Background
Methods
Participants
Recruitment
Data collection tool
Sample size
Ethical consideration
Data analysis
Results
Age | N(%) | Husband’s age | N (%) | Economic status | N (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic | |||||
18 to 25 | 533 (66.3) | 18 to 25 | 192 (24.0) | Low | 171 (21.4) |
26–30 | 179 (22.4) | 26–30 | 352 (44.0) | Middle | 542 (67.8) |
31 and above | 88 (11.0) | 31 and above | 256 (32.0) | High | 87 (10.9) |
Education | Husband’s education | Marriage length | |||
High school and lower | 355 (44.4) | High school and lower | 356 (44.5) | 5 year and below | 723 (90.4) |
Diploma | 291 (36.4) | Diploma | 294 (36.8) | 6 year and above | 77 (9.6) |
University | 154 (19.3) | University | 150 (18.7) | ||
Work status | Husband work | Source of support | |||
House keeper | 754 (94.3) | Unemployed | 45 (5.7) | Husband | 470 (58.8) |
Employed | 46 (5.7) | Employed | 65 (8.2) | Mother or father | 176 (22.0) |
Self-employed | 0 (0) | Self-employed | 396 (49.5) | Relative | 116 (14.5) |
Manual worker | 294 (36.8) | Sister or brother | 24 (3.0) | ||
Nobody | 14 (1.8) | ||||
Insurance | 470 (58.8) | Marital satisfaction | 766 (95.8) | ||
Pregnancy | |||||
Planned pregnancy | 531 (66.4) | Prenatal class | 222 (27.8) | Doing exercise during pregnancy | 301 (37.6) |
Abortion history | Pregnancy week | Duration of exercise (min) | |||
No | 681 (85.1) | 37 to 39 | 465 (58.1) | 5 to 10 | 52 (17.2) |
1 or above | 119 (14.9) | 40 and 41 | 335 (41.9) | 15 to 30 | 195 (64.4) |
More than 30 | 56 (18.5) | ||||
Wanted pregnancy | Birth education class number (session) | Frequency of the exercise during one week | |||
No | 105 (13.1) | 1 or 2 | 81 (38.4) | 1 or 2 | 85 (28.1) |
Only me or my husband | 35 (4.4) | 3 or 4 | 44 (20.9) | 3 or 4 | 89 (29.4) |
Me and my husband | 660 (82.5) | 5 or 7 | 27 (12.8) | 5 or 6 | 34 (11.2) |
8 | 59 (28.0) | 7 | 95 (31.4) | ||
Labour and childbirth | |||||
Duration of stay in the labour room (Less than 12 h) | 522 (65.5) | Doula presence | 208 (26.0) | Baby sex (Girl) | 421 (52.6) |
Permission for moving in the labour room | 479 (40.1) | Use of one of the pain relief methods | 333 (41.6) | Presence of support person | 191 (20.3) |
Free in select of childbirth position | 122 (11.3) | Augmentation | 537 (67.1) | Fear of childbirth | 514 (64.3) |
Childbirth place | Episiotomy | 782 (97.8) | Operative vaginal delivery | 2 (0.25) | |
Organizational | 113 (14.1) | ||||
Public | 555 (69.4) | ||||
Private | 132 (16.5) |
Prevalence of traumatic birth experience
Subscales | Mean (SD) | Number (%) traumatic score (≤2.50) |
---|---|---|
Own capacity | 2.60 (0.79) | 361 (45.1) |
Participation | 2.77 (0.82) | 302 (37.8) |
Perceived safety | 2.67 (0.86) | 347 (43.4) |
Professional support | 2.90 (0.92) | 256 (32.0) |
Total score | 2.71 (0.73) | 296 (37.0) |
Predictors of traumatic birth experience
Variables | n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | Variables | n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | Job | ||||||
18 to 25 (Ref) | 200/533 (37.5) | 1 | Employed (Ref) | 6/13 (46.1) | 1 | ||
26–30 | 60/179 (33.5) | 0.83 (0.58 to 1.20) | 0.336 | House keeper | 290/787 (36.8) | 0.68 (0.22 to 2.04) | 0.493 |
31 and above | 36/88 (37.5) | 1.15 (0.72 to 1.82) | 0.545 | ||||
Husband’s age (Years) | Husband’s job | ||||||
18 to 25 (Ref) | 75/192 (39.0) | 1 | Employee (Ref) | 19/65 (29.2) | 1 | ||
