Background
• Providing a holistic perspective on CVD risk factors in a population stratified by age, gender, and dwelling place (urban or rural) |
• Circumscribing CVD care continuum across diverse settings (community-based or multilevel healthcare) |
• Ensuring targeted and nuanced care through each level of disease journey to improve patient outcomes |
• Designing priority framework by global policy makers and act as guiding force for optimal resource utilization and distribution on a national level |
• Ensuring preparedness in terms of policies and resource budgeting to tackle unprecedented health crisis based on at-risk patient pool |
• Devising prioritization matrices for future epidemiological research efforts |
Methods
Review design
Search strategy
Eligibility criteria
Screening of studies
Data extraction and synthesis
Results
Screening of studies for hypertension
Description of included studies for hypertension
Sr No | Study: first author; publication date | Brief study design | Sample size (N); characteristics | Prevalence (%) | Awareness (%) | Screening (%) | Diagnosis (%) | Treatment (%) | Adherence (%) | Control (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Structured search | ||||||||||
1 | Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among Saudi adult population: A national survey: Saeed A.A et al.; 2011 [17] | Cross–sectional community–based study | N = 4,758 enrolled from 20 health regions of Saudi Arabia; aged 15.0–64.0 years | 25.5 | 44.7 | X | X | 71.8 | X | 37.0 |
2 | Cardiovascular risk factors burden in Saudi Arabia: The Africa Middle East Cardiovascular Epidemiological (ACE) study Ahmed A.M et al.; 2017 [24] | Cross–sectional epidemiological study (subgroup analysis) | N = 550 enrolled from different clinics across Saudi Arabia; mean age 43.2 ± 10.5 years | 41.8 | X | X | X | X | X | X |
3 | Hypertension and its associated risk factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013: A national survey: El Bcheraoui C et al.; 2014 [10] | National multistage survey | N = 10,735 enrolled from 13 regions of Saudi Arabia; aged 15.0– > 65.0 years | 15.2 | X | X | 42.2 | 78.9 | X | 45.0 |
4 | Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in four Middle East countries: Yusufali A.M et al.; 2017 [25] | Large-scale epidemiological study (PURE study) | N = 1,56,424 enrolled from 628 communities in 17 countries; aged 35.0–70.0 years n = 2041 enrolled from Saudi Arabia; mean age 48.0 ± 9.4 years, (M); 45.0 ± 8.5 years (F) | 36.0 | 56.0 | X | X | 53.0 | X | 27.0 |
Unstructured search | ||||||||||
5 | KSA WHS 2019: Ministry of Health; 2021 [11] | Population–based survey | N = 8,912 enrolled from 13 administrative regions; aged ≥ 15.0 years | 14.0 | X | X | X | X | X | X |
6 | Global Status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014 [26] | Global status report tracking worldwide progress in prevention and control of NCDs | Adults (> 18.0 years) | 21.8 | X | X | X | X | X | X |
7 | Factors affecting antihypertensive medications adherence among hypertensive patients in Saudi Arabia: Alsolami F et al.; 2015 [27] | Cross–sectional study | N = 308 enrolled from outpatient department of the hospital; aged ≥ 18.0 years | X | X | X | X | 27.9 | X | X |
8 | Predictors of medication adherence and blood pressure control among Saudi hypertensive patients attending primary care clinics: A cross-sectional study: Khayyat S.M. et al.; 2017 [28] | Prospective cross–sectional study | N = 204 enrolled from eight different PHCs; aged > 18.0 years | X | X | X | X | X | 22.5 | X |
9 | Demographic, behavioral, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Saudi population: results from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi): Alhabib K.F. et al.; 2020 [29] | Cohort study (subgroup analysis) | N = 2,047 enrolled from 19 urban and six rural communities; mean age 46.5 ± 9.1 years | 30.3 | 61.1 (of 30.3) | X | X | 58.9 | X | 30.7 |
10 | May measurement month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Saudi Arabia: Aljuraiban G.S. et al.; 2021 [30] | Awareness initiative in collaboration with the Saudi Ministry of Health | N = 25,023 enrolled from 92 primary care centers aged ≥ 18.0 years | 29.2 | 60.8 | 100.0 | X | 60.8 | X | 39.3 |
11 | The association between hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors among nondiabetics Saudis adults–A cross sectional study: Ajabnoor G.M.A. et al.; 2021 [31] | Cross sectional study | N = 1334 enrolled from PHCs | 14.8a | X | X | X | X | X | X |
12 | Social knowledge of symptoms, risk factors, causes and complications of hypertension among Al-Ahsa population, Saudi Arabia: Elsheikh E et al.; 2021 [32] | Cross-sectional study | N = 660 enrolled from multiple PHCs; aged ≥ 18.0 years | X | 27.6 | 100.0 | X | X | X | X |
13 | Are patients affected by chronic non-communicable diseases aware of their own clinical and laboratory parameters? A cross-sectional study from the south of Saudi Arabia: Gosadi I.M.et al.; 2021 [33] | Cross-sectional study | N = 675 enrolled from 65 PHCs; aged 18.0–95.0 years | X | 48.7 (SBP) 47.3 (DBP) | X | X | X | X | X |
