Background
Fall is one of the main contributing factors for accidental deaths and the foremost cause of injury admissions to acute-care hospitals in adults older than 65 years of age [1]. It has been estimated that more than one-third of adults over the age of 65 years fall annually [2]. The majority of fractures among older adults are due to falls [3]. Of those who experience a fall, hip fracture [4] and other injuries are common [5]. Falling might lead to fear of subsequent falls [6].
Consistent with the global trend of aging, the proportion of the older population in Iran has also increased over the last few decades [7]. According to the United Nations Statistics, proportion of the older in Iran was 5.4 percent in 1975 and will be increased by 10.5% in 2025 and by 21.7% in 2050 [8]. This dramatic demographic change will inevitably lead to a significant economic impact on the Iranian health care system. The aging population, with its high prevalence of falls, will incur greater health care service costs.
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The risk of falls in the elderly might be influenced by several lifestyle factors such as physical activity (PA) [9]. However, despite existing evidence for advantages of physical activity for successful aging [10], the majority of the Iranians elderly do not engage in regular PA [11]. Approximately 30% of older adults who have experienced a fall reported that they have a fear of falling [12] and the fear of falling was found to be high in elderly who had fallen during the previous year [13]. Curcio et al. found that these individuals may experience a greater decrease in activity level and functional status, weak perceived health and worse depressive symptoms [14]. Also an increased risk of falls is linked to decreased mobility as a result of physical inactivity and ageing [15]. However although many researchers from Iran and other countries have explored the perceptions of older adults towards exercise and fitness [11, 16, 17], few studies aimed to explore perceptions of older adults who experienced falls [18]. This research is aimed to explore facilitators and barriers to PA in older persons who have experienced at least one fall in the past 12 months.
Methods
Design and data collection
This population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between October 2011 and June 2012 to investigate physical activity and its related factors in elderly who experienced at least one fall during the past 12 months. Physical activity was defined as ‘any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure’. As suggested by the World Health Organization physical activity includes exercise as well as other activities which involve bodily movement and are done as part of playing, working, active transportation, house chores and recreational activities [19]. To collect data, trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with a random sample of elderly people in Tehran, Iran.
Sampling
The study sample was recruited from the elderly centers in Tehran, Iran. There are 40 elderly centers located in different geographical areas in Tehran. The centers are affiliated to municipality offering free services to old adults who become a member. Both male and females could become a member. The only criterion for membership is that the members should have at least 60 years old. A multistage sampling method was applied to recruit the study sample. First Tehran was divided into north, south, west and east. Then within each geographical location proportional to the number of centers the units of sampling were identified. Finally within each unit (elderly centers) from the list of members individuals were invited for the study. The individuals who did not agree to take part in the study, those who had a history of hospitalization or were suffering from serious illness or experienced surgery (up to 3 months before the study commence) were excluded.
Instruments
A multi-section questionnaire was developed to assess physical activity among Iranian elderly. The questionnaire consisted of the following sections:
1.
Demographic and anthropometrics characteristics: included recording of demographic and anthropometric data such as age, gender, education, marital status, weight, height, living arrangement, chronic disease and number of falls during the last year.
2.
Physical Activity Scale for Elderly (PASE): The modified version of PASE was used to measure self-reported physical activity. It is a brief and easily scored questionnaire designed specifically to assess PA over a week time in epidemiologic studies of elderly [20]. The questionnaire contains three sections regarding the frequency and duration of leisure-time activities, household activities, and work-related activities. The overall PASE score ranges from 0 to 400 or more.
3.
Perceived benefits and barriers regarding physical activity: The third part of the questionnaire was about different determinants that might influence physical activity including facilitators and barriers to physical activity. We developed a 16-item questionnaire for the advantage and disadvantage of physical activity. In fact the questionnaire was derived from the Decision Balance Scale [21] and two focus group discussions with 20 elderly Iranians who experienced at least one fall during the last year (10 people in each group). We asked participants to discuss about pros and cons of physical activity considering their own and others’ experiences. In fact they were prompted to think about benefits of and barriers to physical activity for themselves and for others. Then benefits and barriers generated by participants in addition to what we derived from the Decision Balance Scale were reviewed and written in item form. All items were reviewed and edited for clarity and conciseness. Finally we developed a questionnaire that contained two subscales: the Benefits of PA subscale and the Barriers to PA subscale. The Benefits of PA subscale consisted of 10 items with a 5-point Likert response categories ranging from ‘not at all important’ to ‘extremely important’. An additive score was constructed to provide an overall estimate of the perceived benefits of physical activity, with possible score ranging from 10 to 50 points. The Barriers to PA subscale consisted of six items with a 5-point Likert response categories ranging from ‘not at all important’ to ‘extremely important’ with possible score ranging from 6 to 30 points. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for both subscales was 0.8, well above the recommended threshold for internal consistency of a questionnaire.
4.