26–30 | 126/352 (35.7) | 0.87 (0.60 to 1.25) | 0.451 | Unemployed | 17/45 (37.7) | 1.47 (0.65 to 3.28) | 0.493 |
31 and above | 95/256 (37.1) | 0.92 (0.62 to 1.35) | 0.673 | Manual worker | 111/294 (37.7) | 1.46 (0.81 to 2.63) | 0.349 |
Self-employed | 149/396 (37.6) | 1.46 (0.82 to 2.58) | 0.197 | ||||
Marriage length (Years) | Marital satisfaction | ||||||
5 and below (Ref) | 274/723 (37.9) | 1 | Yes (Ref) | 276/766 (36.0) | 1 | ||
6 and above | 22/77 (28.5) | 0.65 (0.39 to 1.09) | 0.109 | No | 20/34 (58.8) | 2.53 (1.26 to 5.10) | 0.009 |
Education level | Source of support | ||||||
Illiterate or elementary | 30/87 (34.4) | 1.00 (0.57 to 1.74) | 0.992 | Husband (Ref) | 152/470 (32.3) | 1 | |
Secondary or high school | 98/268 (36.5) | 1.09 (0.72 to 1.66) | 0.657 | Mother or father | 81/176 (46.0) | 1.78 (1.25 to 2.54) | 0.001 |
Diploma | 115/291 (39.5) | 1.24 (0.82 to 1.87) | 0.291 | Sister or brother | 51/116 (43.9) | 1.64 (1.08 to 2.48) | 0.019 |
Academic (Ref) | 53/154 (34.4) | 1 | Friend | 8/24 (33.3) | 1.04 (0.43 to 2.50) | 0.919 | |
Nobody | 4/14 (28.5) | 0.83 (0.25 to 2.71) | 0.766 | ||||
Husband’s education | Economic status | ||||||
Illiterate or elementary | 38/93 (40.8) | 1.46 (0.85 to 2.51) | 0.161 | High (Ref) | 22/87 (25.2) | 1 | |
Secondary or high school | 108/263 (41.0) | 1.48 (0.97 to 2.25) | 0.068 | Moderate | 197/542 (36.3) | 1.68 (1.00 to 2.82) | 0.046 |
Diploma | 102/294 (34.6) | 1.12 (0.74 to 1.71) | 0.570 | Low | 77/171 (45.0) | 2.42 (1.36 to 4.27) | 0.002 |
Academic (Ref) | 48/150 (32.0) | 1 | |||||
Insurance | |||||||
Yes (Ref) | 153/470 (32.5) | 1 | |||||
No | 143/330 (43.3) | 1.58 (1.18 to 2.11) | 0.002 |
Variables | n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | Variables | n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gestational age (Weeks) | Prenatal class attendance (Session) | ||||||
37 to 39 (Ref) | 173/465 (37.2) | 1 | 1 or 2 | 33/81 (40.7) | 2.01 (0.96 to 4.20) | 0.061 | |
40 and 41 | 123/335 (36.7) | 0.97 (0.73 to 1.31) | 0.888 | 3 or 4 | 18/44 (40.9) | 2.03 (0.87 to 4.70) | 0.098 |
5 or 7 | 7/27 (25.9) | 1.02 (0.36 to 2.90) | 0.960 | ||||
8 (Ref) | 15/59 (25.4) | 1 | |||||
Abortion history | Doing exercise during pregnancy | ||||||
No (Ref) | 255/681 (37.4) | 1 | Yes (Ref) | 81/301 (26.9) | 1 | ||
1 or above | 41/119 (34.4) | 0.87 (0.58 to 1.32) | 0.533 | No | 215/296 (72.6) | 2.05 (1.50 to 2.80) | < 0.001 |
Planned pregnancy | Kind of exercise | ||||||
Yes (Ref) | 186/531 (35.0) | 1 | Walking (Ref) | 59/234 (25.2) | 1 | ||
No | 110/269 (40.8) | 1.28 (0.94 to 1.73) | 0.105 | Pregnancy | 20/63 (31.7) | 1.38 (0.75 to 2.53) | 0.299 |
Other | 2/6 (33.3) | 1.48 (0.26 to 8.30) | 0.654 | ||||
Wanted pregnancy | Exercise number during week | ||||||
Me and my husband (Ref) | 232/660 (35.1) | 1 | 1 or 2 | 19/85 (22.3) | 0.65 (0.33 to 1.28) | 0.217 | |
No | 45/105 (42.8) | 1.38 (0.91 to 2.10) | 0.128 | 3 or 4 | 23/89 (25.8) | 0.79 (0.41 to 1.51) | 0.481 |
Only me or my husband | 19/35 (54.2) | 2.19 (1.10 to 4.34) | 0.025 | 5 or 6 | 10/34 (29.4) | 0.94 (0.40 to 2.23) | 0.903 |
7 (Ref) | 29/95 (30.5) | 1 | |||||
Time of exercise (min) | Presence in prenatal classes | ||||||
5 to 10 | 16/52 (30.7) | 1.11 (0.48 to 2.53) | 0.803 | Yes (Ref) | 76/222 (34.2) | 1 | |
15 to 30 | 49/195 (25.1) | 0.83 (0.43 to 1.63) | 0.604 | No | 220/578 (38.0) | 1.18 (0.85 to 1.63) | 0.316 |
more than 30 (Ref) | 16/56 (28.5) | 1 |
