Introduction
Methods
Study design, setting, and period
Source and study population
Sample size and sampling procedure
Regions | Country | survey year | Un Weighted | Weighted Sample size |
---|---|---|---|---|
East Africa Countries | Burundi | 2016/17 | 7,210 | 7,103 |
Comoros | 2012 | 2,284 | 2,311 | |
Ethiopia | 2016 | 6,401 | 6,143 | |
Kenya | 2014 | 11,483 | 11,555 | |
Malawi | 2015/16 | 10,367 | 10,422 | |
Mozambique | 2011 | 5,533 | 5,515 | |
Rwanda | 2019/20 | 5,732 | 5,672 | |
Tanzania | 2015/16 | 5,399 | 5,387 | |
Uganda | 2016 | 8,058 | 8,086 | |
Zambia | 2013/14 | 6,726 | 6,631 | |
Zimbabwe | 2015 | 3,938 | 3,895 | |
Angola | 2015/16 | 6,423 | 6,492 | |
Cameroon | 2018 | 5,812 | 5,726 | |
Central Africa countries | Chad | 2014/15 | 6,884 | 6,992 |
DR Congo | 2017/18 | 7,661 | 7,751 | |
Congo | 2011/12 | 3,963 | 4,227 | |
Gabon | 2012 | 3,407 | 3,421 | |
Benin | 2017/18 | 6,251 | 6,273 | |
Ivory Coast | 2011/12 | 3,984 | 3,976 | |
Gambia | 2019/20 | 4,769 | 4,814 | |
Ghana | 2014 | 3,327 | 3,238 | |
West Africa Countries | Guinea | 2018 | 4,267 | 4,363 |
Liberia | 2019/20 | 3,124 | 2,765 | |
Mali | 2018 | 4,116 | 4,000 | |
Mauritania | 2019/21 | 6,388 | 6,403 | |
Niger | 2012 | 3,869 | 3,822 | |
Nigeria | 2018 | 15,267 | 15,282 | |
Senegal | 2019/20 | 3,612 | 3,561 | |
Sierra Leone | 2019 | 6,062 | 6,055 | |
Togo | 2013/14 | 3,337 | 3,364 | |
Southern Africa Countries | Lesotho | 2014 | 2,842 | 2,842 |
Namibia | 2013 | 3,577 | 3,691 | |
South Africa | 2016 | 2,813 | 8,513 | |
Total sample size | 184,992 | 184,942 |
Outcome variable
Independent variables
Data management and analysis
Model building
Parameter estimation method
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population
Variables | Categories | Weighted frequency | Weighted Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Age of women (in years) | 15–19 | 99,452 | 53.77 |
20–24 | 84,489 | 45.23 | |
Maternal educational status | No- education | 32,122 | 17.37 |
Primary | 60,449 | 32.69 | |
Secondary and above | 92,366 | 49.94 | |
Marital status | Not married | 132,315 | 71.5 |
Married | 52,627 | 28.46 | |
Religion | Catholic | 55,082 | 29.78 |
Muslim | 1,955 | 1.06 | |
Protestant | 93,271 | 50.43 | |
Othera | 34,634 | 18.73 | |
Wealth index | Poor | 64,221 | 34.72 |
Middle | 35,764 | 19.34 | |
Rich | 84,958 | 45.94 | |
Family size | 1–4 | 62,485 | 33.79 |
5–10 | 98,293 | 53.15 | |
≥ 11 | 24,165 | 13.07 | |
Occupation | No | 86,043 | 46.52 |
Yes | 98,899 | 53.48 | |
Heard about STI | No | 9,037 | 4.89 |
Yes | 175,904 | 95.11 | |
Media exposure | No | 52,247 | 28.25 |
Yes | 132,695 | 71.75 | |
Decision to get medical care | No | 38 | 0.02 |
Yes | 184,954 | 99.98 | |
Chewing tobacco | No | 156,784 | 84.77 |
Yes | 28,158 | 15.23 | |
Cigarette smoker | No | 165,897 | 89.70 |
Yes | 19,046 | 10.30 | |
Community level variables | |||
Place of residence | Urban | 78,477 | 42.43 |
Rural | 106,465 | 57.57 | |
Region in SSA | East Africa | 72,718 | 39.32 |
Central Africa | 34,609 | 18.71 | |
West Africa | 74,849 | 40.47 | |
Southern Africa | 2,765 | 1.50 | |
Income status | Lower | 107,236 | 57.98 |
Lower middle | 56,016 | 30.29 | |
Upper middle | 21,690 | 11.73 | |
DHS year | 2011–2015 | 70,964 | 38.36 |
2016–2021 | 114,028 | 61.64 | |
Community media exposure | Low | 90,009 | 48.67 |
High | 94,933 | 51.33 | |
Community-women education | Low | 92,604 | 50.06 |
High | 92,388 | 49.94 |
The prevalence of early sexual initiation among youth females in SSA
Model comparison and random effect analysis
Parameters | Null model(Model 1) | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variance | 0.52 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.15 |
ICC | 13.6% | 6.27% | 4.64% | 4.36% |
MOR | 1.86 [1.79,1.93] | 1.21 | 1.03 | 1.01 |
