Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Blood pressure measurement and anthropometry
Quality control measures
Ethical clearance
Statistical analysis
Results
Study sample characteristics
Urban
|
Rural
|
Total
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Residence
| 697 (58.8%) | 486 (41.1%) | 1183 | |
Sex
| Male | 222 (31.9%) | 221 (45.5%) | 443 (37.4%) |
Female | 475 (68.1%) | 265 (54.5%) | 740 (62.4%) | |
Age
| 18-29 | 400 (57.6%) | 253 (52.1%) | 653 (55.3%) |
30-49 | 156 (22.5%) | 146 (30.0%) | 302 (25.6%) | |
≥ 50 | 138 (19.9%) | 87 (17.9%) | 225 (19.1%) | |
Education
| No formal education | 224 (32.1%) | 185 (38.1%) | 409 (34.6%) |
Elementary (1–6) | 90 (12.9%) | 112 (23.0%) | 202 (17.1%) | |
Junior (7–8) | 89 (12.8%) | 85 (17.5%) | (174) 14.7% | |
High school (9–12) | 201 (28.8%) | 98 (20.2%) | 299 (25.3%) | |
College and above | 93 (13.3%) | 6 (1.2%) | 99 (8.4%) | |
Monthly income
| < 600birr/month | 619 (88.8%) | 436 (89.7%) | 1055 (89.2%) |
600-1200birr/month | 45 (6.5%) | 43 (8.8%) | 88 (7.4%) | |
> 1200birr/month | 32 (4.6%) | 7 (1.4%) | 39 (3.3%) | |
Level of physical activity
| Mostly sedentary | 30 (4.2%) | 19 (3.9%) | 49 (4.0%) |
Involved in simple activities | 631(87.6%) | 410 (83.5%) | 1041 (86.0%) | |
Involved in sport and heavier physical activities | 59 (8.2%) | 62 (12.6%) | 121 (10.0%) | |
Body mass index
| < 18.5 | 138 (19.9%) | 89 (18.3%) | 227 (19.2%) |
18.5 ≥ BMI < 25 | 450 (64.8%) | 334 (68.7%) | 784 (66.4%) | |
≥ 25 | 106 (15.3%) | 63 (13.0%) | 169 (14.3%) |
Distribution of Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Residence
|
Sex
|
Age
|
n (%)
|
SBP+/_SD
|
95% CI
|
DBP+/_SD
|
95% CI
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban
| Female | 18–29 | 268 (22.6%) | 114.0+/−13.0 | 112.5–115.6 | 74.2+/−8.7 | 73.2–75.3 |
30–49 | 112 (9.5%) | 117.6+/−15.0 | 115.1–120.9 | 77.0+/−9.3 | 75.3–78.8 | ||
≥ 50 | 100 (8.4%) | 134.5+/−25.0 | 130.3–140.4 | 81.5+/−16.3 | 78.3–84.7 | ||
All | 480 (40.5%) | 119.0+/−18.3 | 117.7–121.1 | 76.3+/−11.1 | 75.4–77.4 | ||
Male | 18–29 | 132 (11.1%) | 114.6+/−11.0 | 112.5–116.3 | 75.8+/−9.2 | 74.2–77.4 | |
30–49 | 46 (3.9%) | 120.6+/−15.1 | 115.5–124.0 | 78.6+/−9.9 | 75.5–81.6 | ||
≥ 50 | 39 (3.3%) | 136.7+/−24.8 | 127.1–142.9 | 81.7+/−16.3 | 76.4–86.9 | ||
All | 219 (18.3) | 120.1+/−17.1 | 117.0–121.5 | 77.5+/−11.0 | 75.9–78.9 | ||
Total | 697 (58.9%) | 119.4+/−18.0 | 118.0–120.7 | 76.7+/−11.1 | 75.9–77.6 | ||
Rural
| Female | 18–29 | 152 (12.85%) | 107.5+/−12.4 | 105.6–109.6 | 74.3+/−8.6 | 72.9–75.7 |
30–49 | 78 (6.6%) | 115.9+/−14.0 | 114.7–121.9 | 78.2+/−8.7 | 76.2–80.2 | ||