Variables | n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | Variables | n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration of stay in the labour room (hour) | Augmentation | ||||||
Less than 12 (Ref) | 178/522 (34.0) | 1 | No (Ref) | 86/264 (32.5) | 1 | ||
12 and more than 12 | 117/275 (42.5) | 1.43 (1.06 to 1.93) | 0.019 | Yes | 210/537 (39.1) | 1.33 (0.97 to 1.81) | 0.069 |
Permission for moving during labour | Episiotomy | ||||||
Yes (Ref) | 131/478 (27.4) | 1 | No (Ref) | 6/18 (33.3) | 1 | ||
No | 164/321 (51.0) | 2.74 (2.04 to 3.69) | < 0.001 | Yes | 290/782 (37.0) | 1.17 (0.43 to 3.17) | 0.745 |
Free in select of childbirth position | Presence of companion | ||||||
Yes (Ref) | 13/90 (14.4) | 1 | Yes (Ref) | 29/162 (17.9) | 1 | ||
No | 283/710 (39.8) | 3.92 (2.14 to 7.20) | < 0.001 | No | 267/638 (41.8) | 3.30 (2.14 to 5.08) | < 0.001 |
Fear of childbirth | Doula support | ||||||
No (Ref) | 64/286 (22.3) | 1 | Yes (Ref) | 46/207 (22.2) | 1 | ||
Yes | 232/514 (45.1) | 2.85 (2.05 to 3.96) | < 0.001 | No | 250/592 (42.2) | 2.57 (1.78 to 3.71) | < 0.001 |
Use of one of the pain relief methods | Baby sex | ||||||
Yes (Ref) | 73/333 (21.9) | 1 | Girl (Ref) | 147/421 (34.9) | 1 | ||
No | 223/467 (47.7) | 3.25 (2.37 to 4.46) | < 0.001 | Boy | 149/379 (39.3) | 0.82 (0.62 to 1.10) | 0.199 |
Childbirth place (hospital) | Operative vaginal delivery | ||||||
Organizational (Ref) | 25/113 (22.1) | 1 | No (Ref) | 296/798 (37.0) | 1 | ||
Teaching | 247/296 (83.4) | 2.82 (1.75 to 4.53) | < 0.001 | Yes | 0/2 (0) | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.0) | 0.999 |
Private | 24/296 (8.1) | 0.78 (0.41 to 1.46) | 0.443 |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | P |
---|---|---|
1. Demographic | ||
Marital satisfaction (Reference: Yes) | ||
No | 1.92 (0.93 to 3.94) | 0.075 |
Insurance (Reference: Yes) | ||
No | 1.45 (1.07 to 1.97) | 0.014 |
Economic status (reference: High) | ||
Low | 1.90 (1.05 to 3.43) | 0.033 |
Middle | 1.53 (0.91 to 2.59) | 0.106 |
Source of support (Reference: Husband) | ||
Mother or father | 1.62 (1.13 to 2.33) | 0.009 |
Relative | 1.51 (0.99 to 2.31) | 0.052 |
Sister or brother | 1.02 (0.42 to 2.47) | 0.954 |
Nobody | 0.64 (0.19 to 2.16) | 0.481 |
2. Pregnancy | ||
Doing exercise during pregnancy (Reference: Yes) | ||
No | 3.19 (1.79 to 5.77) | < 0.001 |
3. Labour and childbirth | ||
Duration of stay in the labour room (Reference: Less than 12 h) | ||
More than 12 h | 1.59 (1.13 to 2.24) | 0.007 |
Permission for moving during labour (Reference: Yes) | ||
No | 1.79 (1.27 to 2.52) | 0.001 |
Free in select of childbirth position (Reference: Yes) | ||
No | 1.79 (0.91 to 3.50) | 0.087 |
Fear of childbirth (Reference: No) | ||
Yes | 3.06 (2.15 to 4.36) | < 0.001 |
Use of one of the pain relief methods (reference: Yes) | ||
No | 2.96 (2.07 to 4.23) | < 0.001 |
Augmentation (reference: No) | ||
Yes | 1.49 (1.05 to 2.10) | 0.022 |
Childbirth place (reference: Organizational) | ||
Teaching | 1.72 (1.01 to 2.93) | 0.043 |
Private | 0.73 (0.37 to 1.43) | 0.366 |
4. All variables | ||
Use of one of the pain relief methods (reference: Yes) | ||
No | 4.24 (2.12 to 8.50) | < 0.001 |
Fear of childbirth (Reference: No) | ||
Yes | 3.47 (1.68 to 7.19) | 0.001 |
Doing exercise during pregnancy (Reference: Yes) | ||
No | 2.81 (1.40 to 5.63) | 0.003 |
Presence of companion (reference: Yes) | ||
No | 3.30 (0.80 to 10.86) | 0.108 |
Free in select of childbirth position (Reference: Yes) | ||
No | 4.64 (0.94 to 2.81) | 0.059 |