Background
Methods
Study population
Measures
Alcohol consumption
Use of AI medications
Data analysis
Results
Study population
Characteristics | Nondrinker (n = 1,325) | Light-moderate drinker (n = 1,708) | Heavier drinker (n = 782) | Total (N = 3,815) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender
| ||||
Male | 494 (36.0) | 714 (43.2) | 566 (73.8) | 1,774 (46.6) |
Female | 831 (64.0) | 994 (56.8) | 216 (26.2) | 2,041 (53.4) |
Age
| ||||
60-64 | 246 (19.5) | 576 (36.2) | 295 (42.9) | 1,117 (31.3) |
65-69 | 292 (19.6) | 463 (24.3) | 210 (24.5) | 965 (22.6) |
70-74 | 314 (21.2) | 294 (15.6) | 148 (16.8) | 756 (17.9) |
75-79 | 241 (19.7) | 217 (13.8) | 73 (9.0) | 531 (15.0) |
80+ | 231 (20.0) | 155 (10.2) | 55 (6.8) | 441 (13.2) |
Residence
| ||||
Rural | 743 (58.3) | 787 (48.1) | 280 (37.4) | 1,810 (49.7) |
Urban | 578 (41.8) | 919 (52.0) | 501 (62.6) | 1998 (50.3) |
Marital status
| ||||
Married | 777 (56.1) | 1,189 (69.5) | 565 (71.3) | 2,531 (64.9) |
Widowed | 350 (29.7) | 309 (19.3) | 116 (15.3) | 775 (22.4) |
Divorced/separated | 46 (3.2) | 66 (3.6) | 49 (6.1) | 161 (4.0) |
Never married | 152 (11.1) | 144 (7.5) | 52 (7.3) | 348 (8.8) |
Education level
| ||||
None/primary level | 630 (58.3) | 511 (39.1) | 225 (37.1) | 1,366 (45.9) |
Secondary level | 449 (31.9) | 641 (40.9) | 285 (40.4) | 1,375 (37.4) |
Third level | 246 (9.8) | 554 (20.0) | 272 (22.5) | 1,072 (16.7) |
Self-reported health status
| ||||
Excellent to very good | 687 (50.8) | 994 (56.7) | 439 (54.1) | 2,120 (54.0) |
Good | 392 (29.7) | 495 (29.6) | 242 (31.9) | 1,129 (30.1) |
Fair to poor | 241 (19.5) | 217 (13.8) | 101 (14) | 559 (15.9) |
Depression (CES-D ≥16)
| 109 (8.9) | 116 (7.2) | 50 (6.7) | 275 (7.7) |
Smoking history
| ||||
Current smoker | 166 (13.2) | 207 (12.8) | 140 (19.6) | 513 (14.3) |
Past smoker | 439 (33.2) | 730 (43.2) | 413 (51.1) | 1,582 (41.0) |
Never smoked | 720 (53.6) | 771 (44) | 229 (29.3) | 1,720 (44.7) |
Alcohol interactive medications and alcohol consumption
Characteristics | Exposure to AI medications | Alcohol use in individuals using AI medications in class | Alcohol use in individuals notusing AI medications in class | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | P-value | |
Cardiovascular agents
|
61.2
|
60.4
|
67.0
|
<0.001
|
Angiotensin-receptor blockers & combinations | 32.9 | 60.8 | 64.0 | 0.07 |
Beta blockers & combinations | 19.5 | 57.5 | 64.3 | 0.001 |
Calcium channel blockers & combinations | 13.7 | 57.8 | 63.8 | 0.01 |
Diuretics | 12.5 | 53.5 | 64.3 | <0.001 |
Alpha blockers | 2.9 | 60.2 | 63.0 | 0.57 |
Vasodilator Antihypertensives | 0.5 | 73.0 | 62.9 | 0.36 |
Nitrates | 2.7 | 59.0 | 63.1 | 0.44 |
Cholesterol lowering agents | 36.7 | 63.2 | 62.8 | 0.84 |
CNS agents
|
22.6
|
53.5
|
65.7
|
<0.001
|
NSAID | 1.9 | 59.4 | 63.0 | 0.59 |
COX2 inhibitors | 1.5 | 62.4 | 62.9 | 0.93 |
Opioid analgesics | 3.1 | 51.8 | 63.3 | 0.02 |
Non-opioid analgesics | 5.3 | 54.6 | 63.4 | 0.03 |
Anti-epileptics | 2.8 | 50.2 | 63.3 | 0.008 |
Hypnotics | 5.5 | 54.7 | 63.4 | 0.02 |
Anxiolytics | 2.7 | 44.1 | 63.5 | <0.001 |
Barbiturates | - | |||
Antipsychotics | 0.9 | 43.2 | 63.1 | 0.03 |
Antidepressants | 7.4 | 52.9 | 63.8 | 0.002 |
Stimulants | - | - | - | |
Nausea and Vertigo | 1.9 | 46.8 | 63.3 | 0.01 |
Antimigraine | - | - | - | |
