Background
Methods
Anopheles mosquito collection
Anopheles identification
Genomic DNA extraction
Real-time PCR assay by hydrolysis probe
Plasmodium PCR amplification and DNA sequencing
Binomial test
Results
Landscape
|
Traps
|
Species
|
Frequency
|
Period of collection
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
%
| ||||
1-A | Shannon |
An. (Ano.) fluminensis
a
| 4 | 0.43 | Mid October |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ano.) intermedius
| 2 | 0.22 | Late August | |
Shannon |
An. (Ano.) intermedius
a
| 12 | 1.30 | Mid October | |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ker.) bellator
| 1 | 0.11 | Late August | |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ker.) cruzii
| 2 | 0.22 | Late August | |
Shannon |
An. (Ker.) cruzii
a
| 4 | 0.43 | Mid October | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) strodei s.s.a
| 100 | 10.86 | Mid October | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) triannulatus
a
| 21 | 2.28 | Mid October | |
Subtotal | 146 | 15.85 | |||
1-B | CDC-LT |
An. (Ker.) bellator
| 5 | 0.54 | Mid August |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ker.) cruzii
| 27 | 2.94 | Mid August | |
Subtotal | 32 | 3.48 | |||
1-C | CDC-LT |
An. (Ano.) mediopunctatus
| 19 | 2.06 | Mid August |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ker.) cruzii
| 1 | 0.11 | Mid August | |
Subtotal | 20 | 2.17 | |||
2 | Shannon |
An. (Ano.) intermedius
a
| 1 | 0.11 | Mid September |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ano.) mediopunctatus
| 12 | 1.30 | Late August | |
Shannon |
An. (Ano.) mediopunctatus
a
| 8 | 0.87 | Mid September | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) albitarsis s.s.a
| 14 | 1.52 | Mid September | |
Subtotal | 35 | 3.80 | |||
3 | Shannon |
An. (Ano.) intermedius
| 14 | 1.52 | Late October |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ano.) mediopunctatus
| 2 | 0.22 | Late August | |
Shannon |
An. (Ano.) mediopunctatus
a
| 51 | 5.54 | Late October | |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ker.) cruzii
| 1 | 0.11 | Late August | |
Shannon |
An. (Ker.) cruzii
| 19 | 2.06 | Late October | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) albitarsis s.s.a
| 2 | 0.22 | Late October | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) galvaoi
a
| 147 | 15.96 | Late October | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) oswaldoi s.l. | 13 | 1.41 | Late October | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) triannulatus
| 14 | 1.52 | Late October | |
Subtotal | 263 | 28.56 | |||
4 | Shannon |
An. (Ano.) intermedius
| 2 | 0.21 | Mid September |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ano.) mediopunctatus
| 1 | 0.11 | Late August | |
Shannon |
An. (Ano.) mediopunctatus
a
| 1 | 0.11 | Mid September | |
CDC-LT |
An. (Ker.) cruzii
| 1 | 0.11 | Late August | |
Shannon |
An. (Ano.) mediopunctatus
a
| 3 | 0.32 | Mid September | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) albitarsis s.s. | 14 | 1.52 | Mid September | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) galvaoi
a
| 58 | 6.30 | Mid September | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) oswaldoi s.l. | 8 | 0.87 | Mid September | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) triannulatus
| 39 | 4.24 | Mid September | |
Subtotal | 127 | 13.79 | |||
5 | Shannon |
An. (Ker.) cruzii
a
| 251 | 27.25 | Late November |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) near pristinus | 4 | 0.43 | Late November | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) strodei s.s.a
| 40 | 4.34 | Late November | |
Shannon |
An. (Nys.) triannulatus
| 3 | 0.33 | Late November | |
Subtotal | 298 | 32.35 | |||
Total | 921 | 100 |
Landscape
|
Species
a
|
Real-time PCR +/n (%)
|
PCR +/n (%)
|
Parasite species
b
|
---|---|---|---|---|
1-A |
An. cruzii
| 0/6 (0.0) | - | - |
An. fluminensis
| 0/3 (0.0) | - | - | |
An. strodei
| 1/72 (1.4) | 0/1 (0.0) |
P. falciparum
| |
An. triannulatus
| 1/12 (8.3) | 0/1 (0.0) |
P. falciparum
| |
Subtotal | 2/93 (2.15) | 0/2 (0.0) | - | |
1-B |
An. cruzii
| 0/22 (0.0) | - | - |
An. bellator
| 0/9 (0.0) | - | - | |
Subtotal | 0/31 (0.0) | - | - | |
1-C |
An. cruzii
| 0/1 (0.0) | - | - |
Subtotal | 0/1 (0.0) | - | - | |
2 |
An. albitarsis
| 0/14 (0.0) | - | - |
Subtotal | 0/14 (0.0) | - | - | |
3 |
An. albitarsis
| 0/1 (0.0) | - | - |
An. cruzii
| 0/20 (0.0) | - | - | |
An. galvaoi
| 1/48 (2.1) | 1/1 (100.0) |
P. falciparum
| |
An. mediopunctatus
| 0/42 (0.0) | - | - | |
Subtotal | 1/111 (0.9) | 1/1 (100.0) | - | |
4 |
An. albitarsis
| 0/13 (0.0) | - | - |
An. cruzii
| 0/4 (0.0) | - | - | |
An. strodei
| 0/1 (0.0) | - | - | |
An. triannulatus
| 0/5 (0.0) | - | - | |
Subtotal | 0/23 (0.0) | - | - | |
5 |
An. cruzii
| 4/207 (1.9) | 1/4 (25.0) |
P. vivax
|
An. cruzii
| 18/207 (8.7) | 15/18 (83.0) |
P. falciparum
| |
Subtotal | 22/207 (10.6) | 16/22 (72.7) | - | |
Total P. vivax
| 4/480 (0.8) | 1/4 (25.0) | ||
Total P. falciparum
| 21/480 (4.4) | 16/21 (76.2) | ||
Total | 25/480 (5.2) | 17/25 (68.0) |
Landscape
|
Positive (k)
|
Tested (n)
|
Probability (P)
a
|
1 – P (k = 0)
|
---|---|---|---|---|
1-A | 2 | 93 | 0.138 | 0.985 |
1-B | 0 | 31 | 0.248 | 0.752c
|
1-C | 0 | 1 | 0.956 | 0.044c
|
2 | 0 | 14 | 0.533 | 0.467c
|
3 | 1 | 111 | 0.035b
| 0.993 |
4 | 0 | 23 | 0.355 | 0.645c
|
5 | 18 | 207 | 0.003b
| 0.997 |
Species
|
Positive (k)
|
Tested (n)
|
Probability (P)
a
|
1 – P (k = 0)
|
An. albitarsis
| 0 | 28 | 0.284 | 0.716c
|
An. bellator
| 0 | 9 | 0.667 | 0.333c
|
An. cruzii
| 18 | 260 | 0.018b
| 0.999 |
An. fluminensis
| 0 | 3 | 0.874 | 0.126c
|
An. galvaoi
| 1 | 48 | 0.255 | 0.885 |
An. mediopunctatus
| 0 | 42 | 0.151 | 0.849 |
An. strodei
| 1 | 73 | 0.126 | 0.963 |
An. triannulatus
| 1 | 17 | 0.364 | 0.535c
|
Traps
|
Positive (k)
|
Tested (n)
|
Probability (P)
a
|
1 – P (k = 0)
|
CDC-LT | 0 | 38 | 0.181 | 0.819 |
Shannon | 21 | 442 | 0.083b
| 1 |