Perceived compassionate care and associated factors among patients with mental illness at Tibebe Ghion specialized and Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
Compassion is the first ethical principle of health care to provide high- quality care that influences patient satisfaction and treatment outcome. However, there is limited data on the level of compassionate mental health care practice in low-resource countries like Ethiopia.
Objectives
This study aimed to assess the level of perceived compassionate care and associated factors among patients with mental illness at Tibebe Ghion specialized and Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialized hospital, North West, Ethiopia, 2022.
Methods
An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from June 18 to July 16, 2022, at Tibebe Ghion Specialized and Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. A systematic random sampling technique was used. The level of perceived compassionate care was assessed by the validated 12-item Schwartz Center Compassionate Care Scale among 423 patients with mental illness. Epicollect-5 was used to collect data, which was then exported to the Statistical Product and Service solution version 25 for analysis. Variables with a P-value < 0.05, and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to declare significant variables at the multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Result
The level of perceived good compassionate care was 47.5% (95% CI 42.6%-52.4%). Factors including urban residence (AOR = 1.90; 95%CI 1.08–3.36), duration of illness < 24 months (AOR = 2.68; 95% CI 1.27–5.65), strong social support (AOR = 4.43; 95%CI 2.16–9.10), shared decision making (AOR = 3.93; 95% CI 2.27–6.81), low perceived stigma(AOR = 2.97; 95% CI 1.54–5.72) and low patient anticipated stigma (AOR = 2.92; 95% CI 1.56–5.48) were positively associated with good compassionate care.
Conclusion and recommendation
Less than half of the patients had received good compassionate care. Compassionate mental health care needs public health attention. Policymakers should emphasize on compassionate care continuity by including it in the health care curriculum and design appropriate policies to strengthen compassionate care.
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Introduction
According to international research, compassion has been considered as an important human value for millennia. However, only in the last few decades, compassion has developed a focus of interest in scientific research. More recently, the field of medicine has seen an advance in interest in compassion as a key aspect of person-centered healthcare [1].
Perceived compassionate care is a state of apprehension for the suffering or unmet needs of another, coupled with a desire to improve that suffering [2]. A growing number of programs aim to improve self-care and compassion for others [3]. Over the past 10 years, there has been an improved focus in research, policy, and practice on the public health importance of compassion in health care, but lack of evidence on compassion and compassionate mental health care in patients with mental illness [4]. According to WHO report, compassion is essential for quality health care whereas lack of quality health care is a leading cause of death of approximately 8.6 million deaths per year [5]. Of these, 5 million occur in patients who are able to access the health system but receive poor quality care [5]. The level of compassionate care in health services ranges from 38.8% to 72.8% including 38.8% in North Showa Ethiopia [6], 51.6% in North East Ethiopia [7], 53% in USA [8], 57% in Addis Ababa [9], 58 in USA [8] and 72.8% in North East Ethiopia [10]. Compassionate care (CC) is a mainstay for cultivating health-seeking behavior: It has been given much consideration globally; following the alarms that healthcare often falls significantly. However, less research weight has been paid, and no sufficient data in low-income countries including Ethiopia [10]. Compassion mental health care is the center of focus for patients, families, and healthcare providers as a key element of high-quality mental health care. Good mental health care is associated with high performance, high achievement, and the ability to cope with stress [11]. Compassion is a central pillar in Ethiopia’s new Health Sector Transformation Plan (HSTP), which lays out a strategy to improve the quality and access to mental health services [5]. However, no evidence on the level of compassionate care and its determinant factors on mental health care. It is essential to provide data on level of compassionate care as the quality health services and the drive towards universal health coverage is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO), notably in Ethiopia [5, 12]. From previous studies, factors that were affecting level of patient compassionate care in mental health services were socio-demographic, clinical, psychosocial, and service-related factors [13, 14]. Staff working in acute inpatient mental health wards face high levels of stress and fatigue, which can impact level of compassionate health care [15].
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Bulletin of the WHO demonstrated that benefits of CC, including improved patient satisfaction, increased treatment adherence and improved health outcomes. The modern style to mental health care seeks to engage attention of both patients and public in developing quality of mental health care services by so long as compassionate care for patients’ with mental illness.