Antiparkinson drugs | 0.6 | 57.6 | 63.0 | 0.60 |
Dopaminergics | 0.18 | 84.8 | 62.9 | 0.25 |
Drugs for dementia | 0.46 | |||
Drugs for dependence | - | |||
Antihistamines
|
0.9
|
66.9
|
62.9
|
0.65
|
Sedating | 0.13 | 63.0 | 63.0 | 0.99 |
Non-sedating | 0.84 | 65.0 | 62.9 | 0.82 |
Blood
|
34.2
|
58.5
|
65.3
|
<0.001
|
Anti-coagulant | 3.6 | 55.9 | 63.2 | 0.09 |
Anti-platelet | 31.0 | 58.8 | 64.8 | 0.001 |
Antidiabetic agents
|
7.2
|
53.8
|
63.7
|
0.002
|
Anti-infectives
|
0.2
|
47.0
|
63.0
|
0.43
|
Gastrointestinal drugs
|
1.2
|
49.5
|
63.1
|
0.09
|
Immunomodulators
|
1.0
|
50.7
|
63.1
|
0.10
|
Muscle relaxants
|
0.2
|
80.3
|
62.9
|
0.28
|
Other
|
3.0
|
69.6
|
62.8
|
0.18
|
Morbidity
|
Prevalence of condition
|
Alcohol use in individuals with condition
|
Alcohol use in individuals
without
condition
| |
%
|
%
|
%
|
P-value
| |
Diabetes | 9.5 | 52.5 | 63.9 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 47.7 | 65.0 | 67.3 | 0.22 |
Peptic ulcer | 7.1 | 60.8 | 63.0 | 0.49 |
Gout | 1.9 | 74.5 | 62.7 | 0.08 |
Depression(CES-D ≥16) | 7.7 | 57.7 | 63.5 | 0.06 |
Liver disease | 0.54 | 39.7 | 62.9 | 0.04 |
Breast cancer | 2.3 | 63.8 | 62.8 | 0.86 |
Light-Moderate drinker/nondrinker + AI | Heavier drinker/nondrinker + AI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value |
Gender
| ||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 0.75 (0.61 - 0.92) | 0.006 | 0.18 (0.14 - 0.24) | <0.001 |
Age
| ||||
60-64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
65-69 | 0.80 (0.61 - 1.07) | 0.13 | 0.64 (0.45 - 0.92) | 0.02 |
70-74 | 0.46 (0.34 - 0.63) | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.27 - 0.59) | <0.001 |
75-79 | 0.50 (0 .36 - 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.25 (0.16 - 0.39) | <0.001 |
80+ | 0.38 (0.27 - 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.13 - 0.35) | <0.001 |
Residence
| ||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Urban | 1.48 (1.22 - 1.80) | <0.001 | 2.36 (1.80 - 3.08) | <0.001 |
Marital status
| ||||
Married | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Never married | 0.49 (0.35 - 0.69) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0 .30 - 0.75) | 0.001 |
Widowed | 0.85 (0.66 - 1.10) | 0.22 | 1.12(0.78 - 1.59) | 0.54 |
Divorced/separated | 0.57 (0.34 - 0.95) | 0.03 | 0.83 (0.45 - 1.50) | 0.53 |
Education level
| ||||
None/primary level | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Secondary level | 1.41 (1.13 - 1.76) | 0.002 | 1.91 (1.45 - 2.53) | <0.001 |
Third level | 2.04 (1.60 - 2.61) | <0.001 | 3.07 (2.23 - 4.24) | <0.001 |
Self-reported health status
| ||||
Excellent to very good | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Good | 1.12 (0.89 - 1.39) | 0.33 | 1.12 (0.85 - 1.48) | 0.42 |
Fair to poor | 0.84 (0.63 - 1.12) | 0.23 | 0.68 (0.46 - 0.98) | 0.04 |
Depression (CES-D ≥16) | 0.96 (0.79 - 1.16) | 0.70 | 0.86 (0.68 - 1.09) | 0.21 |
Smoking history
| ||||
Never smoked | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Current smoker | 1.09 (0.81 - 1.47) | 0.57 | 2.65 (1.79 – 3.93) | <0.001 |
Past smoker | 1.52 (1.23- 1.89) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.53 - 2.78) | <0.001 |
Number of AI drugs
| 0.95 (0.90 - 1.00) | 0.09 | 0.91 (0.85 - 0.98) | 0.018 |
Number of co-morbidities
| 1.04 (0.94 - 1.15) | 0.49 | 1.29 (1.12 - 1.47) | <0.001 |