≥ 50 | 39 (3.3%) | 120.0+/−19.8 | 111.5–123.1 | 75.8+/−9.4 | 73.0–79.3 | ||
All | 269 (22.75%) | 111.7+/−15.0 | 110.2–113.9 | 75.6+/−8.9 | 72.9–83.8 | ||
Male | 18–29 | 100 (8.4%) | 114.8+/−14.9 | 114.1–117.8 | 77.1+/−7.9 | 75.5–78.7 | |
30–49 | 82 (7.0%) | 116.9+/−13.8 | 113.9–119.9 | 79.6+/−9.6 | 77.9–82.2 | ||
≥ 50 | 35 (3.0%) | 118.0+/−17.1 | 109.8–121.9 | 78.3+/−11.3 | 72.5–80.3 | ||
All | 217 (18.3%) | 116.2+/−15.0 | 114.6–118.0 | 78.2+/−9.2 | 76.9–80.0 | ||
Total | 486 (41.1′%) | 113.9+/−14.3 | 112.7–115.2 | 76.8+/−9.1 | 75.9–77.6 | ||
Total
| Male and female | 18–29 | 654 (55.3%) | 112.7+/−13.1 | 111.7–113.7 | 75.0+/−8.7 | 74.3–75.7 |
30–49 | 304 (25.7%) | 117.5+/−14.5 | 115.9–119.2 | 78.1+/−9.4 | 77.1–79.2 | ||
≥ 50 | 225 (19.0%) | 128.9+/−23.9 | 125.7–132.0 | 79.8+/−14.2 | 77.9–81.7 | ||
Male
|
All
|
443 (37.4%)
|
118.1+/−16.4
|
116.6–119.6
|
77.8+/−10.1
|
76.8–78.8
| |
Female
|
All
|
740 (62.6%)
|
116.4+/−17.6
|
115.1–117.6
|
76.1+/−10.4
|
75.4–76.9
| |
All
|
1183 (100%)
|
117.1+/−16.8
|
116.2–118.1
|
76.7+/−10.3
|
76.1–77.3
|
Prevalence of hypertension, prehypertension and awareness of hypertension
Residence
|
Sex
|
Age
|
Normal BP
|
Prehypertension
|
Hypertension
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban
| Male |
18–29
|
71 (53.4%)
|
47 (34.6%)
|
16 (12.0%)
|
30–49
|
19 (41.3%)
|
13 (28.3%)
|
14 (30.4%)
| ||
≥ 50
|
8 (20.5%)
|
14 (35.9%)
|
20 (47.6%)
| ||
all
|
98 (44.1%)
|
74 (33.3%)
|
50 (22.5%)
| ||
Female |
18–29
|
154 (57.9%)
|
87 (32.7%)
|
25 (9.4%)
| |
30–49
|
59 (51.8%)
|
31 (28.2%)
|
22 (19.6%)
| ||
≥ 50
|
25 (26.0%)
|
28 (29.2%)
|
43 (44.8%)
| ||
all
|
238 (50.2%)
|
146 (30.8%)
|
90 (19.0%)
| ||
Total
|
336 (48.3%)
|
220 (31.6%)
|
140 (20.1%)
| ||
Rural
| Male |
18–29
|
41 (41.0%)
|
46 (46.0%)
|
13 (13.0%)
|
30–49
|
23 (30.3%)
|
37(48.7%)
|
16 (21.1%)
| ||
≥ 50
|
12 (26.7%)
|
19 (42.2%)
|
14 (31.0%)
| ||
All
|
76 (34.4%)
|
102 (46.2%)
|
43 (19.5%)
| ||
Female |
18–29
|
81 (52.9%)
|
62 (40.5%)
|
10 (6.5%)
| |
30–49
|
23 (32.9%)
|
35 (50.0%)
|
12 (17.1%)
| ||
≥ 50
|
12 (28.6%)
|
21 (50.0%)
|
9 (21.4%)
| ||
All
|
116 (43.8%)
|
118 (44.5%)
|
31 (11.5%)
| ||
Total
|
192 (39.5%)
|
220 (45.3%)
|
74 (15.2%)
| ||
Total
|
Male
|
All
|
174 (39.3%)
|
176 (39.7%)
|
93 (21.0%)
|
Female
|
All
|
354 (47.9%)
|
264 (35.7%)
|
121 (16.4%)
| |
All
|
528 (44.7%)
|
440 (37.2%)
|
214 (18.1%)
|
Multiple linear regressions
Blood pressure | Predictors |
Beta
|
p-value
|
---|---|---|---|
Mean SBP of the population | Sex | 1.897 | 0.046 |
Age | 6.757 | 0.001 | |
BMI | 1.026 | 0.001 | |
Mean DBP of the population | Sex | 1.997 | 0.001 |
Age | 1.957 | 0.001 | |
BMI | 0.656 | 0.001 |