Even though, patients who had got good compassionated care are more likely to seek treatment and ought to have a better outcome as compared to psychiatric treatment without compassionate care, assessing compassionate mental health care was not understood. Assessment of CC at outpatient psychiatry department in specialized hospitals has great importance to improve and change service delivery focusing on identifying factors that affects CC with mental health services. It will help to increase treatment-seeking behavior of people.
In addition, there was no similar research completed in Ethiopia. It helps as a source of data/information for stakeholders and researchers who work in the area of mental health service and those who will conduct further studies on the issue under inquiry. Therefore, the aim of this study is to see the level of CC at the outpatient department of psychiatric clinic and identifying factors that affect CC with mental health services.
Methods and material
Study area and period
The study was conducted at specialized hospitals in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. Tibebe Ghion Specialized hospital (TGSH) gives mental health services with four outpatient departments, one emergency room, and two inpatients with a total bed of 13. It also gives psychotherapy services. The community is served by two psychiatrists, seven mental health professional specialists (MSc), one MSc in clinical counseling, and six psychiatric professionals. The total number of annual outpatient clients was four thousand eight hundred sixty four (four hundred five per month based on the monthly report of the psychiatry unit). Felege Hiwot Comprehensive specialized (FHCSH) also provides mental health services with inpatients (Seventeen beds) and four outpatient departments. It serves a total of nineteen thousands two hundred (19,200) clients annually (One thousands six hundred per month). The patient was served by four mental health professional specialists (MSc) and six psychiatry professionals. The monthly patient flow for both hospitals in psychiatry outpatient was Two thousand five patients. The study was conducted from June 18/2022 to July 18, 2022.
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Study design and population
An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was used. All patients who visited the outpatient department (OPD) for mental health services at TGSH and FHCSH and who were available at the time of data collection and whose age was 18 years or older were included. Those patients who were seriously ill and had no insight were excluded. Patient with major neurocognitive disorder (dementia) and with neurological disorder were not included in the study.
Sample size determination
Sample size was calculated by using the previous report on compassionate and respectful care, 51.55% in Ethiopia [7]. By using a single population proportion formula with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error, the sample size was calculated by.
Adding a 10% non-response rate, the final sample size was 423.
To get representative data in both hospitals, proportional allocation of the sample was calculated based on patient flow per month, and then the proportion would be 1:4. The final sample size distribution was 106 for TGSH and the rest 317 for FHCSH (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Schematic presentation of proportional allocation of sample among patients with mental illness TGSH and FHCSH, North West, Ethiopia, 2022
×
Sampling technique and procedure
A systematic random sampling was applied to recruit the study samples. As the systemic random sampling method needs to determine the sampling interval (k) value, and then calculate K as K = N/n = 2005/423 = 4. Then, the first participant was selected by the lottery method and then the remaining samples were selected every 4 patients (Fig. 1).
Data collection methods and tools
The questionnaire consists of structured interviewer-administered questions including 1) socio-demographic, 2) clinical factors, 3) level of perceived compassionate care 4) social support, 5) shared decision making, 6) perceived stigma, and 7) patient anticipated stigma towards health workers. Four BSc psychiatric nurses collected the data by using Epicollect-5 software, and supervised by two psychiatry unit coordinators, one from each of hospitals.
The level of perceived compassionate care was measured by a validated 12-item Schwartz Center Compassionate Care Scale® (SCCCS) [16]. Each item is scored on a 10-point scale from 1–10 with response options that range from 1 (not at all successful) to 10 (very successful). A total perceived compassionate care score was calculated, and a total mean was computed (76.74) and it was considered as cutoff point. A score greater than 76.74 were considered as good perceived compassionate care, and less than 76.74 was considered as a poor compassionate care. Permission to use the scale was granted by Beth A. Lown, the copyright holder of the instrument, and the English and Amharic versions were obtained from Merkeb Zeray, the validator of the tool in Ethiopia [17]. The tool was validated in Ethiopia and showed internal consistency (a = 0.95) with item-to-total correlations that were excellent, ranging from 0.83 to 0.93, and a test–retest reliability of 0.90 [6, 16‐19].