14 | Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension among King Abdulaziz University Employees: Data from first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation training program: Khafaji M.A. et al.; 2021 [34] | Retrospective study | N = 1000 enrolled from the university campus; aged 21.0– > 60.0 years | 31.0 | X | 100.0 | X | X | X | X |
Screening of studies for dyslipidemia
Description of included studies for dyslipidemia
Sr No | Study: first author; publication date | Brief study design | Sample size (N); characteristics | Prevalence (%) | Awareness (%) | Screening (%) | Diagnosis (%) | Treatment (%) | Adherence (%) | Control (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Structured search | ||||||||||
1 | Self-Rated Health Among Saudi Adults: Findings from a National Survey, 2013: Moradi-Lakeh M; 2015 [35] | National multistage survey | N = 10,735 enrolled from 13 regions of Saudi Arabia; aged ≥ 15.0 years | X | X | X | 17.8 | X | X | X |
2 | Control of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease among Multinational Patient Population in the Arabian Gulf: Al-Zakwani I; 2016 [36] | Multi-center non-interventional survey | N = 3,259 enrolled from outpatient clinics; aged ≥ 18 years; mean age 56.0 ± 11.0 years | X | X | X | X | 94.0 | X | 28.0 |
Unstructured search | ||||||||||
3 | Level of awareness regarding hypercholesterolemia, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, 2017: Al-Qahtani M et al.; 2017 [37] | Cross-sectional study | N = 150 enrolled from Saudi Arabia; age ≥ 18.0 years) | X | 47.3a/ 28.6b | X | X | X | X | X |
4 | Awareness among the general population about lipid profile screening in individuals over 20 years old in Alriyadh, Saudi Arabia: Bahakim NO; 2019 [38] | Cross–sectional survey study | N = 1,383 surveyed through a self-constructed electronic questionnaire; aged > 20.0 years | X | X | 34.6 | X | X | X | X |
5 | Inequalities in the use of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease by socioeconomic status: evidence from the PURE observational study: Murphy A et al.; 2018 [39] | A large observational international study | N = 2,047 enrolled from urban and rural communities in Saudi Arabia; mean age, 46·5 ± 9·1 years | X | X | X | X | 40.6 | X | X |
6 | Adherence to Statin Therapy and Attainment of LDL Cholesterol Goal Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Dyslipidemia: Alwhaibi M et al.; 2019 [40] | Retrospective, cross-sectional EHRs review study | N = 1,397 enrolled from outpatient clinics at a university–affiliated tertiary care center; aged ≥ 18.0 years | X | X | X | X | X | 77.4 | 41.5 |
7 | Demographic, behavioral, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Saudi population: results from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study (PURE-Saudi): Alhabib K.F; 2020 [29] | Large-scale epidemiological study (PURE study) | N = 2,047 enrolled from 19 urban and six rural communities; mean age 46.5 ± 9.1 years | 32.1 | X | X | X | X | X | X |
8 | The Association between Dyslipidemia, Dietary Habits and Other Lifestyle Indicators among Non-Diabetic Attendees of Primary Health Care Centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Enani S et al.; 2020 [41] | Cross–sectional survey | N = 1,477 enrolled from PHCs in Saudi Arabia, aged ≥ 20.0 years | 62.0 | X | X | X | X | X | X |
9 | Effect of Multidisciplinary Dyslipidemia Educational Program on Adherence to Guidelines Directed Medical Therapy in Saudi Arabia; AlAyoubi F et al.; 2021 [42] | Prospective cohort study | N = 401 enrolled from PCC, cardiology clinic, and endocrinology clinic; mean age 60.0 ± 13.0 years; 62.0% (M) | X | X | X | X | 40.0c/15.0d | 26.0e/62.0 | X |
10 | The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and associated risk factors in Al-Kharj population, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey; Al-Zahrani J et al.; 2021 [43] | Cross–sectional study | N = 1,019 enrolled from the general population of Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; aged ≥ 18.0 years | 12.5 | X | X | X | X | X | X |
11 | KSA WHS 2019, Ministry of Health, 2021 [11] | Population–based survey | N = 8,912 enrolled from 13 administrative regions; aged > 15 years | 43.0 | X | X | X | X | X | X |
12 | Are patients affected by chronic non-communicable diseases aware of their own clinical and laboratory parameters? A cross-sectional study from the south of Saudi Arabia: Gosadi I.M. et al.; 2021 [33] | Cross–sectional study | N = 675 enrolled from 65 PHCs; aged 18.0–95.0 years; mean age, 53.7 ± 13.4 years | X | 10.5 | X | X | X | X | X |
Anecdotal data | ||||||||||
13 | Dr. Ashraf Abdul Qayoum Amir | X | X | X | X | X | 45.0 | X |
Discussion
Hypertension: Gaps along patient journey touchpoints
Dyslipidemia: gaps along patient journey touchpoints
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indulgence in physical activity or not having a controlled diet which reemphasizes the important role of non-
pharmacological therapy along with drug therapy [36, 40]. Moreover, drug intolerance, inadequate PHC follow-
up and using medications that are not evidence-
based, especially in females, can hamper optimal lipid control [36].Scope of recommendations for enhanced patient care and health outcomes
