Background
Methods
Plant sampling and treatments
Extraction
Estimation of total phenolic contents (TPC)
Estimation of total flavonoid contents (TFC)
Estimation of total anthocyanin content (TAC)
β-Carotene extraction and analysis
Separation and analysis of flavonoids and phenolic acids
PAL extraction and assay
In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity
1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay
β-carotene bleaching assay
Determination of anticancer activity
Cell culture and treatment
MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Effect of PGR treatments on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and β-carotene content
Treatments | TPC (mg GAE /g DM) | TFC (mg QE /g DM) | TAC (mg Cy3GE/g DM) | β-carotene (mg/g DM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 5.74 ± 0.35d
| 1.78 ± 0.02d
| 0.20 ± 0.01d
| 20.90 ± 2.11c
|
MeJA | 9.42 ± 0.33a
| 5.96 ± 0.31a
| 0.66 ± 0.04a
| 56.77 ± 3.56a
|
SA | 8.26 ± 0.31b
| 5.17 ± 0.22b
| 0.28 ± 0.03c
| 41.29 ± 2.88b
|
ABA | 7.60 ± 0.27c
| 4.88 ± 0.02c
| 0.52 ± 0.02b
| 40.11 ± 3.15b
|
Effect of PGR treatments on individual phenolic and flavonoid compounds
Compounds | Control | MeJA | SA | ABA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quercetin | 0.32 ± 0.08d
| 1.16 ± 0.14a
| 0.83 ± 0.04c
| 0.95 ± 0.05b
|
Kaempferol | 0.28 ± 0.08c
| 0.93 ± 0.09a
| 0.79 ± 0.05b
| 0.82 ± 0.07b
|
Myricetin | 0.34 ± 0.02d
| 0.98 ± 0.09a
| 0.86 ± 0.05b
| 0.77 ± 0.03c
|
Luteolin | 0.22 ± 0.06d
| 0.75 ± 0.05b
| 0.84 ± 0.07a
| 0.61 ± 0.04c
|
Gallic acid | 0.31 ± 0.07c
| 0.81 ± 0.08a
| 0.46 ± 0.07b
| 0.40 ± 0.06b
|
Chlorogenic acid | 0.52 ± 0.04c
| 0.98 ± 0.14a
| 0.61 ± 0.05b
| 0.55 ± 0.03c
|
3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 0.38 ± 0.05d
| 0.75 ± 0.08a
| 0.59 ± 0.05b
| 0.49 ± 0.04c
|
4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid | 0.50 ± 0.02c
| 0.89 ± 0.10a
| 0.65 ± 0.06b
| 0.60 ± 0.08b
|
Effect of PGR treatments on PAL activity
Effect of PGR treatments on antioxidant activity
DPPH asssay | β-carotene bleaching assay | |
---|---|---|
Control | 4.2 ± 0.11a
| 4.5 ± 0.25a
|
MeJA | 2.4 ± 0.20d
| 2.9 ± 0.15d
|
SA | 3.0 ± 0.27c
| 3.3 ± 0.21c
|
ABA | 3.4 ± 0.25b
| 3.7 ± 0.22b
|
α-tocopherol | 1.1 ± 0.18e
| 1.3 ± 0.12e
|
Anticancer activity
MDA-MB-231 | MCF-7 | |
---|---|---|
Control | 3.40 ± 0.314a
| 2.68 ± 0.221a
|
MeJA | 0.66 ± 0.095d
| 0.62 ± 0.150d
|
SA | 0.78 ± 0.103c
| 0.90 ± 0.131c
|
ABA | 0.94 ± 0.161b
| 1.40 ± 0.264b
|
Tamoxifen | 0.038 ± 0.007e
| 0.037 ± 0.004e
|
Correlation analysis
MCF-7 | MDA-MB-231 | |
---|---|---|
TFC | −0.9128**
| −0.9233**
|
TPC | −0.8872**
| −0.9024**
|
quercetin | −0.8563**
| −0.8931**
|
kaempferol | −0.8927**
| −0.9077**
|
myrecitin | −0.9162**
| −0.8255**
|
luteolin | −0.7311*
| −0.7174*
|
gallic acid | −0.8841**
| −0.9129**
|
chlorogenic acid | −0.7499*
| −0.8335**
|
4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid | −0.7626*
| −0.8825**
|
3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid | −0.7129*
| −0.8104**
|
TAC | −0.9226**
| −0.9371**
|
β-carotene | −0.8744**
| −0.8969**
|
DPPH | −0.9100**
| −0.7947**
|
β-carotene blenching assay | −0.8864**
| −0.8812**
|