Social support was assessed by using the Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS) — 3-item and has Cronbach’s alpha of 0.75 and a range value of 3–14. The level of score was further categorized as "Poor support," 3–8; "moderate support," 9–11; and "strong support," 12–14, with which internal consistency could be regarded as acceptable at α = 0.640 [20].
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The 9-item Shared Decision Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q-9) was used to assess the decision-making style of a physician on patient treatment with Cronbach’s value of = 0.938 [21]. Summing up all items leads to a raw total score between 0 and 45, this was then transformed to 0 to 100 by multiplying 20/9. The mean was computed and used as a cut point: agree > 54.48 and disagree < 54.48 [21].
The level of perceived stigma was measured by the Stigma Scale for receiving psychological help, which has a five-item scale with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.74 and score was ranging from 0, lowest perceived stigma, to 15, highest perceived stigma [22]. A score above 6.86 was considered as having high perceived stigma and a score below 6.68 was considered as having a low perceived stigma [22].
Patient anticipated stigma from health workers: -measured by the patient anticipated stigma to health care workers scale, a four-item Likert scale ranging from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely) (Cronbach’s = 0:83) [23]. The mean score above 10.89 was regarded as a high patient anticipated stigma to health workers, while a score below 10.89 was regarded as a low patient anticipated stigma to health workers [23].
Operational definitions
Perceived compassionate care
It is critical to high-quality health care and was measured by the Schwartz Center Compassionate Care Scale® (SCCCS), which assesses the level of perceived compassionate health care and categorizes it as follows:
Good:—A score greater than the mean (76.74) considered good compassionate care
Poor:—Score less than the mean (76.74) considered poor compassionate care [5, 19, 24].
Social support
Measured by OSLO 3 social support which is categorized into:
This is measured by the core instrument, which consists of nine items, which can be rated on a six-point scale from ‘‘completely disagree’’ (0) to ‘‘completely agree’’ [5]. Summing up all items leads to a raw total score between 0 and 45, this was then transformed to 0 to 100 by multiplying 20/9. The mean was computed and used as a cut point: agree > 54.48 and disagree < 54.48 [26].
Perceived stigma
The Stigma Scale for Receiving Psychological Help, a five-item scale with an internal Cronbach’s alpha of 0.74, was created by summing the scores (0–3) for each item, ranging from 0, the lowest perceived stigma, to 15, the highest perceived stigma; then the cut point is 6.86. The score above 6.86 was considered as having high perceived stigma and the score below 6.68 considered as having a low perceived stigma [20].
Patient anticipated stigma from health workers
A four-item survey with a Likert scale ranging from 1 (very unlikely) to 5 (very likely) is used to assess patient anticipated stigma to health care workers. Summing up all items leads to a total score of 4 to 20. The mean score above 10.89 was regarded as high patient anticipated stigma to health workers, while the score below 10.89 was regarded as low patient anticipated stigma to health workers [27].
Data quality control
The English and Amharic versions of the dependent variable questionnaire were obtained from the validator of the tool; the validated tool was used. The semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire for independent variables was prepared in English first and then changed to the local language (Amharic) for the better understanding of the data collectors and the respondents, and then it was changed back to English again to check its consistency. Training was given for data collectors on the objective of the study, data collection tools and procedures, how to approach potential respondents, and how to maintain confidentiality. Pretesting on 5% of the sample size (21 participants) was done a week before the actual data collection period at Addis Alem General Hospital, located the other side of the city. The final data collection tool was refined based on the findings from the pretest. The collected data was carefully checked for completeness and consistency daily.
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Data processing and analysis
Epicollect5 was used to collect data, which was then directly exported to Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 25 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the outcome and independent variables. Variables in the bivariate analyses at P < 0.25 were candidates for the multivariable logistic regression model. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI and a p-value < 0.05 were used to announce the strengths and the factors significantly associated with the outcome variable respectively.