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class hospitals and efficient healthcare facilities. The Saudi Healthcare National Transformation Program (NTP) has been a driving force for Saudi Vision 2030 to bring about a transformation in the healthcare sector by prioritizing NCD prevention [29, 68]. However, despite the availability of adequate resources and implementation of multiple initiatives, numerous evidence gaps along each patient journey touchpoint in hypertension and dyslipidemia still persist. This may be partly due to less NCD research output from Saudi Arabia compared with other Middle Eastern countries and a smaller number of national awareness programs and multi–faceted healthcare policies [29, 68]. Furthermore, the current COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the overall management of hypertension and dyslipidemia owing to partial and complete lockdowns and cancellation of in–person visits to PHCCs [69].Prevalence | Recommendations |
---|---|
Patients • Adopting healthy lifestyle modifications • Reducing salt intake • Increasing physical activity HCPs • Collecting RWD using EMR to further strengthen epidemiological research over time and across regions [72] Healthcare policy makers • Conducting public health programs that emphasizes lifestyle modification • Addressing gender inequalities by improving access to safe and culturally acceptable exercise facilities for women [73] • Levying higher taxation on tobacco products/sugar based carbonated drinks [24] • Establishing rehabilitation centers for smokers [4] • Promoting preventive attitude through regular campaigns at public places, schools, and social media [74] | |
Patient journey touchpoints | |
Awareness | Patients • Regularly participating in community-awareness programs • Encouraging adolescents and teenagers in their families and neighborhood to adopt healthy lifestyle and early screening for timely diagnosis and management HCPs • Imparting knowledge regarding symptoms, risk factors, causes and complications with use of: ▪ Simple lay languages and posters with easy takeaway messages, e.g., ‘know your numbers’ (in context of hypertension) ▪ Graphical representation, or handouts to explain the meaning of cholesterol and heart diseases ▪ Internet-based education and audiovisual aids • Organizing CME programs highlighting: ▪ Advanced therapies ▪ Updated treatment guidelines ▪ New risk assessment tools validated in local population [12] ▪ Training on the integrated management of hypertensive patients with comorbid conditions [75] ▪ CV risk factor management using advanced technologies [12] Healthcare policy makers • Development of health-related mobile applications that has features such as [76] ▪ Combined intuitive interfaces and appealing design ▪ User-friendly features (with continued feedback and textual explanation) ▪ Timely reminders ▪ Disease-specific educational content • Educating youth to debunk myth that lifestyle changes are applicable only to elderly or patients • Increasing accessibility to healthcare facilities, especially among the geriatric population by increasing: ▪ Public transport ▪ Number of ramps and handrails [15] |
Screening and Diagnosis | Patients • Undergoing screening at PHCCs rather than community screening [38] HCPs • Promoting screening at PHCCs for following patient subsets [77]: ▪ Periodical screening of lipid profile for all individuals ≥ 40 years or with ≥ one risk factor [35] ▪ Universal screening for general population [77] ▪ Selective screening for individuals admitted to acute coronary units or history of MI [77] ▪ Family cascade screening for patients with FH [77] • Clearly defining the cut-off values for the clinical parameters depending on age, gender, and presence of CVD risk factors for accurate diagnosis Healthcare policy makers • Imparting knowledge through health promotion campaigns regarding the importance of early screening [32] |
Treatment | Patients • Constant collaboration with HCPs for: ▪ Better disease understanding ▪ Better treatment decisions ▪ Better accountability in disease management and control HCPs • Considering factors such as easy availability (easy to refill), easy to take (once a day single pill combination), along with a reminder methodology while prescribing drugs • Using multifaceted approach involving systematic use of diagnostic tools while deciding on the mono- or dual-therapy approach in early stages [37] • Using of simplified treatment regimen and combination pill concept Healthcare policy makers • Involving a team including clinical pharmacists and nurses in patient management [78] |
Adherence and Control | Patients • Involving family members for seeking medication reminders assistance at home • Being proactive for self-management of health (e.g., self-monitoring of BP) • Using technologies, e.g., iPhone users to set medication reminders record [79] HCPs • Imparting constant feedback to patients’ regarding their health status • Using self-reported questionnaire pertaining to hypertension-related complications to promote self-management attitude Healthcare policy makers • Imparting multidisciplinary educational program addressing misinformation on AEs of the drugs [42] |