Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Study population
Sampling of households
Data collection
Measurements
Outcome variable
Conceptual framework
Predictor variables
Data analysis
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of study sample
Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
Under 5 years | 75 | 20.6 |
5–17 | 80 | 22.0 |
18–29 | 85 | 23.4 |
30–44 | 86 | 23.6 |
45+ | 38 | 10.4 |
Sex | ||
Female | 219 | 60.2 |
Male | 145 | 39.8 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 236 | 64.8 |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 51 | 14.0 |
Never married | 77 | 21.2 |
Wealth quintile | ||
Q1 (poorest) | 61 | 16.8 |
Q2 | 62 | 17.0 |
Q3 | 81 | 22.3 |
Q4 | 85 | 23.4 |
Q5 (richest) | 75 | 20.6 |
Education status of household head | ||
Primary complete or less | 146 | 40.1 |
Secondary complete | 193 | 53.0 |
College/University complete | 25 | 6.9 |
Employment status of household head | ||
Employed | 76 | 20.9 |
Casual worker | 112 | 30.8 |
Trader | 111 | 30.5 |
Unemployed | 65 | 17.9 |
Location of health facility visited | ||
Within Viwandani | 266 | 73.1 |
Outside Viwandani | 98 | 26.9 |
Total | 364 | 100.0 |
Distribution of study sample by patterns of health care utilization
Frequency | Percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|
(n) | (%) | ||
Public facilities | Public hospital | 87 | 23.9 |
Public health centre | 32 | 8.8 | |
Private facilities | Private hospital | 88 | 24.2 |
Private health centre/clinic | 64 | 17.6 | |
NGO Mission hospital | 12 | 3.3 | |
NGO Mission health centre | 7 | 1.9 | |
Other facilities | Local pharmacy/chemist/ drug shop | 71 | 19.5 |
traditional healer/ herbalist | 3 | 0.8 | |
Total | 364.0 | 100.0 |
Public facility n (%) | Private facility n (%) | Other facilities n (%) | Total N | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Predisposing factors | ||||
Age | ||||
Under 5 years | 23 (30.7) | 37 (49.3) | 15 (20.0) | 75 |
5–17 | 26 (32.5) | 40 (50.0) | 14 (17.5) | 80 |
18–29 | 24 (28.2) | 46 (54.1) | 15 (17.7) | 85 |
30–44 | 33 (38.4) | 35 (40.7) | 18 (20.9) | 86 |
45+ | 13 (34.2) | 13 (34.2) | 12 (31.6) | 38 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 76 (34.7) | 104 (47.5) | 39 (17.8) | 219 |
Male | 43 (29.7) | 67 (46.2) | 35 (24.1) | 145 |
Marital status** | ||||
Married | 63 (26.7) | 124 (52.5) | 49 (20.8) | 236 |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 20 (39.2) | 21 (41.2) | 10 (19.6) | 51 |
Never married | 36 (46.8) | 26 (33.8) | 15 (19.5) | 77 |
Enabling factors | ||||
Wealth quintile** | ||||
Q1 (poorest) | 27 (44.3) | 21 (34.4) | 13 (21.3) | 61 |
Q2 | 23 (37.1) | 21 (33.9) | 18 (29.0) | 62 |
Q3 | 23 (28.4) | 41 (50.6) | 17 (21.0) | 81 |
Q4 | 31 (36.5) | 41 (48.2) | 13 (15.3) | 85 |
Q5 (richest) | 15 (20.0) | 47 (62.7) | 13 (17.3) | 75 |
Health insurance status*** | ||||
Covered by insurance | 48 (28.6) | 97 (57.7) | 23 (13.7) | 168 |
Not covered by insurance | 71 (36.2) | 74 (37.8) | 51 (26.0) | 196 |
Education status of household head | ||||
Primary complete or less | 48 (32.9) | 66 (45.2) | 32 (21.9) | 146 |
Secondary complete | 67 (34.7) | 87 (45.1) | 39 (20.2) | 193 |
College/University complete | 4 (16.0) | 18 (72.0) | 3 (12.0) | 25 |
Employment status of household head | ||||
Employed | 14 (18.4) | 49 (64.5) | 13 (17.1) | 76 |
Casual worker | 43 (38.4) | 44 (39.3) | 25 (22.3) | 112 |
Trader | 40 (36.0) | 49 (44.1) | 22 (19.8) | 111 |
Unemployed | 22 (33.9) | 29 (44.6) | 14 (21.5) | 65 |
Need factors | ||||
Physical health state | ||||
Acute infections** | 58 (30.2) | 106 (55.2) | 28 (14.6) | 192 |
Mild infections | 30 (30.0) | 39 (39.0) | 31 (31.0) | 100 |
Chronic infections** | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | 0 | 6 |
Chronic NCDs | 6 (42.9) | 7 (50.0) | 1 (7.1) | 14 |
Other diseases | 20 (38.5) | 18 (34.6) | 14 (26.9) | 52 |
Total | 119 (32.7) | 171 (47.0) | 74 (20.3) | 364 |
Predictors of health care utilization
Model 1: Public vs other facilities | Model 2: Private vs other facilities | |
---|---|---|
aRRR (CI) | aRRR (CI) | |
Insurance coverage | ||
No (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.38 (0.69–2.75) | 2.95 (1.53–5.69)*** |
Satisfaction with health care | ||
Cost of service | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.08 (1.00–4.36)** | 0.76 (0.39–1.50) |
Quality of health care | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.29 (0.11–0.76)** | 0.57 (0.20–1.65) |
Physical health state | ||
Acute infectious | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.31 (1.13–4.99)*** | 2.97 (1.50–5.86)*** |
Other diseases | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.31 (0.96–5.57) | 1.48 (0.51–4.31) |