Result
Socio-demographic characteristics of participants
A total of 419 patients participated in this study, with a response rate of 99%. Nearly half of the participants were females (50.8%) and more than one-third (37.2%) of the participants were aged 26–35 years, with a mean age of 33.02 (± SD of 11.2). The majority of the participants (98.6%) were Amhara in ethnicity, nearly half (50.8%) of the participants lived in urban areas, and 26.0% were unable to read and write. 70.6% were Orthodox Christians, and one-third (30.1%) were farmers. Moreover, nearly half (47.5%) and more than one quarter (28.2%) of the participants were married and had a monthly income < 2000 birrs (with SD ± 3529 birr) respectively (Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents’ care among patients with mental illness at TGSH and FHCSH, North West, Ethiopia, 2022 (n = 419)
Variables
Category
Frequency
Percent (%)
Sex
Male
206
49.2
Female
213
50.8
Age
18–25
133
31.7
26–35
156
37.3
36–25
89
21.2
≥ 46
41
9.8
Residence
Urban
213
50.8
Rural
206
49.2
Ethnicity
Amhara
413
98.6
Oromo
6
1.4
Religion
Orthodox
296
70.6
Muslim
82
19.6
Protestant
41
9.8
Marital status
Married
199
47.5
Single
157
37.5
Divorced
53
12.6
Othera
10
2.4
Educational status
Cannot read and write
109
26
Primary education
109
26
Secondary education
109
26
Diploma and above
92
22
Occupation
Farmer
130
31.1
Private
128
30.5
Gov’t employed
39
9.3
Student
64
15.3
Daily laborer
18
4.3
Otherb
40
9.5
Monthly income in the household(ETB)
< 2000
116
27.7
2001–4000
118
28.1
4001–6000
113
27.0
> 6001
172
17.2
aseparated, Widowed
bHousewife, Jobless, ETB Ethiopian Birr
Clinical and psychosocial related characteristics
The majority of the participants (89.3%) were in follow-up and more than one-third (37.5%) of the participants attended their follow-up with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Nearly 90.2% of the participants had 1–2 episodes and more than half (59.7%) had a duration of illness less than 24 months before the initiation of their treatment, with the median duration of illness of 24.00 months (Table 2).
Table 2
Clinical, social and service-related characteristics of respondents’ care among patients with mental illness at TGSH and FHCSH, North West, Ethiopia, 2022 (n = 419)
Variables
Category
Frequency
Percent (%)
Diagnosis
BPI disorder
73
17.4
Schizophrenia
157
37.5
MDD
124
29.6
GAD
29
6.9
Othera
36
8.6
Type of service
Follow up
374
89.3
New
45
10.7
Duration of illness( Months)
< 24
250
59.7
24–36
90
21.5
≥ 36
79
18.9
Episode
1–2
378
90.2
> 2
41
9.8
Family involvement
Yes
339
80.9
No
80
19.1
CBHI
Yes
216
51.6
No
203
48.4
Distance from the Hospital
< 10
102
24.3
10–30
92
22.0
> 30
225
53.7
Social support
Strong
192
45.8
Moderate
127
30.3
Poor
100
23.9
Perceived stigma
High
228
54.4
Low
191
45.6
Shared decision making
Agree
213
50.8
Disagree
206
49.2
Patients anticipated stigma toward health workers
High
228
54.4
Low
191
45.6
(aPanic disorder, Schizophreniform, Dysthymia, Posttraumatic stress disorder) BPI Bipolar I disorder, MDD Major depressive disorder, GAD Generalized anxiety disorder, CBHI community-based health insurance
Nearly half of the participants had strong social support, and more than half of the participants had high perceived and anticipated stigma toward health workers (Table 2).
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Service-related characteristics
The majority of the participants (80.9%) had family involvement during their treatment. More than half of the participants came from a distance of more than 30 km and had community-based health insurance. Additionally, more than half the participants agreed with shared decision making during their treatment and nearly half of the participants had high medication adherence (Table 2).
Level of perceived compassionate care
The mean score of the participants was 76.74 (SD ± 21.74). Overall, 199 (47.5%) (95% CI = 42.6%-52.4%) of participants received good compassionate care at specialized TGSH and FHCSH (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Level of perceived compassionate care among patients with mental illness at TGSH and FHCSH, North West, Ethiopia, 2022
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Factors associated with perceived compassionate care
The results of this study revealed that residence, educational status, monthly income, duration of illness, family involvement in treatment, community-based health insurance, social support, shared decision-making, perceived stigma, and patient anticipated stigma towards health workers were significantly associated with compassionate health care at the bivariate level of analysis.