Additional measures: (I) we used a single item asking respondents to rate their present health on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = poor to excellent = 5. (II) Activity of Daily Living (ADL) also was assessed by a structured interview using a 12-item questionnaire including items on mobility and walking, hand manipulation, balance, and changing posture with a 4-point Likert scale response categories ranging from ‘completely unable to do’ to ‘without any help’ with possible score ranging from 12 to 36 points. The Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology had originally introduced the ADL questionnaire for the assessment of the elderly, with some modifications [22].
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Data analysis
Descriptive analysis was used to explore the data. In addition different statistical tests including t-test, one-way analysis of variance, chi square, and multiple linear regression analysis were used for comparisons and assessing the association between dependent (physical activity) and independent variables. The independent variables entered into the regression models were: perceived barriers, activities of daily living and perceived benefits, self reported health and number of falls. The inclusion of these variables in the model was due the fact that perceived benefits and perceived barriers are the main components of the health belief model. It is believed that this model is one of the most appropriate models that could explain and predict health-related behaviors [23].
Ethics
Ethic committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences approved this study. Before conducting any procedure, the aim, method and confidentiality of the study were explained completely to the potential participants and if they agreed to participate in the study, they were asked to read and sign the consent form.
Results
Overall, 180 old people from 40 elderly centers (49 men and 131 women) took part in the study. The mean age of participants was 65.89 (SD = 6.1) years ranging from 60 to 85. The majority of participants were married (53.2%), suffering from chronic diseases (78.8%), and experienced two or more falls during the last year (54.5%). The mean PASE score for participants was 56.2 ± 46.7. Those who had more falls significantly scored lower on the PASE (p < 0.0001). The characteristics of study sample and the mean PASE scores by sub-groups are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Mean scores of the PASE by demographic characteristics of the study sample (n = 180)
No (%) | PASE score (95%CI) | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age
| 0.004 | ||
60-64 | 88 (48.8) | 68.0 ± 55.2 (56.3-79.7) | |
65-69 | 44 (24.4) | 57.6 ± 37.6 (46.2-69.1) | |
70-74 | 26 (14.4) | 33.9 ± 24.4 (24.1-43.8) | |
75-79 | 11 (6.1) | 22.5 ± 11.0 (15.1-29.9) | |
>80 | 11 (6.1) | 42.2 ± 29.0 (22.6-61.8) | |
Gender
| 0.725 | ||
Male | 49 (27.2) | 58.2 ± 44.8 (45.3-44.8) | |
Female | 131 (72.7) | 55.4 ± 47.5 (47.2-63.7) | |
Education
| 0.426 | ||
Illiterate | 102 (56.6) | 58.6 ± 48.0 (49.2-68.1) | |
Literate | 78 (43.3) | 53.0 ± 45.0 (42.9-63.2) | |
Marital status
| 0.703 | ||
Married | 100 (55.5) | 54.8 ± 42.7 (46.3-63.3) | |
Never married | 2 (1.1) | 22.9 ± 7.1 (41.1-87/0) | |
Divorced | 7 (3.8) | 63.6 ± 25.1 (40.3-86.9) | |
Widowed | 71 (39.4) | 53.3 ± 53.8 (45.6-71.1) | |
Having chronic disease
| 0.148 | ||
Yes | 142 (78.8) | 53.1 ± 46.4 (45.3-60.8) | |
No | 38 (21.1) | 65.9 ± 45.4 (51.0-80.8) | |
Living arrangement
| <0.001 | ||
Living with others | 164 (91.1) | 57.3 ± 48.3(49.9-64.8) | |
Living alone | 16 (8.9) | 44.8 ± 22.1(33.0-56.6) | |
Number of falls
| <0.001 | ||
1 | 82 (45.5) | 87.6 ± 51.5(76.2-98.9) | |
2 | 55 (30.6) | 39.24 ± 15.8(34.9-43.5) | |
3 | 21 (11.7) | 22.98 ± 11.3(17.8-28.1) | |
4 | 22 (12.2) | 13.7 ± 4.3(11.8-15.6) |
Perceived benefits and barriers
Participants cited ‘keeping in touch with friends’ (n = 73, 40.5%) as the most important advantage of physical activity followed by ‘it is fun’ (n = 65, 36.1%) and ‘would live longer’ (n = 55, 30.5). Regarding barriers, the findings revealed that ‘sickness’ was the most frequently reported barrier to physical activity (n = 81, 45.0%) followed by ‘fear of falling’ (n = 67, 37.2%). The detailed results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Frequency of responses to survey questions regarding the benefits and barriers of physical activity
Perceived benefits | No. | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
Physical activity improves my mental health | 19 | 10.6 | |
Physical activity make me feel better in general | 29 | 16.1 | |
Physical activity improve my balance | 24 | 13.3 | |
Physical activity improve my flexibility | 26 | 14.4 | |
Physical activity reduce risk of falling | 17 | 9.4 | |
Physical activity helps me sleep better at night | 24 | 13.3 | |
I will live longer if I were physically active | 55 | 30.6 | |
I have a more positive outlook on life with physical activity | 27 | 15 | |
Physical activity lets me keep in contact with friends | 73 | 40.6 | |
Physical activity is fun for me | 65 | 36.1 | |
Perceived barriers
| |||
I fear of falling | 67 | 37.2 | |
I am too sick to be physically active | 81 | 45.0 | |
I have lack of motivation | 51 | 28.3 | |
I am too exhausted to do physical activity | 47 | 26.1 | |
I don’t have anyone to do physical activity with | 67 | 37.2 | |
I don’t have secure environment to be physically active | 67 | 37.2 |
Predicting factor
The results obtained from the linear regression model indicated that perceived benefits was the only significant factor that predicted physical activity among the study participants regardless of number of falls and other independent variables studied (β = 1.03 P < 0.001). However, we observed inverse association between number of falls and physical activity. The results are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Factors predicting physical activity in elderly who experienced fall during past 12 months