PCV | Reff | 57.69% | 69.23% | 71.15% |
Model fitness | ||||
Logliklyhood | -126869.89 | -113255.68 | -123747.31 | -102165.82 |
Deviance | 253,739.78 | 226511.36 | 247,494.62 | 204,331.64 |
Vif | ––––––– | 1.38 | 1.19 | 1.47 |
Multivariable multilevel binary logistic regression analysis
Variables | Categories | Model 1 AOR [95% CI] | Model 2 AOR [95% CI] | Model 3 AOR [95%CI] | Model 4 AOR [95% CI] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of youth female | 15–19 | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
20–24 | –––––– | 1.00[0.98,1.03] | –––––– | 0.97 [0.95,1.04] | |
Female education | No- education | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Primary | –––––– | 0.71[0.68,0.73] ** | –––––– | 0.82[0.79,0.85]** | |
Secondary and above | –––––– | 0.50 [0.49, 0.52] *** | –––––– | 0.50[0.48,0.52]*** | |
Marital status | Married | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Not Married | –––––– | 0.27[0.26,0.28] *** | –––––– | 0.25[0.24,0.26] *** | |
Wealth index | Poor | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Middle | –––––– | 0.92[0.89, 0.94] *** | –––––– | 0.92[0.89,0.95] ** | |
Rich | –––––– | 0.68[0.66,0.70] *** | –––––– | 0.71[0.69,0.73] *** | |
Religion | Protestant | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Catholic | –––––– | 0.87 [0.84,0.89] * | –––––– | 0.97 [0.94,1.00] | |
Muslim | –––––– | 1.02 [0.93,1.11] | –––––– | 1.04 [0.95,1.13] | |
Others | –––––– | 1.04 [0.96,1.12] | –––––– | 1.05 [0.98,1.13] | |
Family size | 1–4 | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
5–10 | –––––– | 0.96 [0.94,0.97] ** | –––––– | 0.98[0.96,1.01] | |
> = 11 | –––––– | 1.00 [0.98,1.02] | –––––– | 1.01[0.99,1.03] | |
Occupation of female | No | –––––– | 1.00 | –––––– | 1.00 |
Yes | –––––– | 1.24[1.22, 1.27] *** | 1.32[1.29, 1.35] *** | ||
Heard about STI | No | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Yes | –––––– | 0.43 [0.36,0.50] *** | –––––– | 0.61[0.53,0.70] *** | |
Media exposure | No | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Yes | –––––– | 0.91[0.89,0.94] *** | –––––- | 0.91[0.89,0.94] *** | |
Decision to get medical care | No | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Yes | –––––– | 0.54[0.29,1.02] | –––––– | 0.80[0.75,1.66] | |
Chewing tobacco | No | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Yes | –––––– | 0.89[0.85,0.93] ** | –––––– | 0.99[0.97,1.01] | |
Cigar ate smoker | No | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Yes | –––––– | 1.29[1.22,1.36] | –––––– | 0.96[0.90,1.01] | |
Community level variables | |||||
Place of residence | Urban | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Rural | –––––– | –––––– | 1.69[1.66,1.73] *** | 1.05[1.03,1.07] | |
Region in SSA | EastAfrica | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Central Africa | –––––– | –––––– | 2.12[2.06,2.18] *** | 2.94[2.84,3.05] *** | |
West Africa | –––––– | –––––– | 1.61[1.57,1.65] *** | 1.61[1.56,1.66] *** | |
Southern Africa | –––––– | –––––– | 1.02[0.95,1.11] | 0.83[0.76,0.91] ** | |
Income status | Lower | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Lower middle | –––––– | –––––– | 0.84[0.82,0.67] *** | 0.93 [0.90,0.95] ** | |
Upper middle | –––––– | –––––– | 0.95[0.93,0.98] ** | 0.97[0.95,0.99] *** | |
DHS year | 2011–2015 | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
2016–2021 | –––––– | –––––– | 0.91[0.89,0.94] ** | 0.99 [0.98,1.01] | |
Community media usage | Low | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
High | –––––– | –––––– | 0.87 [0.83,0.91] *** | 0.92[0.89,0.96] *** | |
Community-youth female education | Low | –––––– | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
High | –––––– | –––––– | 0.92[0.89,0.96] ** | 0.96[0.93,1.02] |