The multivariable analysis showed that residence, duration of illness, social support, shared decision-making, perceived stigma, and patient anticipated stigma towards health workers were significantly associated with perceived compassionate care. The odds of good compassionate care among patients with mental illness living in urban areas was 1.9 times (AOR = 1.90; 95%CI 1.08–3.36) more likely than among patients living in rural areas. The odds of good compassionate care among patients with a duration of illness less than 24 months was 2.68 times (AOR = 2.68; 95% CI 1.27–5.65) higher than patients with a duration of illness greater than 36 months. The odds of good compassionate care among patients with strong social support was 4.43 times (AOR = 4.43; 95% CI 2.16–9.10) higher than among patients with poor social support. The odds of good compassionate care among patients who agreed with shared decision-making was 3.93 times (AOR = 3.93; 95% CI 2.27–6.81) higher than those who disagreed with shared decision-making. The odds of good compassionate care among patients who had high perceived stigma from health workers was 2.97 times (AOR = 2.97; 95% CI 1.54–5.72) times higher than those who had low perceived stigma. The odds of good compassionate care among patients who had high anticipated stigma towards health workers was 2.92 (AOR = 2.92; 95% CI 1.56–5.48) times higher than among patients who had low anticipated stigma towards health workers (Table 3).
Table 3
Bi-variable and Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis showing the association between perceived compassionate care and associated factors among patients with mental illness at TGSH and FHCSH (n = 419)
Variables
Category
Perceived compassionate care
COR(95% CI)
AOR(95% CI)
Good
Poor
Residence
Urban
120
93
2.07(1.40,3.06)
1.90(1.08,3.36)*
Rural
79
127
1.00
1.00
Education
Cannot read and write
43
66
1.00
1.00
Primary education
52
57
1.40(0.82,2.40)
1.53(0.71,3.30)
Secondary education
52
57
1.40(0.82,2.40)
1.09(0.49,2.39)
Diploma and above
52
40
1.20(1.14,3.51)
1.63(0.67,3.95)
Monthly income(ETB)
< 2000
63
53
0.90(0.50,1.63)
0.96(0.39,2.35)
2001–4000
49
69
0.54(0.30,0.97)
0.49(0.19,1.28)
4001–6000
46
67
0.52(0.29,0.95)
0.66(0.28,1.58)
> 6001
41
31
1.00
1.00
Duration of illness( months)
< 24
140
110
2.92(1.70,5.00)
2.68(1.27,5.65)*
24–36
35
55
1.46(0.77,2.77)
2.28(0.96,5.45)
> 36
24
55
1.00
1.00
Family involvement
Yes
169
170
1.66(1.01,2.73)
1.35(0.69,2.65)
No
30
50
1.00
1.00
CBHI
Yes
112
104
1.44(0.98,2.11)
1.19(0.67,2.11)
No
87
116
1.00
1.00
Social support
Strong
141
51
8.76(5.00,15.32)
4.43(2.16,9.10)**
Moderate
34
93
1.16(0.63,2.12)
1.22(0.58,2.58)
Poor
24
76
1.00
1.00
Shared decision-making
Agree
143
70
5.47(3.60,8.32)
3.93(2.27,6.81)**
Disagree
56
150
1.00
1.00
Perceived stigma
Low
138
53
7.13(4.63,10.98)
2.97(1.54,5.72)*
High
61
167
1.00
1.00
Patients anticipated stigma to health workers
Low
142
49
8.69(5.59,13.53)
2.92(1.56,5.48)*
High
57
171
1.00
1.00
CBHI Community-based health insurance, ETB Ethiopian Birr
*p < 0.05 **p < 0.001
Discussion
This study revealed that the level of good compassionate care at TGSH and FHCSH was 47.5% (95% CI = 42.6–52.4). This implies that compassionate care needs high attention as it is essential for quality health service [5] and 90% of patients switched to more compassionate health care professionals [24] that leads to good treatment outcomes [28].
This result was higher than a study finding in the North Showa, Ethiopia in outpatient service, where companionate care provision accounted for 38.8% [6]. The variation may be explained by the settings, the study population, and tool differences used in the studies. For instance, the study in the North Showa zone used 24 question items for non-psychiatric patients. Moreover, the study setting in this zone included both hospitals and health centers [18]. In contrast, only patients who visited for mental health services were included in this study, which used newly validated 12- item tools [19].