Determinants | Mean (SD) | Un standardized coefficients | Standardized coefficient | t | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | β | ||||
Age
| 65.89 (6.1) | −0.11 | 0.27 | −0.02 | -.0.415 | 0.679 |
Living arrangement (living with someone vs. living alone)
| NA | 0.894 | 4.76 | 0.005 | 0.188 | 0.851 |
Perceived benefits*
| 20.6 (8.6) | 5.59 | 0.32 | 1.03 | 17.33 | <0.001 |
Perceived barriers**
| 17.2 (5.0) | −0.462 | .28 | −0.05 | −1.62 | 0.105 |
Self reported health***
| 3.4 (1.43) | 3.54 | 2.10 | 0.11 | 1.68 | 0.094 |
ADL****
| 12.1 (3.4) | 0.104 | 0.49 | 0.01 | 0.210 | 0.834 |
Number of falls
| 1.9 (1.1) | −2.22 | 2.01 | −0.05 | −1.10 | 0.271 |
Discussion
This study specifically focused on elderly people who had experienced at least one fall during the last year. The findings showed that the participants had low levels of physical activity and this was almost fifty percent lower than for elderly Iranians who had not fallen [11]. There is a possibility that this population has unique facilitators and barriers to participate in physical activity. Therefore this study aimed to determine several factors that may influence PA level in the elderly.
‘Keeping in touch with friends’ was mentioned as the primary reason for engaging in physical activity. This result was consistent with another study reported from Iran [11]. ‘To have fun’ was the second important factor that was cited by 36.1% of the elderly. Fun or enjoyment was one of the most motivating and encouraging reasons cited in the literature for most age groups to be engaged in physical activity [24].
‘I am too sick to do physical activity’ was also mentioned as a top reason for lack of participation in PA in this study. Another study also revealed physical illness as a barrier to physical activity [25]. It appears that for fall prevention strategies to be effective, exercise educational programs should not be undertaken in isolation, but in partnership with other interventions and integrated into generic health.
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Fear of falling was identified as the second top barrier in the current study. Another study showed that up to 70% of recent fallers acknowledge fear of falling [26]. Suzuki [27] reported that 85% of older adults with a history of fall had fear of falling and 34% said that they did not go out because of the anxiety of fall again. Similarly we found that there was a significant relationship between number of falls and the PASE score. The association between fear of falling and PA was also found in another study where of the 54 elderly who reported fear of falling, 41 subjects (75.9%) reported activity modification secondary to fear [28].
‘I don’t have anyone to do physical activity with’ was among top barriers (37.2%) that acknowledged by participants. Similarly a study on sedentary behaviors among elderly Mexican and European Americans also found that companionship was a predominant barrier to physical activity [29].
The current study showed no significant differences regarding physical activity between males and females. However studies from other countries indicated contrary results [30]. This difference might be explained by the existing differences in the life styles of Iranian women. Indeed, in the context of Iranian living conditions, elderly women have high levels of physical activity due to their daily duties such as household activities, and caring for grandchildren.
The results obtained from this study were also consistent with other studies [31] where perceived benefits were predictors of physical activity. However, one should be aware that there are several factors that might affect physical activity among older population. Thus interventions aimed at changing multiple risk factors can be more effective than those targeting one risk factor alone.
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Limitations
Given that all our respondents were members of elderly centers, the findings of this study might not be generalized to all elderly who live in Tehran. These elderly might differed from others in terms of family cohesiveness, and social support. We did not collect data for these, but given that most participants were married and living with someone, we speculate that our sample had better conditions than the general older population. In addition since we could not find well-validated Iranian version of instruments we needed for this study, most of the information has been collected through questionnaires developed by the authors. Thus, further studies are needed for evaluation of lifestyle in a larger and more diverse group of elderly using well-validated measures.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that perceived benefits was the most significant predicting factor for physical activity among elderly regardless of number of falls, self-reported health and daily living activities. However, we observed inverse association between number of falls and physical activity. Indeed the findings suggest that we should reinforce benefits exist when designing programs to increase physical activity among elderly population.
Acknowledgement
We sincerely thank all participants who willingly took part in the study.
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Competing interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
LS was the main investigator, analyzed the data and involved in drafting the manuscript. SS contributed to the study design, performed the statistical analysis, and supervised the study. EJ involved in drafting, and revising it critically for important intellectual content. MS helped in writing process. AM was the study consultant, contributed to the analysis, responded to reviewers’ comments, and provided the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the paper.