % | 22.5 | 20.7 | 22.3 | 36.6 | 20.4 | 21.7 |
60 to < 90 in % | 35.9 | 35.7 | 37.3 | 14.1 | 36.1 | 35.4 |
≥ 90 in % | 13.1 | 15.7 | 12.1 | 7.9 | 16.2 | 13.4 |