The result of this finding was in line with the result of the study done in Addis Ababa (48.0%) [18] on the health professionals' perspective at a health center and in North East Ethiopia (51.55%) on the patient perspective of compassionate care [7].
The level of good compassionate care in this study was lower than in America (53%) [8]. This higher proportion of companionate care provision in the USA might be due to differences in the healthcare development, study population and patient attitude towards mental health workers [18].
This finding was much lower than the study conducted in modern health facilities in Ethiopia (60.4%), the East Harerge zone, Ethiopia (71.7%), and North West Ethiopia (72.8%) The possibility of this difference could be the study setting, sample size, study population, instrument, socio-cultural differences, and analytical differences [10, 25, 26].
Patients living in urban areas were 1.9 times (AOR = 1.90; 95%CI 1.08–3.36) more likely to receive good compassionate care than those who lived in rural areas. This finding might be due to the availability of information about mental health service and different promotions on use of mental health services in urban, could help to increase patients' positive attitudes towards mental health workers. This finding was consistent with the study done in Addis Ababa [9].
This study indicates that patients with mental illness with a duration of illness of less than 24 months were 2.7 times (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI 1.27–5.65) more likely to get good compassionate care than those patients with a duration of illness greater than 36 months. This finding might be due to how the duration of illness affects the quality of care; if patients come early to clinic, mental health workers might be more satisfied and empathic to those patients than who came to clinic so late [27, 29].
This study showed that patients with strong social support were 4.43 times (AOR = 4.43, 95% CI 2.16–9.10) more likely to receive good compassionate care than those patients with poor social support. This finding supported by the study conducted in Northwest England and Ethiopia [6, 30]. This could be due to strong social support has being highly associated with good medication adherence, improved quality of life, and improved treatment outcomes therapeutic [31].
This study also indicates that patients who agreed with shared decision-making were 3.9 times (AOR = 3.93, 95% CI 2.27–6.81) more likely to receive good compassionate care than those who disagreed with shared decision-making. This may be because of shared decision-making between the patient and the supportive members including family and clinician is important to have good compassionate care that leads to a good treatment outcome [32, 33].
Patients who had low perceived stigma were 2.97 times (AOR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.54–5.72) more likely to receive good compassionate care than those who had a high perceived stigma. The possible justification might be perceived stigma could affect the level of therapeutic communication by inducing psychological distress among patients that leads them to receive low levels of compassionate care [22, 34].
Patients who had low anticipated stigma towards health workers were 2.9 times (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI 1.56–5.48) more likely to get good compassionate care than those who had high anticipated stigma towards health workers. This may be due to the fact that anticipated stigma hinders the level of good compassionate care and cultivating health-seeking behavior [10].
Strengths and limitations of the study
To minimize bias, we used a standardized and pre-tested questionnaire. The study’s findings might be prone to a response bias due to the patients self-report, and they may not provide an objective measure of compassionate care. We included new patients who may not have history of contact with health workers before.
Conclusion
Less than half of the patients with mental illness had received good compassionate health care in two hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. Compassionate mental health care needs high attention as it is essential for quality health service. Factors including residency, duration of illness, social support, shared decision-making, perceived stigma, and patient anticipated stigma towards health workers were associated with level of compassionate care.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the data collectors for their admirable endeavors. Also, our appreciation goes to the study participants who willingly contributed to this study by responding to the questionnaires.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The studies recruiting human subjects were reviewed and approved by the Research Ethical Review Committee (IRB) of Bahir Dar University College of Medicine and Health Sciences. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review board (IRB) of Bahir Dar University College of Medicine and Health Science then obtain permission letter, it was given to TGSH and FHCSH. The protocol number from the IRB decision was 486/2022. The study subjects were approached individually and given information regarding the purpose of the study and then written informed consent was obtained from all participants. By eliminating personal identifiers, confidentiality was maintained. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Perceived compassionate care and associated factors among patients with mental illness at Tibebe Ghion specialized and Felege Hiwot comprehensive specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
